MAE 406 / 589
John Rees, PE, CEM
Eric Soderberg, PE, CEM
October 15, 2013

• Commercial and Industrial electric bills can be difficult to understand.

Difference Between Power and Energy
• Electricity is like water – it flows like water in a pipe.
• Demand – How fast is the Flow Rate (Instantaneous).
• Energy – How many gallons over a period of time.
3

• Demand - amount of electrical energy that is being consumed at a given time (instantaneous, kW).
• Electrical Energy - total electricity used over a period of time (kWh).
• Electrical Energy (kWh) = Demand (kW) *
Operating Hours
• Example: 100 watt lamp burning for 10 hours =
1000 watt-hours = 1 kWh
4

Electricity Demand - October 1 to 4 (kilowatts)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Peaks are about 2:30 pm.
Valleys are about 2:30 am.
5

Electricity Energy - October 1 to 4 (kilowatt-hours)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Peaks are about 2:30 pm.
Valleys are about 2:30 am.
6

• Utility Rates
– Utilities have a variety of rates
•
Residential
• Commercial
• Small Business
• Large Business
– Can be based on Electrical Energy only (residential and small commercial).
– Can be based on a combination of Demand and Energy.
• Ratchet Charge – Demand charge may be based on high demand from the previous 12 months (not the current month).
• It’s possible to be on the “wrong” rate.
– Check with your electric utility representative.
7

• The demand charge is based on the maximum demand set over the month during peak hours.
• Peak hours are the hours set by the utility when the total demand from all customers puts the most load on the utility’s power generating capacity.
– Varies from summer to winter.
8

Comparing KWh Usage to KW Demand
9

Knowing how you are being charged for electricity helps:
• Know how much various pieces of equipment cost to operate.
• Determine when electrical equipment can be run during offpeak hours.
• Determine how to limit on-peak demand.

http://www.duke-energy.com/rates/north-carolina.asp
RS
Rate Schedule
Residential Service
Residential Service, Electric Water Heating and Space
Conditioning
*Date
Effective
9/1/2013
RE
ES
RT
Residential Service, Energy Star
Residential Service, Time-of-Use
9/1/2013
9/1/2013
9/1/2013
WC Residential Service, Water Heating, Controlled/Submetered 9/1/2013
SGS Small General Service 9/1/2013
OPT-G Optional Power Service, Time of Use General Service
BC General Service, Building Construction Service
LGS Large General Service
9/1/2013
9/1/2013
9/1/2013

WATTS
LUMENS
F O O T C A N D L E S
Meet target light levels
Efficiently produce and deliver light
Automatically control lighting operation
Most Important Slide in Today’s Seminar!
14

• Old Fixtures (Incandescents) = 5 kW
• New Fixtures (T5 Fluorescents) = 1.72 kW
• > 60% Energy Savings, $500/yr
• Old Lamps  1,000 hour life
• New Lamps  20,000 hour life
• Better Illumination; Better Quality of Light

• Light Output.
– Measured at the lamp surface.
– Measured in lumens .
• Illuminance or Light Level.
– Measured at the working surface.
– Measured in foot-candles.
• Luminance or Brightness.
– Measured at an angle to the working surface.
– Measured in footlamberts.

• Targeted illumination level is determined by:
• Tasks being performed (detail, contrast, size).
• Ages of the occupants.
• Importance of speed and accuracy.
• Important not to Underlight or Overlight.

Activity
Offices: Average Reading and Writing
Offices: Hallways
Offices: Rooms with Computers
Auditoriums / Assembly Places
Hospitals: General Areas
Labs / Treatment areas
Libraries
Schools
Illumination
Foot-candles
50-75
10-20
20-50
15-30
10-15
50-100
30-100
30-150

• Quality of illumination may affect worker productivity.
• Quality is affected by:
– Glare. Too bright.
– Uniformity of illumination.
– Color rendition. Ability to see colors properly.
• Scale is 0 to 100 (100 is best)
– Color Temperature. Warm to Cool.
• Measured in degrees kelvin. 3000 is warm (yellowish);
5000 is cool or “daylight”.

A relative scale indicating how perceived colors illuminated by the light source match actual colors. The higher the number the less color distortion from the reference source. Daylight =
100.
85 -100 CRI = Excellent color rendition
75 - 85 CRI = Very Good color rendition
65 - 75 CRI = Good color rendition
55 - 65 CRI = Fair color rendition
0 – 55 CRI = Poor color rendition

A measure of the “ warmth ” or “ coolness ” of a light source.
≤ 3200K = “ warm ” or red side of spectrum
≥ 4000K = “ cool ” or blue side of spectrum
3500K = “ neutral ”
5000K = “ Daylight ”

North Sky - 8500K
Daylight Fluo - 6500K
Cool White - 4100K
Halogen – 3100K
Warm White - 3000K
Incandescent – 2700K
HPS - 2100K
25

warm light source is used, enhancing reds and oranges neutral light source is used cool source is used enhancing blues and greens
Color rendering , expressed as a rating on the Color Rendering Index
(CRI) , from 0-100, describes how a light source makes the color of an object appear to human eyes and how well subtle variations in color shades are revealed. The higher the CRI rating, the better its color rendering ability.

A measure of the “warmth” or “coolness” of a light source.
≤ 3200K = “warm” or red side of spectrum
≥ 4000K = “cool” or blue side of spectrum
3500K = “neutral”
5000K = “Daylight”

North Sky - 8500K
Daylight Fluo - 6500K
Cool White - 4100K
Halogen – 3100K
Warm White - 3000K
Incandescent – 2700K
HPS - 2100K
28

Color Rendering Index and
Color Tremperature Affect the Light Quality

• Lighting efficiency (efficacy) is expressed as lumens output/wattage input.
– Ranges from 4 to 200 lumens/watt.
• Measures how efficiently a lamp converts electrical energy into light.
• Similar to mpg.

Incandescent
Halogen
Halogen HIR
™
Mercury Vapor
Compact Fluorescent
Linear Fluorescent
LED
Metal Halide
Ceramic Metal Halide
High Pressure Sodium
Low Pressure Sodium
LED Theoretical Limit
Lamp Type Lamp Efficiency
(lumens/watt)
5 - 20
15 - 25
20 - 33
40 - 60
55 - 80
60 - 105
60 - 130
80 - 105
90 - 105
65 - 140
150 – 200
260 - 300

• As lamps age, they lose a certain amount of output.
• Old T12 fluoresecents can lose up to 30% of output over their life.
• New T8 fluorescents maintain up to 95% of original lumens.
• This depreciation must be accounted for when installing new lighting system.
• Depreciation is also a result of dirt accumulation

Incandescent
Halogen
CFL
Sodium
Metal Halide
Mercury
Fluorescent
Induction
LED
Typical Lamp Life
1,000 - 2,000 hrs
2,000 - 3,000 hrs
12,000 hrs
24,000+ hrs
24,000+ hrs
20,000 - 24,000+ hrs
20,000 - 40,000 hrs
100,000 hrs
100,000 hrs

• Luminaire = Lighting fixture
– Lamps
– Lamp sockets
– Ballasts
– Reflective material
– Lenses, refractors, louvers
– Housing
• Directs the light using reflecting and shielding surfaces.

• Luminaire Efficiency
– Percentage of lamp lumens produced that actually exits the fixture.
– Types of luminaires
• Direct (general illumination).
• Indirect (light reflected off the ceiling/walls; “wall washers”).
• Spot/Accent lighting.
• Task Lighting.
• Outdoor/Flood Lights.

• Direct (general illumination).
• Indirect (light reflected off the ceiling/walls; “wall washers”).
• Spot/Accent lighting.
• Task Lighting.
• Outdoor/Flood Lights.
Direct Lighting Indirect Lighting

• IES definition: The ratio of luminous flux
(lumens) emitted by a luminaire to that emitted by the lamp or lamps used therein.
 Percentage of initial lamp lumens that are ultimately emitted by the luminaire
Lumens emitted by the lamp(s)
38

Incandescent
17 lm/W x Coefficient of Utilization
58%
=
Fixture Efficacy
10 lm/W
CFL
=
Fixture Efficacy
35 lm/W
60 lm/W x
Coefficient of Utilization
58%
LED Bulb
150+ lm/W
Integrated
LED Luminaire
39
150+ lm/W
50+ lm/W x
=
Fixture Efficacy
42 lm/W
Coefficient of Utilization
~85
%
Sub-optimal thermal application
=
Fixture Efficacy
80 lm/W
Optimized thermals and efficacy

• One of the oldest electric lighting technologies.
• Light is produced by passing a current through a tungsten filament.
• Least efficient – (4 to 24 lumens/watt).
• Lamp life ~ 1,000 hours.

Incandescents - High CRI (100) and Warm Color
(2700K)
Halogen color is 2900K to 3200K
• Inexpensive
• Excellent beam control
• Easily dimmed – no ballast needed
• Immediate off and on
• No temperature concerns – can be used outdoors
• 100, 75, 60 and 40 watt incandescent lamps were
elminated in 2012 by the 2007 law

• A type of incandescent lamp.
• Encloses the tungsten filament in a quartz capsule filled with halogen gas.
• Halogen gas combines with the vaporized tungsten and redeposits it on the filament.
• More efficient.
• Lasts longer (up to
6,000 hrs.)

• Most common commercial lighting technology.
• High Efficacy: up to 100 lumens/watt.
• Most common fluorescent lamps.
– T12: 1.5 inch in diameter. 112 million, or 63% of fluorescents in the U.S. are still T12
– T8: 1 inch in diameter.
• ~30% more efficient than T12.
– T5: 5/8 inch in diameter.
• ~40% more efficient than T12.
• Improvements have been made in the last 15 years.

• Configurations
– Linear (8 ft., 4 ft., 2 ft., 1 ft.)
– Ubend (fit in a 2 ft. x 2 ft. fixture).
– Circular (rare, obsolete).
– Fixtures can be 4, 3, 2, or 1 lamp per fixture.
• Output Categories
– Standard Output (430 mA).
– High Output (800 mA).
– Very High Output (1,500 mA).

Phosphor crystals Mercury atom Electron Electrode

DataPoint Research Lighting 2012

Note “ cave effect ”

More uniform distribution

• Auxiliary component that performs 3 functions:
– Provides higher starting voltage.
– Provides operating voltage.
– Limits operating current.
• Old type ballasts were electromagnetic.
• New ballasts are electronic.
– Lighter, less noisy, no lamp flicker, dimming capability.

DEFINITION: The fraction of rated lamp lumens produced by a specific lamp-ballast combination
APPLICATIONS
High Ballast Factor Increases output
(1.00-1.30) AND energy consumption
Typical Ballast Factor Comparable light output in
(0.85-0.95) one-to-one replacement
Low Ballast Factor Decreases light output
(0.47-0.83) AND energy consumption
Maximize energy savings by selecting electronic ballasts with ballast factor that provides target illuminance.

• Instant Start Ballast – starts lamp instantly with higher starting voltage. Efficient but may shorten lamp life.
• Rapid Start – delay of about 0.5 seconds to start; supplies starting current to heat the filament prior to starting and continues during operation. Uses 2 to 4 watts more than an instant start ballast.
• Programmed Rapid Start - delay of about
0.5 seconds to start; starting current heats the filament prior to starting, then cuts off during operation.

• Fluorescent lamp that is small in size (~2 in. diameter, 3 to 5 in. in length).
• Developed as replacement for incandescent lamps.
• Two Main Types
– Ballast-integrated.
– Ballast non-integrated
(allows only lamp to be replaced).

• Excellent color available – comparable to incandescent
• Many choices (sizes, shapes, wattages, output, etc.)
• Wide Range of CRI and Color Temperatures
• Energy Efficient (3.5 to 4 times incandescent)
• Long Life (generally 10,000 hours – lasts 12 times longer than standard
750 hour incandescent lamps)
• Less expensive dimming now available down to 5% output
• Available for outdoor use with amalgam technology

’
• Use 25% the power of an incandescent for an equivalent amount of light. (an 18-watt CFL is equivalent to a 75watt incandescent.)
• 10,000 hour life. (10x an incandescent).
• Saves about $30 over the life of the CFL.

An HID Produces light by means of an electric arc between tungsten electrodes housed inside a translucent or transparent fused quartz or fused alumina
(ceramic) arc tube filled with special gases.

• Arc tube can be filled by various types of gases and metal salts.
• HID lamps are used in industrial high bay applications, gymnasiums, outdoor lighting, parking decks, street lights.
• Efficient (up to 150 lumens/watt).
• Long Life (up to 25,000 hours).
• Drawback – take up to 15 minutes to come up to full light after power outage.

’
• Types of HIDs
– Mercury Vapor
(obsolete)
– Sodium Vapor
• High pressure
• Low pressure
– Metal Halide
• Arc tube contains argon, mercury, and metal halides.
• Gives better color temperature and CRI.

• Most common HID in use today.
• Recent Improvements.
– Allow higher pressure & temperature.
– Better efficiency, better CRI and better lumen maintenance.
– Pulse Start vs. older Probe Start
– Ceramic vs. older Quartz arc tube.

• Latest Lighting Technology.
• Invented in 1962.
• In the past, used as indicator lights, automotive lights, and traffic lights; now being introduced for indoor and outdoor lighting.
• LED is a semiconductor technology.
• Electroluminescence. Electrons recombine with holes in the semiconductor, releasing photons.

LEDs (Light-Emitting Diodes)
Advantages
• Long life (50K to 100K hours)
• Energy Efficient
• Directional
• Dimming and instant on
• Can be cycled frequently
• Rugged (no filament tube to break)
• Multiple Colors
• Environmentally Green (no mercury)
• Barriers:
– Higher Cost
– Heat removal is a must!
65

Substrate
Lens (glass, silicone)
Encapsulant
Reflector
Wire bond
LED die
ESD protection
The LED Package provides:
– Protection for the LED die from the outside environment
– Conductive path to carry generated heat away from the LED die
– RI matching from the LED die to air
Reliability
– Lens & encapsulant systems should not discolor under
UV and exposure to high amounts of luminous flux
66

• Successfully used today for many markets
– Signs
– Traffic signals
– Displays (change colors for attention)
– Exit Signs (most common)
– Indicators
– Flashlights
– Parking Garage & Outdoor
– Commercial
– Food Freezers
– Offices
67

(PAR 38, PAR 30, PAR 20, MR16 and A-19)
• Available from a large number of vendors
• Variety of Beam Spreads, Dimmable
68

LED Lamps

• Remove 6-lamp T5HO
– 88 fixtures
– 4100K
– 321w each
– 28.25 kW total
• 30 FC maintained •
• Install LED Fixtures
– 118 fixtures
– 6000K
– 145w each
– 17.11 kW total
30 FC maintained kW Savings Summary
11.14 kW reduced (40%) with

Lay-in Troffer Product Evolution
Technology advancements and energy costs have driven down the wattage of the standard 2’x4’ lay-in fixture.
• 1950’s 4LP - T12 troffer with magnetic ballast 220W (65 CRI)
• 1970’s 4LP - T12 troffer with ES ballast 178W (65 CRI)
• 1980’s 3LP - T12 troffer with ES ballast 134W (65 CRI)
• 1990’s 3LP - T8 troffer with Electronic Ballast 96W (70-80 CRI)
• 2000’s 2LP – T8 troffer w/ Elec. Ballast (tuned) 59W (70-80 CRI)
• 2011 First Viable 2’x4’ LED troffer offered 44W & 36W (90CRI)
• In 60 years the standard has gone from 220W @ 65 CRI to 40W @ 90 CRI

US Pentagon Alcove
73
Before (432W)

Alcove After (288W)
74
Note Vertical Light on Shelves

75

• Older technology for outdoor lighting
– High pressure sodium
– Metal Halide
• Newer technology
– Compact fluorescents
– LEDs
• NOTE: Solar street lights offer significant savings by eliminating costly electric conduit and cable runs

• Old incandescent exit signs used (2) 20-watt incandescent lamps.
– At $0.08/kWh, energy cost for 1 sign = $28/yr.
• CFL exit signs use 10 to 12 watts
– Energy cost for 1 sign = $7 to $8.50/yr.
• LED exit signs use 3 to 4 watts
– energy cost for 1 sign = $3 to $4/yr.
• Photoluminescent sign uses 0 watts, but may have (slightly) radioactive material.
– New technology claims completely non-toxic and recyclable.

Comparison: LED to Ceramic Metal Halide
Cree LED Lighting LRP38 – Total Wattage = 36W
Ceramic Metal Halide – Total Wattage ~ 158 to 237W
78

• Light source in which the power required to generate light is transferred from the outside of the lamp envelope by means of electromagnetic fields.
• Type of fluorescent lamp – uses radio waves rather than arc to excite phosphor coating on lamp to glow
• Long lifespan due to the lack of electrodes - between 65,000 and 100,000 hours depending on the lamp model;
• High energy conversion efficiency of between 62 and 90 Lumens/Watt
[higher wattage lamps are more energy efficient];
• High power factor due to the low loss of the high frequency electronic ballasts which are typically between 95% and 98% efficient;
• Minimal Lumen depreciation (declining light output with age) compared to other lamp types as filament evaporation and depletion is absent;
• “Instant-on” and hot re-strike, unlike most conventional lamps used in commercial/industrial lighting applications (such as Mercury-Vapor lamp,
Sodium Vapor Lamp and Metal Halide Lamp);
• Environmentally friendly as induction lamps use less energy, and use less mercury per hour of operation than conventional lighting due to their long lifespan.

Type of fluorescent lamp – uses radio waves rather than arc to excite phosphor coating on lamp to glow
Advantages :
• QL and Icetron: 60,000 to 100,000 hours – if used 12 hours each day will last 20 years!
• Good for hard to maintain locations
Disadvantages :
• Large light source – difficult to control beam of light making it inefficient for delivered and task lumens
• Expensive - $200+ adder to HID
• No industry standards for Induction

• Applications where maintenance is expensive and/or difficult
• 24 hour a day.7 days a week applications
• Bridges
• Low Bay Industrial
• Select Outdoor Lighting Applications
• Long burning hour applications

Hazardous Waste Lamps will now be regulated under the
Federal Universal Waste Rule which was first developed to regulate the disposal of other widely generated wastes that contain toxic materials, such as batteries and pesticides
State Rule supersedes Federal Rule
Under current federal law, mercury-containing lamps
(fluorescent, HID) may be hazardous waste
The rule applies only to lamps that fail the TCLP (Toxicity
Characteristic Leaching Procedure) test which is used to determine if a waste is hazardous.

TYPICAL MERCURY CONTENT OF VARIOUS LAMPS
250 watt Metal Halide lamp 38 mg
250 watt High Pressure Sodium lamp 15 mg
Pre 1988 T12 Fluorescent
Post 1988 T12 Fluorescent
45 mg
12 mg
Typical T8 Fluorescent Tube
Typical Compact Fluorescent (CFL)
4-5 mg
4-5 mg
4-5 mg is less mercury than a coal fired power plant will emit while producing the additional energy to power an equivalent incandescent lamp.
Lamps containing mercury that fail the TCLP test must be recycled!
EPA encourages responsible disposal practices to limit the release of mercury into the environment.
EPA encourages lamp recycling

• Simple Payback
• Return on Investment (ROI)
• Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
• Net Present Value (NPV)

Simple Payback is the number of years it takes an energy saving measure to repay the initial investment for the new system. It does not account for the time value of money and it also does not consider the savings that occur after the payback point.
Most private companies require a simple payback of 2 years or less.
For energy saving measures, they will sometimes accept a 3 to 5 year payback.
Government agencies can accept longer paybacks than private companies.
SIMPLE PAYBACK = TOTAL PROJECT COST / ANNUAL
SAVINGS

ROI is the inverse of Simple Payback and has all of the qualifiers of a simple payback. It does not account for the time value of money and also it does not consider the savings that occur after the payback point. It is sometimes called Rate of
Return.
ROI is expressed as a percentage. It is often compared to other investment yields.

NPV adjusts for the time value of money by discounting incremental future cash flows to the present time using a discount rate appropriate to those cash flows. NPV ($) is a profitability measure and can be used to rank one lighting alternative over another . The higher the $ profit NPV, the better the alternative. The NPV, to be appropriately used, should be calculated by applying the after tax cost of capital to the after tax cash flows.

A lighting upgrade is estimated to save $5,000 a year and cost $25,000. What are the simple payback and return on investment (ROI)?
Simple payback = Cost / Annual Savings
= $25,000 / $5,000
= 5 years
ROI = 1 / Simple Payback
= 1/5
= 20%

Existing lighting in the Method Road Greenhouse consists of
10 fixtures containing ten 4’, 4 lamp T12 fixtures that consume
154 watts of electrical power. At $0.09/kWh, what is the annual cost of operating these fixtures 2,000 hours a year?
10 x 154 watts x 2,000 hours/1,000 = 3,080 kWh
3,080 x $0.09 = $2,772 per year
These fixtures are replaced by fixtures containing 25 watt T8 lamps with low BF ballasts which only consume 89 watts per fixture. What is the annual cost of operation?
10 x 89 watts x 2,000 hours/1,000 = 1,780 kWh
1,780 x $0.09 = $1,602 per year
Cost savings = $1,170 per year

• Improved Color Rendition/Visibility in Space
• Longer Lamp Life
•Less Maintenance (Normally a result of longer lamp life)
• Adjust to target light levels (IES)
• Improved Controls
• HVAC Savings – Typically 5% above lighting savings for cooled spaces
• Tax Incentives – Generally tax deductions
• Incentive from Utility Rebates – Both Progress & Duke have programs

• 1 watt saved = 3,412 BTUs of heat removed
• Heat removed with Efficient Lighting is:
• A savings when cooling (A/C is on)
• In the heating season, lighting assists the HVAC.
• Rules of Thumb to count HVAC savings
• Unitary Equipment: Lighting Savings x .1 to .2
• Chiller Equipment: Lighting Savings x .05 to .1
• Example : Lighting Savings = $2,000.00
$2,000 x .1 = $200 savings from Unitary HVAC

Change from Old to New and Save Energy and $$
OLD TECHNOLOGY =>
• T12 Fluorescent – 4’ and 8’ Systems
In the US today, 60% are still T12.
• Magnetic Ballasts
NEW TECHNOLOGY
• T8, T5 and T5HO Fluorescent Systems
• Electronic Ballasts
• Incandescent
• Halogen
• Probe Start Metal Halide and Mercury Vapor
• Neon
• Manual Controls
• Halogen IR, MH & LED
• Metal Halide and LED
• Pulse Start and
Ceramic Metal Halide
•LED
•Automatic Controls, Bi-Level and
Continuous Dimming Systems

DEFINITION: The fraction of rated lamp lumens produced by a specific lamp-ballast combination
APPLICATIONS: High Ballast Factor Increases output
(1.00-1.30) AND energy consumption
Typical Ballast Factor Comparable light output in
(0.85-0.95) one-to-one replacement
Low Ballast Factor
(0.47-0.83)
Decreases light output
AND energy consumption
Maximize energy savings by selecting electronic ballasts with ballast factor that provides target illuminance.

– Occupancy Sensors
– Bi-level Switching
– Time Clock
– Photo Sensors
– Dimmers
– Lighting Control
Systems
– Building Management
Systems

Type of Control Private Office
Open Office -
Daylit
Open Office -
Interior
Occupancy Sensors
Time Scheduling
Daylight Dimming
++
+
++
++
++
++
++
++
0
Bi-Level Switching
Demand Limiting
++ = good savings potential
+ = some savings potential
0 = not applicable
++
+
+
++
+
++

•Automatically turn lights off when spaces are unoccupied.
•Ceiling or Wall Mounted.
•Adjustments for sensitivity and time delay.
•Proper selection, location, and adjustment of sensors is key to reliable operation.
•Wireless technology is available.
•Ultrasonic, Infrared, Dual-Technology.

• Automatic Control
• Use in areas where there are long periods of unoccupied time
• Excellent for bi-level control to maximize energy savings
• Does not require direct line of sight
• Adjust sensitivity and time delay for best results

• Detect movement of heat-radiating sources between radial detection zones
• Line-of-sight is required (30 ’ max)
• Larger motion is required to trigger sensor at greater distance
• Most sensitive to motion lateral to sensor
• Coverage pattern can be modified to minimize false triggers

Greater reliability from using both infrared (IR) and ultrasonic (US) sensing technologies
Typical operation settings:
• IR and US signals for lights to turn on
• IR or US signals for lights to stay on
• Absence of IR and US signals for lights to turn off

Application Energy Savings
Offices (Private)
Offices (Open Spaces)
Rest Rooms
Corridors
Storage Areas
Meeting Rooms
Conference Rooms
Warehouses
Source: CEC/DOE/EPRI
25-50%
20-25%
30-75%
30-40%
45-65%
45-65%
45-65%
50-75%
Savings can be determined with data logger installed in room or area for 1 to 2 weeks.

Top shows switching for 50% of lamps on.
Bottom shows switching for 1, 2, or
3-lamp operation.

• Turn lights off when daylight is adequate.
• Outdoor lighting.
– Dusk to dawn.
• Indoor lighting
– Dims lights as daylight increases.
• Can work with occupancy sensors.

Lighting energy savings are possible while improving lighting quality.

• Improved Color Rendition/Visibility in Space
• Longer Lamp Life
• Less Maintenance (Normally a result of longer lamp life)
• Adjust to target light levels (IES)
• Improved Controls
• HVAC Savings – Typically 5% above lighting savings for cooled spaces
• Tax Incentives – Generally tax deductions
• Incentive from Utility Rebates – Both Progress & Duke have programs

• 1 watt saved = 3,412 BTUs of heat removed
• Heat removed with Efficient Lighting is:
• A savings when cooling (A/C is on)
• A cost when heating is on
• Rules of Thumb to count HVAC savings
• Unitary Equipment: Lighting Savings x .1 to .2
• Chiller Equipment: Lighting Savings x .05 to .1
• Example : Lighting Savings = $2,000.00
$2,000 x .1 = $200 savings from Unitary HVAC

• More Efficient Lamp
Type
– Metal Halide  T8
Fluorescent
– T12 Fluorescent  T8
Fluorescent or LED
– Incandescent  CFL or
LED
• Fewer Lamps per
Fixture
– 4-Lamp to 3-Lamp or 2-Lamp
• Fewer Fixtures
• Better Fixtures
• Better Control

• 400-Watt Metal Halide = 455 watts input
• 6-Lamp T8 Fixture = 234 watts

T-12 Fluorescent 4’ and 8’ Systems
Fluorescent Magnetic Ballasts
Incandescent
Standard Metal Halide
Mercury Vapor
Neon
Manual Controls

T8, T5 and T5HO Fluorescent Systems
Electronic Ballasts
LED
Bi-Level and Continuous Dimming Systems

•T8s have been improved.
•Older T8s called “700 series”; 32 watts.
•Newer Super T8s called “800 series” (CRI > 80) and “850 series” (CRI > 85)
•3000K, 3500K, 4100K, 5000K versions
•30,000 hour lamp life @ 3 hours per start
•3100-3150 initial lumens
•Universal Voltage (120-277V)
• 4-foot lamp : 30, 28 or 25 watts; Low input wattage (4-lamp: 93/89 watts)
•95% lumen maintenance @ 8000 hours
•Low Temperature Starting (0˚F)
•Lamp/Ballast System Warranty 5 Years
•85 CRI
•Program Start Ballasts
•TCLP-compliant

• 800-series Super T8s have 96% of system lumens of 700-series lamps with standard ballasts
•19% reduction in power
•Double lamp life (3 hrs. per start)
•Maximum life on occupancy sensors

• Save up to 20% of energy costs by replacing 32 Watt T8s with low-wattage T8s.
Whenreplacing 700-series 32 Watt T8s:
– 25 Watt T8s provide 20% energy savings with 9% light output reduction.
– 28 Watt T8s provide 12% energy savings with 2% light output reduction.
• When replacing 800-series 32 Watt T8s:
– 25 Watt T8s provide 20% energy savings with 16% light output reduction.
– 28 Watt T8s provide 12% energy savings with 9% light output reduction.
• While low-wattage T8 lamps may reduce light output, changes in light levels of less than 10% are generally undetectable to most occupants.

•Long lamp life (40,000 hours of rated average life at 12 hours per start on
Optanium™ Instant Start ballasts and 46,000 hours of rated average life at 12 hours per start on Optanium™ Programmed Start Ballasts)
•2400 lumens with 95 percent lumen maintenance
•Superior color rendering (a CRI of 85)
•Low mercury (Philips ALTO
® lamps average 70% less mercury than the 2001 industry average for fluorescent lamps up to 60 inches, which are not TCLP
(EPA Std. - Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure) compliant) 1.7 mg
Mercury per 4’ lamp

•Install new fixtures when:
•Existing fixtures are over 20 years old
•Lamp holders are worn out
•Multiple components are failing
•Design requires change in fixture type
•Retrofit existing fixtures with lamps & ballasts when:
•Existing fixtures are less than 20 years old
•Lamp holders and other components are still good
•Budget is very tight
•Expensive/Difficult/Environmental Conditions Present
(i.e. asbestos or excessive piping and ducts in ceiling, etc.)

• One T5HO lamp provides similar maintained lumen output to two T8 lamps (4750 vs. 4669 maintained lumens)
• Maintained lumens are higher – fixtures are smaller
• Peak light output at 95˚F ambient air temperature instead of 77˚F with T8 and T12
• Amalgam technology has been added to provide a more constant lumen output across a broad range of ambient temperatures!

•Disadvantages
• T5 and T5HO lamp life is less than T8s
• The bulb wall surface of the T5 is very bright. Care must be exercised in using T5 lamp in direct lighting applications.
• Costs higher than T8 – cost can be balanced by a reduction in the number of luminaries used.
• Lead times may be longer – T5s require compete fixture replacement.
• In cooler temperatures or high CFM air distribution the T5 or T5HO may not perform well (peak light output at 95 °F).
• May not work well with occupancy sensors due to slow lumen run-up with cold start.

• ≤ 20’ – use T8
• ≥ 20’ – use T5HO
• 18’ to 25’ – either T8 or T5HO can be used successfully
• Over 50 types of 4’ T8 lamps available
• Two T5 lamps: 28w T5 and 54w T5HO
• To get T5HO performance out of T8 lamps, use highlumen/high performance T8 lamps

•In general for warehouse aisles, T5HO will perform better in non-airconditioned spaces and T8 performs better in air-conditioned spaces.
• Reason : Ambient temperature of T5HO rating for peak performance is
35 degrees C (95F) and T8 is rated at 25C (77F).
Source : Warehouse aisle lighting – p. 16 – LD&A Feb 2009article by Siva K. Haran, PE, LEED, AP, IES

• 1% increase in productivity is about equal to one sick day
• Improve employee satisfaction and reduce turnover/replacement expenses for new employees.
• Improves Company bottom line
• Indirect Lighting is preferred by many today.

’

Excellent light source for almost all interior spaces – offices, homes, retail, schools and more; People prefer it!
Field research indicates that with daylighting:
• Learning is enhanced
• Retail sales increase (Wal-Mart study)
• Employee satisfaction increases
Energy Savings is realized when controls are used

• Task lighting can reduce the need for overhead ambient light.
• Useful where tasks require more light, e.g., painting, inspection, better color rendition.

• Changing out all the lamps in an area at one time at regular intervals.
– At about 90% of lamp rated life
• Saves labor.
• Maintains light levels.
• Can be scheduled during off-hours.

Why Conduct a Lighting Survey? – to identify improvement opportunities. It is a systematic exam and appraisal of building lighting systems.
Step 1 – Establish a base line of performance
Step 2 – Identify opportunities for improvement
Step 3 – Calculate savings and potential payback
The quality of the information collected in the survey has a direct impact on steps 2 and 3

• Top: Light Meter
– Measures lumens (ft.candles).
• Bottom: Ballast
Discriminator
– Indicates whether a fixture has a electronic or electromagmetic ballast.

•Ask the right questions to meet the client’s goals
•Gather ALL the right information
•Don’t assume – check the existing equipment to obtain accurate information
•Determine Economic Calculations Required
•Is a test installation needed?
•Lighting Fixtures
•Controls
•Consider all drivers to reduce the payback
•Use a pre-printed form or spreadsheet template

Information and Data to Collect in a Lighting Survey
• Floor plan of the building/space with dimensions if available
• Electric bills for 1 year to determine average cost per kWh over the year
• Tasks being performed in each area – Talk to occupants in the area
• Type (fixture input wattage and lamps/ballasts type), quantity, mounting height, and control of fixtures in each space
• Lighting operating hours per year and footcandle levels for each space
•Circuit Voltage
• Exit signs (light source)
• Talk with building occupants about operating practices and satisfaction with the level and quality of lighting
• Talk with maintenance staff about equipment condition and any recurring problems.

• Baseline: current lighting energy use (typical lighting energy = 0.5 to 1.5 watts per sq. ft.)
• Recommendations for Lighting Upgrades.
• Estimated Costs with Incentives/Rebates.
• Energy and Cost Savings. Bottom Line:
Payback Period.

Energy Legislation and Incentive Programs for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency
• Energy Policy Act of 2005 – EPAct 2005
• North Carolina Tax Credits
• North Carolina Senate Bill 3 – Renewable Energy
Portfolio Standard (REPS) of 2007
– Utility Incentives – Progress Energy, Duke Energy
• American Recovery & Reinvestment Act of 2009,
ARRA or Stimulus Package
• NC Greenpower

Highlights of the Federal
Energy Policy Act of 2005
 30% tax credit for residential solar thermal or photovoltaic energy systems up to a credit of $2,000
 Does not apply to pool heating systems
 30% tax credit up to $500 for energy efficient windows, doors, heating & cooling equipment, and insulation
 Tax deductions up to $1.80 per square foot for energy efficiency improvements in commercial buildings.
 Lighting, HVAC, Building Envelope

The Energy Policy Act of 2005, section 1331, provides a tax deduction of up to $1.80/ft 2 for energy efficiency in commercial buildings. These tax deductions can be claimed in a single year. Systems covered include:
Interior lighting systems Max. $0.60/ft 2
Heating, cooling, ventilation, and hot water systems Max. $0.60/ft 2
Building envelope Max. $0.60/ft 2

To qualify for an EPAct 2005 tax deduction for lighting, the following must be met:
• Surpass the ASHRAE 90.1-2001 LPD Standard
• Bi-level switching must be installed for most buildings (exceptions identified) and all controls provisions (new buildings) in the
Standard must be met.
• Must meet the minimum requirements for calculated light levels as set forth in the 9 th Edition of the IESNA Lighting Handbook .
• Consult a tax expert to see if you qualify

For commercial (for profit) enterprise
Any new system that exceeds ASHRAE standards by the required amount must be placed into service between January 1, 2006 and
December 31, 2013 for tax deduction.
Proposed 2009 Senate Bill 1637 would increase tax credit for $1.80 to
$3.00 per square foot for whole building or from $0.60 to $1.00 per square foot for partial allowance (such as lighting measures only).

NC Tax Credit Summary
Renewable Technology Residential
Biomass 35%
$10,500 Per Installation
Hydroelectric
Solar Energy Equipment for Domestic Water
Heating
Solar Energy Equipment for Active Space Heating
35%
$10,500 Per Installation
35%
$1,400 Per Dwelling Unit
35%
$3,500 Per Dwelling Unit
Solar Energy Equipment for Combined Active
Space and Domestic Hot
Water Systems
Solar Energy Equipment for Passive Space Heating
35%
$3,500 Per Dwelling Unit
35%
$3,500 Per Dwelling Unit
Solar Energy Equipment for Daylighting
Solar Energy Equipment for Solar Electric or Other
Solar Thermal Applications
35%
$10,500 Per Installation
Wind 35%
$10,500 Per Installation
Non-residential
35%
$250,000 Per Installation
35%
$250,000 Per Installation
35%
$250,000 Per Installation
35%
$250,000 Per Installation
35%
$250,000 Per Installation
35%
$250,000 Per Installation
35%
$250,000 Per Installation
35%
$250,000 Per Installation

President Bush signed into law on 12/19/07
Lighting Sections include:
Sec. 321 – Efficient Light Bulbs
Sec. 322 – Incandescent Reflector Lamp
Efficiency Standards
Sec. 324 – Metal Halide Lamp Fixtures
Sec. 65 – Bright Tomorrow Light Prizes http://www.lightingprize.org/

There are new efficacies for general service incandescent lamps expressed as a new maximum wattage.
Generally, the lamps must be 30% more efficient by 2012-2014 , with larger lamps covered first.
Compliance: Today’s typical incandescent and halogen general service screwbase lamps do not comply with the new efficiency requirements.
Examples of General Service Lamps that will become obsolete:
January 1, 2012 – 100W A19 incandescent lamps
January 1, 2013 – 75W A19 incandescent lamps
January 1, 2014 – 40W A19 and 60W A19 incandescent lamps

Rated
Lumens
Typical
Current
Lamp
Wattage
Maximum
Rate
Minimum
Minimum Rated
Wattage Efficacy Lifetime ia
Effec-
Effective tive
Date
Californ
Date
1490-
2600
1050-
1489
750-1049
310-749
100
75
60
40
72
53
43
29
20.69
1,000 hours
1,000
19.81
hours
1,000
17.44
hours
1,000
10.68
hours
1/1/2012 1/1/2011
1/1/2013
1/1/201
2
1/1/2014
1/1/201
3
1/1/2014
1/1/201
3

• Legislation introduced to repeal the EISA lamp efficiency requirements.
– Jobs lost to China.
– Mercury in CFLs.
• Did not pass in July 2011.
• Issue has become politically-charged.

• GE just announced "advancements to the light bulb that potentially will elevate the energy efficiency of this 125-yearold technology to levels comparable to compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), delivering significant environmental benefits.
Over the next several years, these advancements will lead to
the introduction of high-efficiency incandescent lamps that provide the same high light quality, brightness and color as current incandescent lamps while saving energy and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions." The bulbs will come out at 30 lumens per watt (twice a conventional incandescent) and top out at 60 lumens per watt.
• From 2-24-2007; www.treehugger.com

CFL
New Energy
Efficient
Lamp
GE energy-efficient soft white offer the closest alternative to traditional incandescent bulb
•Halogen
•Use 28% less energy than incandescent bulbs
•Same size & shape
•Nearly the same light output
•Dimmable & instantly bright
LED
•Use 75% less energy than incandescent bulbs
•Last more than 7 years*
•Last up to 22 years*
•Use 75% less energy than incandescent bulbs

January 1, 2012 - 70W Halogen rated at 1600 lumens, must meet 23 lumens/W
January 1, 2013 - 50W Halogen rated at 1100 lumens, or 22 lumens/W
January 1, 2014 - 40W Halogen rated at 800 lumens, or 20 lumens/W
Most all of today’s standard PAR
(parabolic anodized reflector) halogen lamps will be eliminated

Went into Effect 7/14/2012
These lamps are obsolete:
•
Majority of F40T12 and F34T12
ES 4-ft. lamps
• Majority of FB40T12 and FB34T12
ES 2-ft. U-lamps
• All 75W F96T12 Slimline 8-ft. lamps
• Majority of 60W F96T12 Slimline 8-ft. ES lamps
• All 110W F96T12HO 8-ft. lamps
• Majority of 95W F96T12HO 8-ft. ES lamps
• All T8 basic 700 series 4-ft. lamps with 2800 lumens (requires
2850 lumens to pass)
• Majority of T8 basic 700 series 2-ft. U-lamp s

T-12 Fluorescent 4’ and 8’ Systems
Fluorescent Magnetic Ballasts
Incandescent
Standard Metal Halide
Mercury Vapor
Neon
Manual Controls

T8, T5 and T5HO Fluorescent Systems
Electronic Ballasts
Halogen IR
Pulse Start and Ceramic Metal Halide
LED
Bi-Level and Continuous Dimming Systems
New Fixtures

North Carolina Senate Bill 3 (SB3)
Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard (REPS) of 2007
SB3 requires a Percentage of Electrical Generation from Renewable Sources.
Of these amounts, 25% can be achieved by Energy Efficiency .
• Solar PV
• Solar Thermal
• Wind
• Hydroelectric
• Wave Energy
• Biomass
• Landfill Gas (LFG)
• Waste Heat from
Renewables
• Hydrogen from
Renewables
Year
2012
2015
2016
2021 & thereafter
Percent of
Total
3%
6%
10%
12.5%

• Beginning in 2010, Duke and Progress Energy offered rebates for customers to upgrade their lighting to more efficient lights.
• Rebate would pay up to 40% of the cost of the new lamps/ballasts.
• These incentives will become unavailable as the new lighting technologies are mandated.

Renewable Portfolio Standards www.dsireusa.org
/ November 2009
☼
WA:
OR
15% by 2020*
: 25% by 2025
MT: 15% by 2015
(large utilities
5% - 10% by 2025 (smaller utilities)
)*
ND: 10% by 2015
SD: 10% by 2015
MN: 25% by 2025
(Xcel: 30% by 2020)
VT: (1) RE meets any increase in retail sales by 2012;
(2) 20% RE & CHP by 2017
MI: 10% + 1,100 MW by 2015*
WI : Varies by utility;
10% by 2015 goal
☼ NY: 24% by 2013
☼ NV : 25% by 2025*
CA: 33% by 2020 UT: 20% by 2025*
☼ AZ: 15% by 2025
☼
☼ CO: 20% by 2020 (IOUs)
10% by 2020 (co-ops & large munis)*
NM: 20% by 2020 (IOUs)
10% by 2020 (co-ops)
IA:
☼
105 MW
KS: 20% by 2020
☼ IL:
MO: 15
☼ OH : 25% by 2025 †
25% by 2025
% by 2021
WV: 25% by 2025*
VA: 15% by 2025*
†
☼ NC : 12.5% by 2021 (IOUs)
10% by 2018 (co-ops & munis)
☼
☼
ME: 30% by 2000
New RE: 10% by 2017
☼
☼
RI:
CT:
PA:
DC:
NH:
MA:
23.8% by 2025
15% by 2020
+ 1% annual increase
(Class I Renewables)
16% by 2020
23% by 2020
18% by 2020
20% by 2020
†
☼ NJ: 22.5% by 2021
☼ MD: 20% by 2022
☼ DE: 20% by 2019*
HI: 40% by 2030
State renewable portfolio standard
State renewable portfolio goal
Solar water heating eligible
TX: 5,880 MW by 2015
☼
Minimum solar or customer-sited requirement
Extra credit for solar or customer-sited renewables *
† Includes non-renewable alternative resources
29 states
& DC have an RPS
6 states have goals