CP551 Sustainable Development
(SD)
SD is the environmental,
economic and social well-being
for today and tomorrow.
R. Shanthini
20 Aug 2010
Source: International Institute for Sustainable
Development (http://www.iisd.org/sd/)
Module 1:
Components of SD:
environment, economy & society
Games and group discussions to
introduce the need for SD in
today’s world
R. Shanthini
20 Aug 2010
SD as defined by Brundtland Commission:
“Development that meets the needs
of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations
to meet their own needs.“
- “Our Common Future”, 1987
Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland
Former Prime Minister, Norway
Former Chair/ World Commission on
Environment and Development
Responsible for the broad political concept of SD
R. Shanthini
20 Aug 2010
SD as defined by Brundtland Commission:
“Development that meets the needs
of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations
to meet their own needs.“
- “Our Common Future”, 1987
It is assumed in the above definition that the state
of technology and the social organizations today
are unable to meet present and future needs of
everyone, including the world’s poor.
R. Shanthini
20 Aug 2010
Some landmarks for background reading
Earth Summit — the United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil in 1992, and Agenda 21
United Nations Commission on Sustainable
Development (CSD) established in Dec 1992
Earth Summit 2002 or World Summit on Sustainable
Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg, South Africa
in 2002
United States did not attend it.
R. Shanthini
20 Aug 2010
Earth Summit 2012 ???
Three pillars model of SD
Economic Growth
sustainability
Environmental
Protection
R. Shanthini
20 Aug 2010
Social
Equity
Three pillars model of SD (expanded)
Techno-centric
Concerns
(Techno-economic
Systems)
sustainability
R. Shanthini
20 Aug 2010
Eco-centric
concerns
Socio-centric
concerns
(Natural
Resources &
Ecological
Capacity)
(Human
capital &
Social
Expectations)
Three pillars model of SD (expanded)
As the circles
overlaps
sustainability
is becoming
more and more
realizable
Techno-centric
Concerns
sustainability
Eco-centric
concerns
R. Shanthini
20 Aug 2010
Socio-centric
concerns
The Egg of sustainability:
ecosystem
Stresses &
benefits
from
ecosystem
to people
R. Shanthini
20 Aug 2010
people
Stresses &
benefits
from
people to
ecosystem
International Union for the
Conservation of Nature, 1994
What is to be
sustained?
What is to be
developed?
Life support
Economy
Ecosystem services
Resources
Environment
Wealth
Productive sectors
Consumption
R. Shanthini
20 Aug 2010
Discussion Point 1:
Write a list of what is to be developed and
what is to be sustained from your point of
view considering your values and beliefs.
Also indicate for how long.
Take 10 mins.
R. Shanthini
20 Aug 2010
What is to be
sustained?
What is to be
developed?
Life support
Economy
Ecosystem services
Resources
Environment
Wealth
Productive sectors
Consumption
Nature
People
Earth
Biodiversity
Ecosystems
Life expectancy
Education
Equity
Equal opportunity
Community
Cultures/Groups
Places
R. Shanthini
20 Aug 2010
Society
Institutions
Social capital
States/ Regions
What is to be
sustained?
Life support
Ecosystem services
Resources
Environment
For
how
long?
What is to be
developed?
25 to
50
years?
Wealth
Productive sectors
Consumption
Nature
Earth
Biodiversity
Ecosystems
Community
Cultures/Groups
Places
R. Shanthini
20 Aug 2010
Economy
People
Now
and in
the
future?
Life expectancy
Education
Equity
Equal opportunity
Society
Forever
?
Institutions
Social capital
States/ Regions
Topic for group discussion:
Sustainable Energy
Could we reach it without
re-organizing the entire
energy system of the
present?
R. Shanthini
20 Aug 2010
Popular Energy Sources:
Oil, Coal and Natural gas
They are unsustainable and
inefficient.
WHY?
R. Shanthini
20 Aug 2010
How is electric power
produced using oil,
coal or natural gas?
R. Shanthini
20 Aug 2010
How is electric power
produced using oil,
coal or natural gas?
Diesel
engine
Gas Turbine
(GT)
R. Shanthini
20 Aug 2010
Combined
Power Plant
(GT & ST)
Steam Turbine
(ST)
Steam / Gas
entry
Steam / Gas
outlet
Gas
Turbine
R. Shanthini
(GT)
15 Aug 2010
Steam
Turbine
(ST)
Combined
Power Plant
(GT & ST)
Gas Turbine Power Plant
fuel
compressed
air
Compressor
Combustion
Chamber
hot
gases
Gas
Turbine
Gen
air
gases
to the
stack
Gas Turbine to produce Electricity
R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
Gas Turbine driving a Jet Engine
R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
Gas Turbine Power Plant
fuel
compressed
air
Compressor
Combustion
Chamber
hot
gases
(WGT)
out
Gas
Turbine
Gen
air
gases
to the
stack
Gas Turbine Power Plant
(QCC)
fuel
compressed
air
in
hot
gases
Combustion
Chamber
out
Compressor
Gas
Turbine
(WC)
in
air
ηth=
(WGT)
(WGT)
(WC)
out
(QCC)
in
Gen
in
Heat Loss
gases
to the
stack
Gas Turbine Power Plant
ηth=
(WGT)
(WC)
out
(QCC)
Energy Loss
= (QCC) in -
in
= 22 – 28%
in
[ (W
GT)
out
- (WC)
in
]
= 72 – 78% of heat released by the fuel
for 50 to 100 MW plant
Steam Turbine Power Plant
Steam
Turbine
Gen
Steam Turbine Power Plant
hot gases
compressed Steam Generator
water
superheated
steam
Steam
Turbine
Pump
C
Gen
saturated
water
Condenser
cooling water
saturated
steam
Steam Turbine to produce Electricity
Oil could be used
instead of coal.
R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
Steam engines are also used to power the train.
(QSG)
Steam Turbine Power Plant
in
hot gases
compressed Steam Generator
water
Pump
C
WP
Heat Loss
superheated
steam
(WST)
Steam
Turbine
in
out
Gen
saturated
water
Condenser
saturated
steam
cooling water
Heat Loss
Steam Turbine Power Plant
ηth=
(WST)
out
- (WP)
(QSG)
in
= 30 – 40%
in
Energy Loss
= (QSG) in-
[ (W
ST)
out
- (WP)
in
]
= 60 – 70% of heat released by the fuel
for 200 to 800 MW plant
Combined Power Plant
fuel
GT
atmospheric
air
hot gases
gases
to the
stack
ST
C
cooling water
Combined Power Plant
fuel
GT
atmospheric
air
hot gases
gases
to the
stack ST
ST
C
cooling water
Combined Power Plant
Net
Work
out
at
GT
&
ST
ηth=
Heat released by fuel
= 36 – 50%
Energy Loss
= 50 – 64% of heat released by the fuel
for 300 to 600 MW plant
Containment
CORE
Pressurized water
Nuclear Power Plant
Control
rods
PWR
ST
C
cooling water
Nuclear Power Plant to produce Electricity
R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
Nuclear Power Plant
Net
Work
out
at
ST
ηth=
Heat released by nuclear fuel
= 31 – 34%
Energy Loss
= 66 – 69% of heat released by the fuel
for 500 to 1100 MW plant
According to the
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
when heat is converted into work,
part of the heat energy must be wasted
Power generation
type
Diesel engine
Unit size
(MW)
Energy wasted
(MW)
10 - 30
7 – 22
Gas Turbine
50 - 100
36 – 78
Steam Turbine
200 - 800
120 – 560
Combined (ST & GT)
300 - 600
150 – 380
Nuclear (BWR & PWR)
500 - 1100
330 – 760
R. Shanthini
20 Aug 2010
Heat engine converts heat into work
W
out
ηth =
Qin
Hot reservoir at TH K
Qin
Wout
Qout
Cold reservoir at TC K
R. Shanthini
20 Aug 2010
η
=
1
Carnot
ηth < η
-
TC
TH
Carnot
Where does all the lost heat
from power plant go?
Waste heat from power plant can be used for
domestic or industrial heating purposes.
It is known as cogeneration, and efficiency can be
increased up to 80% in cogeneration applications.
Discussion Point 2:
What are the possibility for cogeneration
applications in Sri Lanka?
R. Shanthini
20 Aug 2010
Take 10 mins.
50% - 70% lost
in producing
electricity
2% - 20% lost
in transmitting
electricity
R. Shanthini
20 Aug 2010
Generation, transmission
and end-use losses
Electric
power sector
Typical energy losses in an
industrialised country
70% energy losses
Transportation
sector
80% energy losses
Residential
& Commercial
sector
25% energy losses
Industrial
sector
20% energy losses
R. Shanthini
20 Aug 2010
Transport
sector
mostly uses Internal Combustion Engines
EffCarnot = 1 - TC
TH
TH
TC
= Flame temperature
= Exhaust Temperature
600 K
EffCarnot = 1 2000 K
= 70%
R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
A Typical Car:
63 kJ
Fuel
Energy
6 kJ
Driveline losses
18 kJ
100 kJ
2.5 kJ
Aerodynamic
drags
4 kJ
Rolling
resistance
5.5 kJ
Braking
12 kJ
17 kJ
2 kJ
R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
Engine losses in fuel energy conversion,
In engine cooling and with exhaust gases
Standby Idle
Energy for
accessories
Source: http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/atv.shtml
Discussion Point 3:
Why oil, coal, natural gas and
nuclear fuel are unsustainable?
Use the following definition of SD:
“Development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs."
R. Shanthini
20 Aug 2010
Take 10 mins.
Discussion Point 4:
Is there a problem in burning
oil and coal to make
electricity and to drive
automobiles in such an
inefficient manner?
R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
Take 15 mins.