Lighting
 illumination and falloff
 lighting instruments
 technical and non-technical lighting
objectives
 contrast ratio
 color temperature
 lighting terms
 lighting techniques
Falloff
the speed
(degree) with
which a light
picture portion
turns into
shadow areas
Fast Falloff
fast falloff means that
the light areas turn
abruptly into shadow
areas and there is a
great brightness
difference between
light and shadow
areas
Slow Falloff
slow falloff indicates a
very gradual change
from light to dark and
a minimal brightness
difference between
light and shadow
areas
Fast Falloff
Slow Falloff
Fast Falloff
Slow Falloff
No Falloff
Directional and
Diffused Illumination
Directional Illumination
illuminates a relatively
small area with a
distinct light beam
produces well defined
shadows and causes
fast falloff
use spotlights which
emit a directional light
beam
Directional and
Diffused Illumination
Diffused Illumination
illuminates a relatively
large area with a wide
indistinct light beam
produces soft, rather
undefined shadows and
slow falloff
use floodlights which
emit a diffused light
beam
Spotlights and Floodlights
Fresnel Spotlight
Scoop Floodlight
Lighting Instruments
Fresnel lens
Aperture and shutters
“Kookie”
pattern holder
Focusing
spindle
Lens system
Ellipsoidal reflector
Diffused light
Scoop reflector
Fresnel Spotlight
Beam Control
Spot - Directional Illumination
Fresnel Spotlight
Beam Control
Flood - Diffused Illumination
Fresnel Spotlight
Beam Control
Barn Doors
Scoop Floodlight
W-6
Mic
W-5
2
3
4
W-5
2
3
2
4
3
2
3
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
W-3
Mic
1
1
1
1
1
1
Mic
1
1
1
1
1
1
Control Room
B-2 B-1
B-4 B-3
B-6 B-5
B-8 B-7
B-10 B-9
B-12 B-11
W-8
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
W-4
4
4
4
4
4
4
W-1
W-2
Technical Lighting Objectives
 to provide enough light (baselight) for
the camera
 to limit the contrast ratio
 to provide the proper color temperature
Contrast Ratio
Hi : Lo
Lux 6000 : 100
fc
60 : 1
The difference between
the brightest and the
darkest spots in the
picture (measured by
reflected light in footcandles).
Contrast Ratio
should be no
more than 40:1
Color Temperature
Color Temperature
Low
High
Portable Light
Kelvin Scale
Portable lights
=3200°K
1000°
3200°
portable light
4000°
5600°
>7000°
Studio Light
Kelvin Scale
Studio lights
=3200°K
1000°
3200°
portable light
studio light
4000°
5600°
>7000°
Fluorescent Light
Kelvin Scale
Fluorescent lights
=4000°K
1000°
3200°
4000°
5600°
portable light
studio light
fluorescent tube
>7000°
Outdoor Rated Light
Kelvin Scale
1000°
3200°
portable light
studio light
Outdoor rated
lights=5600°K
4000°
5600°
>7000°
outdoor rated
light
fluorescent tube
Daylight
Kelvin Scale
1000°
Daylight
>7000°K
3200°
portable light
studio light
Outdoor rated
lights=5600°K
4000°
5600°
>7000°
outdoor rated
light
fluorescent tube
daylight
White Balance
No White Balance
White Balance
Scene has
bluish tinge
Without
adjustment
White shirt has bluish
tinge
Blue channel
reduced
Scene has
orange tinge
Without
adjustment
White shirt has
orange tinge
Red channel
reduced
White shirt appears
white
White shirt appears
white
White Balance for Daylight
White Balance for Studio
Mixed Light Sources
Mixed color
temperature
Mixed Light Sources
Kelvin Scale
1000°
1000°
3200°
3200°
4000°
4000°
portable light
light
portable
studio light
light
studio
Mixed color
temperature
5600°
5600°
>7000°
>7000°
outdoor rated
rated
outdoor
light
light
fluorescent tube
tube
fluorescent
daylight
daylight
Mixed Light Sources
Kelvin Scale
1000°
3200°
4000°
5600°
>7000°
portable light
studio light
Orange gels lower
color temperature
daylight
Mixed Light Sources
Kelvin Scale
1000°
3200°
4000°
5600°
>7000°
portable light
studio light
Blue gels raise
color temperature
daylight
Non-technical
(Aesthetic) Lighting Objectives
 to indicate form and dimension
 to create an illusion of reality or nonreality
 to indicate mood
The Photographic Principle or
Basic 3 Point Lighting
Key Light
 principal light source
 reveals the basic shape
of the object or person
Key
Key
Light
Back Light
Back
 provides more definition
to the actual shape of the
subject
 separates her from the
background
 gives sparkle and
highlights to her hair
Key
Back
Light
Fill Light
Back
 makes the shadow side
more transparent
 reveals details without
erasing the form-revealing
shadows altogether
Fill
Key
Fill
Light
Background or Set Light
Back
Background
or Set
 illuminates the
background or set area
 must be on the same side
of the camera as the key
light in order to keep
shadows on the same side
Fill
Key
Set
Light
Lighting Angles and Elevation
Key
Back
Key
30°-45°
35°-40°
45°-55°
Back
30°-45°
Fill
Depends
upon
height of
instrument
Depends
upon
height of
instrument
Lighting Ratios
Back (same as key: 200 fc or 2,200 lux
Background
(200 fc or
2,200 lux)
Fill
(100 fc or
1,100 lux)
Key
(200 fc or 2,200 lux)
Camera
 lighting ratios differ,
depending on the specific
lighting task or application
 these ratios are a good
starting point
————————————
Key : Back : Fill
1
:
1
: 1/2
Multiple Triangle Application
Back 2
Fill 1
Person 2
Person 1
Back 1
Fill 2 or Fill 1 & 2 (optional)
Key 2
Key 1
Camera
a separate lighting
triangle with its own key,
back, and fill light is
used for each subject
(or performance area)
you may use floodlights
in more than one
triangle, but if you have
enough instruments,
don’t make that
compromise
Side Light
Back light
Side
(spot, flooded)
Side
(spot, flooded)
Camera
 strikes the
subject from the
side
 it can act as key
and/or fill light
 in this case, two
opposing side
lights are used
as key and fill
Side Fill Light
Back light
Side fill light
Fill light
Key light
 gives the key side
of the subject
basic soft
illumination
 allows the key to
provide accent
and sparkle
 use a floodlight
Kicker
Back light
(full intensity)
Kicker
(full intensity,
low-angle
position)
Fill light
Key light
 rims the subject
opposite the key
 emphasizes
contour
 helps separate
the foreground
subject from the
background
Cross-Keying
Person 2
Back 2
Person 1
Key 1
Back 1
Key 2
Camera
 the key light for person
1 also functions as
back light for person 2
 the back light for
person 1 also functions
as the key light for
person 2
 if you have enough
instruments, use
separate keys and back
lights for each subject
Large Area Lighting
Spots
Spots or
floods
Floods
Camera
 the fresnel spots at
the left and right
Spots or function as key
floods
and directional fill
light
 spots are also
strung out as
regular back lights
behind the main
action area
 scoops provide
additional fill light
from the front
High Key Lighting
 abundance of bright
light
 creates high-energy
feeling
 key light is flooded
Dramatic Lighting
 also known as
Rembrandt lighting
 uses contrast
selectively
 dimly lit with lots of
dark screen areas
Silhouette Lighting
 unlighted objects
or people in front
of background
 use only diffused
background light
Horror Lighting
 key light below eye
level
 shadows fall upward
 use back light for
highlight
Lighting Exercise 1
Camera
Lighting Exercise 1
Key (spot)
Camera
Lighting Exercise 1
Back (spot)
Key (spot)
Camera
Lighting Exercise 1
Back (spot)
Fill (flood)
Camera
Key (spot)
Lighting Exercise 1
Back (spot)
Background
(floods)
Fill (flood)
Camera
Key (spot)
Lighting Exercise 2
2
1
3
1
2
1 — Interviewer
2 — Guest A
3 — Guest B
Lighting Exercise 2
Key 1 (spot)
1
2
1 — Interviewer
2 — Guest A
3 — Guest B
Lighting Exercise 2
Back 1 (spot—strong)
Key 1 (spot)
1
2
1 — Interviewer
2 — Guest A
3 — Guest B
Lighting Exercise 2
Back 1 (spot—strong)
Fill 1 (flood)
Key 1 (spot)
1
2
1 — Interviewer
2 — Guest A
3 — Guest B
Lighting Exercise 2
Back 1 (spot—strong)
Key 2 (spot)
Key 3 (spot)
Fill 1 (flood)
Key 1 (spot)
1
2
1 — Interviewer
2 — Guest A
3 — Guest B
Lighting Exercise 2
Back 1 (spot—strong)
Back 2 (spot—strong)
Key 2 (spot)
Back 3 (spot—weak)
Key 3 (spot)
Fill 1 (flood)
Key 1 (spot)
1
2
1 — Interviewer
2 — Guest A
3 — Guest B
Lighting Exercise 2
Back 1 (spot—strong)
Back 2 (spot—strong)
Key 2 (spot)
Back 3 (spot—weak)
Key 3 (spot)
Fill 1 (flood)
Fills 2 & 3 (floods)
Key 1 (spot)
1
2
1 — Interviewer
2 — Guest A
3 — Guest B
Lighting Exercise 2
Back 1 (spot—strong)
Back 2 (spot—strong)
Key 2 (spot)
Back 3 (spot—weak)
Key 3 (spot)
Fill 1 (flood)
Fills 2 & 3 (floods)
Key 1 (spot)
1
2
1 — Interviewer
2 — Guest A
3 — Guest B
Next Week...
 Quiz 2
 Lighting
 Videotape/Post Production