Chapter 7:
Consonantal Gestures
Place
Purpose
Review English Categories
Look at Other Place and Manner
Possibilities 
Examples in Other Languages
Look at Common Disordered
Categories
Place
Need to Specify


Passive articulator
Active articulator
Most Non-English Sounds
Similar Places
Different Manner
1. Bilabial
2. Labiodental
3. Dental
4. Alveolar
5. Retroflex
6. Palato-Alveolar
7. Palatal
8. Velar
9. Uvular
10. Pharyngeal
11. Epiglottal
LABIAL
Bilabials
English:

Oral & Nasal Stops, Glides
Other languages

Fricatives
 Spanish: saber (to know) = /saβeɾ/
Linguo-labials - tongue + lip
LABIAL
Labiodental
English: Fricatives
Many languages have fricatives, affricates

German: Pfund (pound) = /pfunt/
No phonemic Stops or Nasals

Acoustic similarity to bilabials
Many allophonic nasals

E.g., “symphony” /sɪɱfəni/
“emphasis” /ɛɱfəsɪs/
CORONAL
Interdental/Dental
English: Fricatives
Other Languages:


Stops
Nasals
CORONAL
Alveolar
English:

Stops, Nasals, Fricatives, Approximants
Other Languages:

Affricates
 E.g., German, Zeit (time) /tsaɪt/

Nonphonemic in English
 E.g., eats /its/
CORONAL
Retroflex
English:

Liquids
Retroflex - tongue tip pointed up,
articulation with underside of
tongue (not manner because
place is both where and what
with tongue)
Other Languages:

Stops, Nasals, Laterals, Fricatives
 E.g., Quichua, ari (yes) /aɻi/
CORONAL
Part of Tongue Used
Apical - Tongue Tip
Laminal - Tongue Blade
Dorsal - Back of Tongue
CORONAL
Alveolar and Palatal
English:

Fricatives
Palato-alveolar - front of tongue domed, tongue tip
near alveolar/post-alveolar region (not underside)
Alveolo-palatals (like palatal + palato-alveolar) further back than palato-alveolar, but still tongue
tip under alveolar ridge (Chinese and Polish)
CORONAL
Palatal
English:

Fricatives, Liquids, Glides
Other Languages

Stops, Fricatives, Nasal
Laminal vs. Dorsal
Phonemic vs. Allophonic Uses
DORSAL
Velar
English

Stops, Nasals
Fricatives


Spanish
German
DORSAL
Uvular
Back of tongue to uvula
Not in American English
Fricatives

French
Trill

German /R/
Nasals

Iniktitut /N/
Stop

Iniktitut /q, G/
DORSAL
Epiglottis
Epiglottis to back wall of pharynx
Rare
Fricatives
Phonemic contrast between pharyngeal
& epiglottal place extremely rare.

Acoustic similarity
See Agul
DORSAL
Pharyngeal
Root of tongue to back wall of pharynx
Fricatives
Manner
Stops
Summary Table 7.5, p. 168.

Know how each is produced
Nasals
In many languages
Primarily Voiced, some voiceless.
Fricatives
Largest variety
Classification

Tongue grooved or flat
 not bilabial

Sibilants and Non-sibilants
 Auditory distinction


Sibilants have greater acoustic energy
Different means of obstruction
Nasals, stops and fricatives (Nasals are all
voiced despite the uvular nasal being on the
left)
Trill
Tip of tongue set in motion by air
Uvular, Alveolar, Bilabial
Tap/Flap
Tap


Tongue tuip hitting roof of mouth
Spanish single “r” – pero (but) /peɾo/
Flap

One articulator being thrown against another.
Technically flaps retroflex and post-alveolar
Often grouped, terminology used
interchangeably.
E.g., “betty” (tap) vs. “hardup” (flap)
Affricates
Phonemic – Duration
Types




Alveopalatal
Alveolar
Labial
Ejectives Possible
Lateral vs. Central /
Approximants (liquids & glides)
Lateral

Air passes out sides
Central


Air passes out center
Alveolar vs. Velar
Place & Manner Differences in
Disordered Speech
Lateralization
Primarily


Stops
Fricatives
Speech with a Cleft Palate
Cleft in hard/soft palate
 Tissue, Bony Structure, Muscle
Inadequate closure/obstruction of air
Structurally unable to produce certain sounds
Attempt to keep same manner with different
place
May result in



Nasal Fricatives
Glottal Stops
Pharyngeal Fricatives
What you know about consonants:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Airstream Mechanism
Airstream Direction
Glottis State
Part of Tongue Involved (NA on some)
Primary Place of Articulation
Manner of Articulation
Centrality
Nasality
Airstream Mechanism
1. Pulmonic
2. Glottalic
3. Velaric
Airstream Direction
1. Egressive
2. Ingressive
Glottis State
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Voiced
Voiceless
Murmured
Laryngealized
Closed
Part of Tongue Involved
1. Apical
2. Laminal
3. Neither
Primary Place of Articulation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Bilabial
Labiodental
Dental
Alveolar
Retroflex
Alveopalatal
Palato-alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Uvular
Pharyngeal
(Labial-Velar)
Manner of Articulation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Stop
Fricative
Approximant
Trill
Flap
Tap
Affricate
Centrality
1. Central
2. Lateral
Nasality
1. Oral
2. Nasal
Practice – match the transcription with the sound
1
a
[al]
2
b
[oz]
3
c
[qau]
4
d
[px]
5
e
[ka]
Practice – match the transcription with the sound
1
c
a
[al]
2
e
b
[oz]
3
a
c
[qau]
4
b
d
[px]
5
d
e
[ka]
Difficult Fricative
Practice
1
a
[aa]
2
b
[afa]
3
c
[aTa]
4
d
[asa]
5
e
[aa]
6
f
[aSa]
7
g
[aCa]
8
h
[axa]
9
i
[aXa]
10
j
[aa]
Difficult Fricative
Practice
1
b
a
[aa]
2
e
b
[afa]
3
g
c
[aTa]
4
h
d
[asa]
5
c
e
[aa]
6
i
f
[aSa]
7
f
g
[aCa]
8
j
h
[axa]
9
a
i
[aXa]
10 d
j
[aa]