Chapter 15 Other Diseases and Disabilities Contents Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Understanding Hereditary Diseases Understanding Immune Disorders and Autoimmune Diseases Understanding Disabilities Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 15 Section 1 Understanding Hereditary Diseases What Are Hereditary Diseases? 1. Hereditary diseases: caused by abnormal chromosomes or inherited defective genes 2. Genes: • segments of DNA located on a chromosome • code for a specific hereditary traits 3. Mutations: • changes to a gene • can cause a disease or increase a person’s chances of getting a disease. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 15 Section 1 Understanding Hereditary Diseases Types of Hereditary Diseases 1. Single-gene diseases occur when a single gene out of the 30,000 to 40,000 genes in the body has a harmful mutation. 2. In complex diseases, more than one gene influences the onset of the disease. Lifestyle behaviors also contribute to complex diseases. 3. Chromosomal diseases • wrong number of chromosomes or an incomplete chromosome • Down syndrome occurs when a person has 3 copies of the 21st chromosome instead of 2. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 15 Section 1 Understanding Hereditary Diseases Coping with Hereditary Diseases 1. Genetic counseling informs a person or couple about their genetic makeup. 2. Understand the chances of passing on a hereditary disease to a child. 3. Keep personal health records and know the records of your family. 4. Stay informed with your disease (helps to cope and live productively with the disease) Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 15 Section 2 Understanding Immune Disorders and Autoimmune Diseases What Are Immune Disorders and Autoimmune Diseases? 1. Immune disorders are the result of the immune system failing to function properly (ex: allergies, asthma) 2. Autoimmune diseases are diseases in which the immune system attacks the cells of the body that the immune system normally protects (ex: Rheumatoid Arthritis, Multiple Sclerosis). Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 15 Section 2 Understanding Immune Disorders and Autoimmune Diseases Types of Immune Disorders 1. Allergies are reactions by the immune system to harmless substances. 2. Asthma is an immune disorder in which the airways that carry air into the lungs to become narrow and clogged with mucus. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ALLERGIES (CAUSES): Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ASTHMA (SIGNS & SYMPTOMS): Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ASTHMA (TREATMENT): Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 15 Section 2 Understanding Immune Disorders and Autoimmune Diseases Arthritis: • Definition: • inflammation of the joints • Symptoms: • pain • Inflammation • Treatment: • Medication (OTC and/or Rx) • Ice • Physical Therapy Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 15 Arthritis 1. Osteoarthritis • not an autoimmune disease. • Gradual breakdown of cartilage due to old age, injury, or daily activities (wear & tear). 2. Rheumatoid arthritis • an autoimmune disease • the immune system destroys the lining of the joints. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Rheumatoid arthritis Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Traumatic injuries can lead to arthritis Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. The progression of arthritis Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Total knee replacement surgery Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 15 Section 2 Understanding Immune Disorders and Autoimmune Diseases Multiple Sclerosis (MS) • an autoimmune disease • the immune system attacks myelin, the fatty insulation on nerves in the brain and spinal cord (hot dog and bun metaphor) Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 15 Section 2 Understanding Immune Disorders and Autoimmune Diseases Coping with Immune Disorders and Autoimmune Diseases • If you are diagnosed with an immune disorder or autoimmune disease: 1. Be honest with your doctor. 2. Understand your disorder and your doctor’s treatment plan. 3. Follow the treatment plan. 4. Let your doctor know about new symptoms that develop. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Anatomy of the Eye Aqueous humor Fovea Cornea Optic nerve Pupil Lens Iris Retina Vitreous humor Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Anatomy of the Eye Aqueous humor Cornea Lens Pupil Vitreous humor Iris Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 15 A. Disabilities that affect vision 1. Glaucoma • increased pressure inside the eye • causes impaired vision and eye damage Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Glaucoma Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. A. Disabilities that affect vision 2. Cataract • cloudiness of lens • causes impaired vision and blindness Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 15 A. Disabilities that affect vision 3. Macular degeneration • damage to an area of the retina • causes impaired vision and blindness 4. Complications from Diabetes • Vascular damage to structures within the eye Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 15 B. Disorders that affect vision The following must be seen and treated by and eye doctor: 1. Corneal Ulcer • infection • Common with misuse of contact lenses Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Corneal Ulcer Disorders that affect vision The following must be seen and treated by and eye doctor: 1. Corneal Ulcer (infection) • Common with misuse of contact lenses Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 15 B. Disorders that affect vision The following must be seen and treated by and eye doctor: 2. Conjunctivitis (pink eye) • VERY contagious (from one eye to the other, and from person to person Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Conjunctivitis Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 15 C. Eye Injuries The following must be seen and treated by an eye doctor: 1. Corneal Laceration Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 15 C. Eye Injuries The following must be seen and treated by an eye doctor: 2. Hyphema (blood in anterior chamber of eye) Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 15 C. Eye Injuries The following must be seen and treated by an eye doctor: 3. Facial Fracture • Traps or impinges muscles • Prevents normal movement & tracking Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 15 C. Eye Injuries The following must be seen and treated by an eye doctor: 4. Ruptured Globe Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Near / Far sightedness Light Lens Focal plane Emmetropia (normal) Myopia (nearsightedness) Hyperopia (farsightedness) Presbyopia (aged) Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Anatomy of the Inner Ear Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 15 Section 3 Understanding Disabilities Disabilities Involving Hearing A. 28 million Americans are affected 1. Hearing impairment: • Nerve damage • Results from exposure to high volumes 2. Tinnitus • buzzing or ringing in the ears that is caused by exposure to loud noise 3. Hearing loss • caused by genetic factors, medicines, and infections and exposure to loud noise B. Treatment options include hearing aids and cochlear implants. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Hearing Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Ruptured Ear Drum (Tympanic Membrane) Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Balance Semicircular canals Utricle Saccule Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 15 Section 3 Understanding Disabilities Disabilities Involving Movement 1. Spinal cord injuries (paralysis) a) Paraplegia is paralysis of the lower body. b) Quadriplegia is paralysis of the upper and lower body. 2. Multiple Sclerosis 3. Parkinson’s disease 4. ALS (Lou Gehrig’s disease) 5. Tourette’s syndrome Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Osteoporosis Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 15 Section 3 Understanding Disabilities Coping with Disabilities A. Understanding and learning to deal with disabilities in a positive way helps make living with a disability easier. B. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) 1. Federal legislation intended to make American society more accessible to people with disabilities. 2. Businesses must comply with Federal mandates (handicapper ramps, parking, restroom facilities, etc) Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. End of Chapter 15 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.