“Men are only as good as
their technical development
allows them to be”
- George Orwell
R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
Energy and the Environment
Part III (final part)
CES
August 2010
Prof. R. Shanthini
Dept of Chemical & Process Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
University of Peradeniya
R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
Learning Objectives
å
Describe the major energy technologies
• Assess the impact of the use of energy from the
√ environmental (ecological) point of view
• Demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of
- energy sufficiency (conservation)
- energy efficiency
- energy security and
- sustainability issues
R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
UNDP defined Human Development Index (HDI)
Life Expectancy - 25
85 - 25
LI (Life Index) =
2
EI (Education Index) =
3
GDPI (GDP Index) =
Adult Literacy
2 School Enrollment
+
100
3
100
ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100)
ln(40000) - ln(100)
HDI =
R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
LI
3
+
EI
3
+ GDPI
3
Ecological Footprint (EF)
• EF measures how much land and water area a human
population requires to produce the resource it consumes
and to absorb its wastes, using prevailing technology.
• Biocapacity is shorthand for biological capacity, which is
the ability of an ecosystem to produce useful biological
materials and to absorb wastes generated by humans.
Sustainable global EF per capita
= Total Biocapacity per capita
= 13.4/6.8 ≈ 2 gha
R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org
HDI > 0.8
EF2005 (gha per capita)
10
High HDI (>0.8) is
accompanied by
unsustainable levels of
Ecological Footprint.
8
6
4
2
EF < 2 gha
per capita
0
0
R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
0.2
0.4
0.6
HDI2005
0.8
1
Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org and
http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/hdi2008
EF2005 (gha per capita)
10
8
poor
6
medium
4
OK
2
good
0
0
R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
0.2
0.4
0.6
HDI2005
0.8
1
Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org and
http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/hdi2008
How can we all live well and live within
the means of one planet?
The challenge ahead of us is to assist
development to attain HDI > 0.8 while
maintaining a healthy Ecological Footprint
per capita
HDI =
R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
LI
3
+
EI
3
+ GDPI
3
Ideas from the class
ARE DISCUSSED
on the following points.
R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005 (in percentage)
Petroleum
33.8%
Electricity
9.7%
Biomass
56.5%
Who use the biomass?
Who use the electricity?
Who use the petroleum?
R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/
Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005 (in percentage)
Petroleum
33.8%
Electricity
9.7%
Biomass
56.5%
How would development
alter the above chart and
what are the implications?
R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/
Solar Energy - Thermal
Wind and sunlight are used for
drying instead of fuel or electricity.
The 'right to dry' is specifically
protected by the Florida legislation
and similar solar rights legislation has
been passed in Utah and Hawaii.
R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells
Photovoltaic
Power for
Rural Homes
In Sri Lanka
R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells
7W CFL, 12V Electronics, 10Wp Panel
7Ah MF Battery Backup: 3 to 4 hours
Solar Panel Warrantee: 10 years
Lantern Warrantee: 1 year
Solar lantern
About Rs 2500/=
R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
William Kamkwamba of Malawi
R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
http://williamkamkwamba.typepad.com
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in Curitiba (in Brazil) which
pioneered BRT technology in the 1970s
- BRT system is different from conventional bus service.
- BRT run in dedicated lanes.
- BRT have signal priority so they spend less time stopped
at red lights.
R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
- Space for the busway is often re-allocated from existing traffic
or parking lanes.
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in Curitiba (in Brazil) which
pioneered BRT technology in the 1970s
BRT board
passengers through
all doors after
paying fares at
station platforms.
BRT buses move quickly through the city transporting 2 million people
daily, which is 70% of the cities population.
GDP per capita of Curitiba increased from 10% to 65% above the
national average during 1980 to 1996.
R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
Paris created an
individualized mass transit
system called Vélib
(“Freedom Bikes”).
R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
$120 million
Biomimicry (or Bionics)
Study nature,
observe its ingenious
designs and processes,
and then
Imitates these designs and processes
to solve human problems.
R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
Biomimicry (or Bionics)
Janine Benyus
Author of ‘Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature’,
a book that has galvanized scientists, architects,
designers and engineers into exploring new ways in
which nature's successes can inspire humanity.
R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/
janine_benyus_shares_nature_s_designs.html
Biomimicry (or Bionics)
Termite mounds include flues
which vent through the top
and sides, and the mound
itself is designed to catch the
breeze.
As the wind blows, hot air
from the main chambers
below ground is drawn out of
the structure, helped by
termites opening or blocking
tunnels to control air flow.
R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
Biomimicry (or Bionics)
Eastgate centre
(shopping centre
and office block) at
central Harare,
Zimbabwe is
modelled on local
termite mounds and
is ventilated and
cooled entirely by
natural means.
R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
Biomimicry (or Bionics)
Trapped air on the rough surface
of the lotus leaf reduces liquid-tosolid contact area.
Due to self-attraction, water forms
a sphere.
Due to natural adhesion between
water and solids, dirt particles on
a leaf's surface stick to the water.
The slightest angle in the surface
of the leaf causes balls of water to
roll off the leaf surface, carrying
away the attached dirt particles.
R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
Source: http://biomimicryinstitute.org/case-studies/
Biomimicry (or Bionics)
GreenShield™ coats
textile fibres with liquid
repelling nano particles
in order to create water
and stain repellency on
textiles, and results in
a 10-fold decrease in
the use of
environmentally
harmful fluorocarbons
(the conventional
means of achieving
repellency).
R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
Other products inspired by the
Lotus Effect include Lotusan
paint and Signapur glass finish.
Biomimicry (or Bionics)
Fiber that can stop bullets is made from petroleum-derived
molecules at high-pressure and high temperature with
concentrated sulfuric acid. The energy input is extreme and
the toxic byproducts are horrible.
R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
Spider makes equally strong and
much tougher fiber at body
temperature, without high
pressures, heat, or corrosive
acids. If we could act like the
spider, we could take a soluble,
renewable raw material and make
a super-strong water-insoluble
fiber with negligible energy inputs
and no toxic outputs.
Janine Benyus, 1997
Biomimicry (or Bionics)
 Nature runs on sunlight
 Nature uses only the energy it needs
 Nature fits form to function
 Nature recycles everything
 Nature rewards cooperation
 Nature banks on diversity
 Nature demands local expertise
 Nature curbs excesses from within
 Nature taps the power of limits
R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
Janine Benyus, 1997
Biomimicry (or Bionics)
We flew like a bird for the first time in 1903,
and by 1914, we were dropping bombs
from the sky.
Perhaps in the end, it will not be a change
in technology that will bring us to the
biomimetic future, but a change of heart, a
humbling that allows us to be attentive to
nature's lessons.
- Janine Benyus, 1997
R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
Power required to drive an electric car:
Heat energy in coal (or oil) to
Generation of steam to
Mechanical power of the turbine to
Generation of AC electricity to
Transmission of AC electricity to
DC electricity in battery to
Mechanical power needed to drive the car
Power required to drive a IC engine car:
Heat energy in oil to
Mechanical power needed to drive the car
Which one would be more efficient when considering the heat
energy of fuel needed to provide 1 unit of power to drive the
car?
R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
But to answer your question Shanthini...
I believe Electric Vehicles would be
more efficient in the long run and
definitely environmentally friendly,
if the technology is explored
and further researched.
R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
A way of life
Gliricidia Sepium
R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
End of Lectures