History of the CAS
• This section provides information about the
origin of our Society
• Items include a photograph of the original
gavel and case presented to the Society by
the 1st President of the CAS
• Also included in this section are
photographs of the original seals of the
Society and the crest and motto of the CAS
and an oil painting
Pharyngeal Bulb Gasway c. 1935
• Dr. Beverly Leech, Regina SK, made
wax casts of cadaver pharynxes
• His objective was to develop a
pharyngeal airway
• Detachable rubber bulb was
contoured to fit into the pharynx for
an air-tight seal.
• Lower end of metal core had a loop
to prevent obstruction of aperture
by epiglottis or other tissue
14
President’s Gavel in leather case
c. Ante 1922
• Presented to the Society by
the first President, Dr.Samuel
Johnston in 1922 and this
gavel was used by all the CAS
Presidents between 1922 and
1929 and their names are
engraved on the head of the
gavel
51 a-b
CAS President’s Gavel
c. Ante 1922
• A closer look at the gavel shows
that it is made of turned wood
and banded in silver on each
end and in the middle; and the
names of the CAS Presidents
from 1922-1929 are engraved on
one end.
50 a
The Original Seal of the CAS
c. 1943
• Used as an embosser or seal for
ceremonial purposes. It is made of cast
metal with a hinged polished handle that
drives the spring mechanism to close two
circular plates. The upper plate is
engraved and lower one embossed
51
Plaque with original Seal and Motto
c. unknown
• Shield shaped plaque with rounded
raised painted area showing the
Greek figure Hypnos dripping liquid
from cornucopia while holding a
poppy in the left hand
• The motto of the CAS is written in
Greek under HYPNOS’ feet. In
translation the motto says “We
watch closely those who sleep”
• The emblem and motto were first
adopted in 1943 when the CAS was
incorporated
52
Plaque of Original Seal c. 1980
• Two printed ceramic tiles set into
the plaque. The tile on the left
shows an image of the original
CAS seal
• The tile on the right explains the
meaning and symbolism of the
seal and the motto and provides
information about the artist
53
Painting of HYPNOS c. 1992
• Painting of HYPNOS by the
artist Linda Montgomery
• Oil or acrylic on canvas
• Gift from BOC Healthcare to
commemorate the 50th
anniversary of the CAS
68
Ceremonial Seal c. 1993
SCIENCE

VIGILANCE

COMPASSION
• A one piece metal hinge device that
makes a circular mark, on paper, of
the Society’s new logo.
• The logo now consists of a circle
surrounded by the words Canadian
Anesthesiologists’ Society in both
English and French. The centerpiece
is a maple leaf with Caduceus.
• This new logo replaced the original
logo in 1993
• The motto of the CAS was also
changed in 1993 and now consists
of three words
56
Volatiles:
• On October 16, 1846, dentist William
Thomas Green Morton, invited to the
Massachusetts General Hospital,
performed the first public
demonstration of diethyl ether (then
called sulfuric ether) as an anesthetic
agent, for a patient (Edward Gilbert
Abbott) undergoing an excision of a
vascular tumor from his neck.
• In a letter to Morton shortly thereafter,
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. proposed
naming the procedure anæsthesia.
• Despite Morton's efforts to keep "his"
compound a secret, which he named
"Letheon" and for which he received a
US patent, the news of the discovery
and the nature of the compound
spread very quickly to Europe in late
1846.
Volatiles: Trichloroethylene
•
•
•
•
Manufactured in 1945
Imperial Chemical Ltd.
Manchester, England
For use with pocket type inhaler
for “auto-analgesia”
• Used in Surgery, Obstetrics and
Dentistry.
16
Volatiles: Chloroform
• 1916
• Made by Wellcome Chemical
Works, England
• Amber coloured glass designed
to exclude light and thus prevent
drug degradation
4
Chloroform: CHCl3
• Chloroform, the name given to trichloromethane, because of its
supposed relation to formic acid.
• Chloroform has a heavy, etherlike odor and a burning sweetness of taste,
being about 40 times as sweet as cane sugar.
• Chloroform may be prepared by the chlorination of ethyl alcohol or of
methane, or by the action of iron and acid on carbon tetrachloride.
• Chloroform was developed in 1831 and was first used to induce narcosis
in self-experimentation by James Young Simpson (1847).
• In the presence of light, however, it tends to decompose, yielding the
highly poisonous compound phosgene.
• The first fatality was a 15-year-old girl called Hannah Greener, who died
on January 28, 1848.
The Inhalers: Ether Parties (1802)
“ Breathing a gas may make you high, but it won’t make you fart”
By Caricaturist Gillray
The Snow Ether Inhaler
• This replica of John Snow’s inhaler
of 1847 was made by John Henry
Hawkes in 1950
• The mask has 2 valves for intake
and output, and a chamois cover
lead rim to fit around the hose and
mouth
22
The Analgizer Inhaler
• Made by Abbott Laboratories,
Chicago
• Methoxyflurane inhaler
• Used to relieve pain on demand
by the patient
• The inhaler is fastened to the
patient’s wrist using the
attached twill tape
3
The “Duke” Inhaler
• 1950’s
• Dental inhaler
• Made in Montreal
• Adult and Pediatric masks
• Trichloroethylene used with
this device
18
The Oxford Vinethene Inhaler
• Dental inhaler
• Invented in 1940
• Made by Medical & Industrial
Equipment Ltd., England
• Used for inhalation anesthesia of
Trilene (Trichloroethylene) and
Vinethene (Divinyl ether)
• Central chamber contains piece of
sea-sponge and mesh
12
Stratford-Cookson Somnoform Inhaler
• Introduced by Georges Rolland of
Bordeaux in 1901
• Made in Pennsylvania, USA
• Used to administer mixture of
ethylchloride,methylchloride, and
ethylbromide in proportions 60:35:5
• Controversial and no longer used
after 1931.
17
Clover’s Portable Regulating Ether
Inhaler
• Made in 1900 by Down Brothers,
England
• Based on Joseph Clover’s
design
• Allows for ether to be warmed in
a water bath
21
Drager Inhaler
• 1955
• Drager, USA
• Trichloroethylene
• Hand held inhaler with chain
for attachment to patient’s
bed?
13
The “Telephone” Inhaler
• 1948
• Made by Northern Electric
Company Ltd., Canada
• Metal connector for
attachment to anaesthesia
equipment
9
The Oro-Nasal Inhaler
• Made by Ohio Chemical and
Manufacturing Company, USA
• For nitrous oxide / oxygen
anaesthesia
• Consists of face-piece with 2
valves, one expiratory and one for
air
121
The Trilite Inhaler
• Made in 1947 by Trilite Ltd.,
England
• Metal rod-shaped
• Filled with trilene
(trichloroethylene)
• Developed for pain control during
war times
• Patient controlled device
132
The Cyprane Inhaler
• 1955
• Made by Cyprane Ltd, England
• Trichloroethylene
• Used in Obstetrics
89
Anesthetic Masks
•
Essential part of delivering volatile anesthetics
•
Covers the mouth and nose
•
Evolved from simple cotton gauze to a gauze covered wire
cage (e.g. Heidbrink mask), to a metal mask as part of an
inhaler (e.g. Ombredanne inhaler), to a rubber or synthetic
mask
•
Most recently combined with an airway (e.g. laryngeal mask
airway)
Yankauer Mask c. 1910
• The coiled wire holds the gauze in place.
• The volatile anesthetic, e.g. ether, was
dripped on to the gauze with the mask
held over the mouth and nose.
• Vaporization of the ether often resulted
in “frost-bite” to the hand of the
anesthesiologist.
1
Ombredanne Inhaler Showing Metal
Mask c. 1908
• The volatile anesthetic agent was in the
body of this inhaler. The metal mask
(often copper) was placed over the
patient’s mouth and nose.
19 a-b
Rubber Mask c. 1940-1960
• This mask is similar to the ones
currently in use. It is molded to fit
tightly over the mouth and nose.
• The part in touch with the face is
inflatable for greater patient comfort.
76
Synthetic Mask with Inflatable Rubber
Cushion c. 1950
• Synthetic masks became more
popular in the 1990s because of
concerns about latex allergy.
• However, this photo demonstrates
that they are not a recent innovation.
80
Clear synthetic Mask with Attachment
for Strap c. 1960s
• In order to free the anesthesiologist’s
hands a mechanism for attaching a
head strap became popular in the last
century.
79
Miscellaneous Archive Items:
• 1940’s item
• Glass syringe and needle set
• Used for intravenous or spinal
anesthesia
• Ouch!!!!!
110
Miscellaneous cont.
• 1930’s item
• Ohio chemical and manufacturing
company
• CO2 canisters filled with soda lime
• Notice the color change????
109
Miscellaneous cont.
• 1940’s Horton Intercoupler
• Small resistors to connect to gas
machine
• Woven metal brackets to ground
anaesthetist and patient
• Electrical storm beware!
• Dr. H.M. Slater
111
Miscellaneous cont.
• 1960’s item
• Pediatric “ Toy Telephone
“inhaler device
• Montreal Children’s Hospital
• Hello! Can you hear me now?
8
Miscellaneous cont.
• 1900-1930
• Mayer and Phelps of London,
England
• Brass bronchoscope with built in
light source
87
Miscellaneous cont.
• 1968
• Research Laboratory in
Toronto
• Electric timer
• Multiple uses
• Used up until 2007?
88
Anesthetic Machines
• Anesthetic machines began appearing at the end of the 19th century
• Early anesthetic machines were utilized in dental anesthesia for
administration of N2O and O2
• Initial machines were either:
• Continuous flow – continuous flow throughout inspiration and
expiration (eg. Heidbrink, Foregger, Boyle)
• Intermittent flow – flow of gas during inspiration only (eg.
McKesson)
• Machines evolved to incorporate reducing valves, flow meters,
vaporizers and circuits with carbon dioxide absorption
Boyle Anesthesia Apparatus c. 1920
• Modification of original machine
developed by Dr. Henry Boyle in 1917
• Coxeter dry flow meter allowed
proportioning of O2, CO2 & N2O
• Two glass vaporizing bottles
• Bottom illustrations:
– Case with accessories
– Machine stand with four cylinder
yokes (2 each for N2O and O2) +
carrying handle
116a, 117
Foregger Metric Gas Machine
Montreal Model c. 1924
• Modification of Richard von Foregger’s
original metric gas machine for use with
cyclopropane
• Eliminated reserve gas tanks, with
exception of O2, because of the
increased use of CO2 absorbers
• “Wet flowmeters” used water
displacement to provide accurate
measurement while introducing
humidity to reduce the risks of interior
static
23
Water’s Cannisters
(Waters “to and fro”) c. 1930
• Ralph M Waters began experiments with CO2
absorption in 1915
• Developed “to and fro” system through
which inspired and expired gases were
directed
• Metal cylinder was packed with absorbent
alkaline granules resulting in economy of
gas use along with heat and moisture
conservation
109 a-c
McKesson Nargraf Machine
(Model H) c. 1920
• Modification of Dr. E I McKesson’s Model A
machine of 1910
• Reducing valves admit N2O and O2 into two
bags enclosed in metal drums at equal
pressures
• Gases pass to percentage mixing chamber
with proportion controlled by dial
• Intermittent flow is dependant upon patients
inspiration
119
McKesson Nargraf Machine
(Model L) c. 1940
• Further modification of Dr. E I
McKesson’s original 1910 machine
• Incorporates flow meters for N2O and
O2 along with stand for anesthetic
record
120
Heidbrink Apparatus
(mixing head only) c. 1930
• Modification of Dentist Jay
Heidbrink’s original apparatus
introduced in 1912 for administration
of N2O and O2 primarily for dental
anaesthesia
• Proportioning device and valves
reduced cylinder pressure of tank
gases to working pressures
143
Midget Kinet-O-Meter c. 1940
• Modification of Dr. Heidbrink’s earlier
apparatus to administer N2O / O2 for
dental anesthesia
• Flow meter panel calibrated for oxygen,
nitrous oxide and cyclopropane along
with four cylinder yokes (two each for O2
and N2O)
• Mounted on a pole to which chart stand
support is attached
118