Module 6 模組 6 Behavioural measures of animal welfare (1) 動物福利的行為評估 This module will enable you to 此模組將使你能夠 • Describe the factors that influence animal behaviour描述影響動物行為的因素 • Identify how behavioural indicators contribute to our understanding of animal welfare了解各項動物行為指標如何幫助我們理解動物福利 Introduction介紹 • Behaviour indicates how animals assess their environment 動物行為顯示動物如何評估牠們的環境 – Choices that the animal makes 動物所作的選擇 – Reaction to a variety of stimuli 對不同刺激的反應 • Behavioural expressions reflect feelings and motivations and indicate animal welfare 行為表 現反映出動物的感覺和動機並且指出動物福利 – Use behavioural indicators to identify factors that are important to animals 使用行為指標來了解對動物重 要的因素 Introduction介紹 • What is animal behaviour?什麼是動物行為? – Observable action(s) of a living organism 動物行為是可以從動物身上觀察到的 (Hurnik et al 1995) • Some behaviour is automatic有些行為是自動的 – Reflexes e.g.反射(作用) 例如: • limb withdrawal 四肢的收縮 • patellar reflex 膝蓋骨反射 What is animal behaviour? 什麼是動物行為? • Most behaviour results from a choice made following analysis of external and internal stimuli大部分的動物行為是動物在考慮各種 內部與外界刺激後所得出的分析結果 Internal and external stimuli 內在和外在的刺激 • Examples of internal stimuli 內在刺激的例子 – Experience 經驗 – Physiological status e.g., age, pregnancy 生理 因素(如年紀、懷孕) – Innate responses due to species & breed 先天 性之內在反應(如品種、品系) • Examples of external stimuli 外在刺激的例子 – Presence of other animals e.g. predator, conspecific 其他動物的存在(如獵食者、同種動物) – Availability of food 食物之供應情況 – Season 季節 Role of motivation in animal behaviour 動機在動物行為的角色 • Motivation: the urge (need) to perform a specific behaviour 動機:做某種特定行為的欲望 – Internal neural mechanism assesses incoming stimuli and selects the most appropriate response 內部的神經結構評估進入的刺激 並且選擇最適當的反應 (Hurnik et al 1995) • Conflicting stimuli result in conflicting motivation 衝突的刺激導致衝突的動機 – Conflict behaviours 衝突的行為 Behavioural measures in welfare science 動物福利科學的行為指標 • Behavioural observation 行為觀察 • Choices and preferences 選擇和偏好 • Work that an animal will do to gain a resource 動物為獲得資源時之動作 • Work that an animal will do to escape unpleasant stimuli 動物逃避負面刺激時之動作 • Deviations from normal behaviour 與正常行為 之差異 1. Behavioural observation 行為觀察 • Ethogram: list and description of patterns of behaviour (behavioural repertoire) 動物行為表:列舉並描述行為的模式 • Time budget: how animals allocate their time to different behaviours時間分配:動物如何分配他們的時間在不 同行為上。 – Observe time budgets in a natural environment 觀察 在自然環境的時間分配 – Observe time budgets in a restricted environment 觀 察在受限制環境的時間分配 – Alter the restricted environment and record behaviour again 改變受限制的環境並且再次記錄行為 – Compare比較 Behavioural observation: example 1行為得觀察:舉例1 Behavioural observation: example 2行為得觀察:舉例2 Behavioural observation: example 3行為得觀察:舉例3 OPEN, OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENT 開曠的室外環境 RESTRICTED, HOUSED ENVIRONMENT 限制的房舍環境 1. 60 different behaviours in blue1. Broiler chickens showed 11 and 19 breasted quail 小鵪鶉(俗名藍胸鶉) behaviours in different studies不同 共有60種不同的行為 的研究顯示肉雞有11~19種行為 2. Complex range of sexual, parental 2. Caged hens showed 18 behaviours and anti-predator behaviours in 籠子飼養的雞有18種行為 domestic hens 有複雜多樣的性、 親子、與抗掠食的行為 Limitations of behavioural observation受限制行為的觀察 • Behavioural observation does not tell us whether particular restrictions are important to the animal 行為觀察並無法告訴我們特 定的限制是否對動物重要 • Other methods have therefore been developed 因此其他的方法因應而生 2. Choices and preferences 選擇和偏好 • Offer the animal a variety of options and allow him/her to choose 提供動物不同的選項並讓牠們 選擇 • Measure and record behaviour 測量並記錄行為 – time to enter/choose option (latency), 進入/選擇選 項的時間(潛在因素) – time spent at/in different options 花在不同選項的時 間 – frequency of visits 逗留的頻率 Choices: example 選擇:舉例 Hens have access to both bean bag (BB) and flat floor (FF) nests 蛋雞有入口 FF 可選擇進入豆袋(BB)型雞舍或平面 地板(FF)型雞舍。 The number of times they chose each kind of nest was recorded for 16 egglayings 記錄16次蛋雞在生蛋時 的選擇 BB Food + water BB FF Choices: example 選擇:舉例 Behaviour patterns行為模式 Glances 匆匆一瞥 Examinations 仔細看 Entries 進去 Birds choosing Birds choosing bean bags flat floors 選擇豆袋雞舍 選擇平面雞舍 0.66 0.25 0.72 0.28 0.81 0.15 Choices—general conclusion 選擇 --- 一般結論 • Animals choose 動物會選擇 – plenty of space 足夠的空間 – comfortable bed 舒適的臥床 – opportunity to control their environment 控制牠們環 境的機會 – opportunity to interact with others 與其他動物互動的 機會 Limitations of choice and preference tests受限制的選擇及偏好測試 • Gives the scientist information about an animal’s choices or preferences 給科學家關於動 物的選擇或偏好的資訊 • Does not answer the question of whether the animal’s welfare suffers if cannot get what he/she prefers 不要回答如果他/她不能獲得所偏好 的是否其動物福利會有所受損的問題 (香草與巧克力冰淇淋之喻) • Need to estimate how much the animal values different resources 需要去判斷動物對不同的 資源有多少程度的重視 3. Work that an animal will do to gain a resource 動物為獲得需求而會做的事 •Ask the animal to work for rewards - such as food or a dust bath 要求動物為獎勵而工作---如食物 或沙浴 •The amount of work the animal will perform indicates the importance of the reward to the animal 由動物對工作付出的意願可以了解獎勵對動物的 重要性 Work that an animal will do to gain a resource 動物為獲得需求而會做的事 An experiment measured the work that sows were prepared to do: 由一個實驗測量母豬準備要做 的工作 1. To gain access to straw for nest building 為了築窩而進入取稻草 2. To gain access to food 為了食物而進入 Work that an animal will do to gain a resource動物為獲得需求而會做的事 (Arey 1992) Water Feed Area Straw Area 飼料區 稻草區 Swing doors 彈簧門 Lock 鎖 Panels 把手 Lock 鎖 Lay-out of experiment 實驗展示 Work that an animal will do to gain what he/she needs動物為獲得需求而會做的事(Arey 1992) Behaviour patterns 豬要按幾次把手門才會打開 No. entries Food 食物次數 No. entries Straw 稻草次數 Low work 低工作量 (one press 按一下門就開) 21.4 17 High work 高工作量 (按150次門才能開) (2 days before farrowing分娩前2天) 11.4 2.6 17 16.4 High work (1 day before farrowing分娩前一天) Work that an animal will do to gain what he/she needs動物為獲得需求而會做的事 • The sow’s motivation to build a nest is very strong in the last day of pregnancy母豬在分娩 當天築窩動力甚強 4. Work that an animal will do to escape unpleasant stimuli 動物為逃避不喜歡的事務會做的事 • • • Measure how hard an animal will work to avoid a stressful or painful situation測量動物為逃避壓力或痛的動力強度 Short-term stressors only只有短期壓力刺激 Ethics?倫理問題? Time taken for sheep to clear a raceway 綿羊通過跑道時間(Rushen 1986) Full electro immobilisation通微量電流保定羊 Wired-up綁電線但不通電 Restraint人為保定 Free run不處理 400 300 Time through race (s) 通過跑道 所需秒數 200 100 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5. Deviations from normal behaviour 與正常行為不同的行為差異 Stereotypies刻板性行為 • Repetitive behaviour反覆的行為 • Constant in form持續的形式 • No obvious purpose in the context 沒有明顯的目的 • Indicate past or present frustration 指出過去或現在的挫折 – Restrictive environment受限的環境 • Adaptive?適應? (Mason & Rushen 2006) Deviations from normal behaviour Giraffe observation與正常行為不同的行為差異 The time budgets of giraffe in the wild and in zoos were compared 比較野生長頸鹿與動物園長頸鹿之時間 預算(分配) Various environmental factors were recorded to investigate possible correlations with behavioural differences 記錄不同之環境因子以探討環境與二種長頸鹿 不同行為的可能連結 Deviations from normal behaviour Giraffe observation: Results與正常行為不同的行為差異 長頸鹿觀察:結果 WILD GIRAFFE (野生) ZOO GIRAFFE (動物園) • Much time spent in locomotion大部份時間都用在 • Little time spent on locomotion 極少時間用在活動 在活動 • All show stereotypies, • No stereotypies observed無刻 especially at night 都有刻板性 板性行為 行為,尤其在夜間 • Variation in time budgets at • In one zoo, over 60% of different sites 在不同場所之時 nights were spent performing 間分配有變化 stereotypic behaviour 有一個 動物園,超過60%之夜間長頸鹿 都在表現刻板性行為 6. Interaction with humans 與人類之互動 • Animals learn by experience 動物會從經驗學習 • Their experience with people enables them to associate humans either with pleasure or with pain and fear 與人類相處的經驗 會導致對人類產生快樂或痛苦與恐懼的印象 • Human-Animal Studies have been explored in animal welfare science 動物福利科 學已經就人與動物的研究有所探索 Variation in pig stockmen 管理人員之變數(Hemsworth 2003) 100 % negative % interaction -ve 負面互動 50 interaction 0 0 10 20 stockpersons Stockpeople 牧場管理員 30 Variation in pigs’ fear of stockpeople豬 對管理員之害怕變化(澳洲)(Australia) (Hemsworth 2003) 160 Time to Interact (second) 互動時間 (秒) 120 80 40 0 Australian farms 澳洲牧場 Behavioural indicators in welfare science comparison with physiological measures 動物福利科學的行為學指標與生理測量之比較 Advantages 優點 Disadvantages 缺點 1. Easier/less invasive較沒有 1. Interpretation is difficult 解 侵入性/較簡單 釋困難 2. Requires less equipment需 2. Some consider less rigorous 要較少之設備 有人認為不嚴謹 3. Can be done away from the lab 不需實驗室 Conclusions / Summary 結論/摘要 • Different behavioural measures can tell us a lot about the importance, to animals, of having the opportunity to perform certain behaviours Further Reading進修書目 • Arey DS. 1992 Straw and food as reinforcers for prepartal sows. Applied Anim Welfare Sci 33: 217-226 • Duncan IJH & Kite VG. 1989. Nest site selection and nestbuilding behaviour in domestic fowl. Animal Behaviour 37: 215231. • Hemsworth PH, Barnett JL, Coleman GJ & Hansen C 1989. A study of the relationships between the attitudinal and behavioural profiles of stockpersons and the level of fear of humans and reproductive performance of commercial pigs. Applied Anim Behavi Sci, 23: 301-314 • Hemsworth PH. 2003 Human–animal interactions in livestock production. Appl Anim Behav Sci 81: 185-198 P. H. Hemsworth • Hurnik JF, Webster AB & Siegel PB. 1985 Dictionary of Farm Animal Behaviour (2nd Ed). Iowa State University Press Further Reading進修書目 • Mason G & Rushen J (Eds). 2006 Stereotypic Animal Behaviour, 2nd edition: Fundamentals and Applications to Welfare. CABI, Wallingford, UK • Nicol CJ 1986 Non-exclusive spatial preference in the laying hen. Appl Anim Behav Sci 15: 337-350 • Rushen J 1986. Aversion of sheep to electro-immobilization and restrain. Appl Anim Behav Sci 15: 315-324 • Stolba A & Wood-Gush DGM 1989. The behaviour of pigs in a semi-natural environment. Anim Production 48: 419-425 • Veasey JS, Waran NK & Young RJ. 1996 On comparing the behaviour of zoo-housed animals with wild conspecifics as a welfare indicator using the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardis) as a model. Anim Welfare 5:139-153