CEFTA Conference on
Transparency on Trade Policy and Measures
- Means to Address Non-Tariff Measures –
Sarajevo, 29 October 2013
Transparency Tools and methodologies for
addressing trade related barriers
Samuel Munyaneza and Ralf Peters, UNCTAD
UNCTAD focal point in UN for integrated
treatment of trade and development
• UNCTAD promotes the development-friendly integration
of developing countries and economies in transition into
the world economy.
• Focus on ensuring that domestic policies and
international action are mutually supportive in bringing
about sustainable development.
• Three key functions
• consensus building
• research, policy analysis and data collection
• technical assistance tailored to the specific requirements
of countries
UNCTAD programme on NTM
• The entire value chain
Conceptualizing
(classification;
data selection)
Data collection
(Identifying sources,
Classifying regulations,
Quality control and
data cleaning)
Providing
support to
Policy Makers
e.g. Regional
integration
Research and
analysis
Dissiminating data
(making data
freely available)
Purposes of the NTM Data at UNCTAD
• For Transparency
– To better understanding on the use of NTMs (what types,
where, on what)
– To contribute to raise awareness/importance of NTMs
– To show deficiencies in notification mechanisms
• For Research
– Quantification of the effects of NTMs
• For Policy
– Ultimately to inform the policymaking process
wisdom
data
knowledge
4
information
Transparency needed …
• Need for systematic mapping and comparable data
• Data collected by UNCTAD since early 1980s but substantial
improvements required to keep up with the increasing complexity of
and need for NTM data
• Expert meeting 2005
– Methodology, classification, quantification and impact on
development on NTM
• Set up of Group of Eminent Persons
– MAST (Multi-Agency Support Team)
in charge of technical work
• FAO, IMF, ITC, OECD, UNIDO, UNCTAD, WB y WTO
… led to a new approach
• Pilot Project (2007-2009)
– Test data collection method and validate classification
– Brazil, Chile, Philippines, India, Thailand, Tunisia, Uganda
• Agreed classification SPS, TBT, …, Export restrictions
• Official NTM data are collected jointly with partners International effort coordinated by UNCTAD
NTM classification: Which data are collected?
A way to better understand the phenomenon
Technical
Measures
A
SPS
B
TBT
C
Pre-shipment clearance and other formalities
D Contingent
Price control trade protective measures
E Licenses, quotas, prohibition & other quantity control m.
Import measures
MAST
Members:
FAO
IMF
ITC
OECD
UNCTAD
UNIDO
World Bank
WTO
F
Charges, taxes and other para-tariff measures
G Finance
H Anti-competitive
NonTechnical
Measures
I
Trade-related Investment
J
Distribution Restrictions
K
Post-Sales Services
L Subsidies
M Government Procurement
Suited for:
measures
O Rules Of Origin
Export
TRANSPARENCY
ANALYSIS
COLLECTION
N Intellectual Property
P
Export-related Measures
CLASSIFICATION ADOPTED by UNCTAD, ITC and WTO
Transparency in Trade
www.tntdata.org
•
OBJECTIVE
Provide free access to the trade and trade policy data
– Increase transparency
– Facilitate research and analysis
– Improve awareness
– Create capacity building by Incentivize self sustaining data reporting
Support by Russia
Three types of data
Not to be mixed or mistaken
• 1. "Official
Measures"
• Requirements
enacted within a
legal text or
regulation issued
officially by a
country.
(Notifications to WTO)
• 2. Survey data
• 3. Voluntary
• Complaints from
exporters Could
be compiled by
governments
• Private
standards or
international std
How is data collected?
Regulation
Law, decree, etc. issued
officially by a government
Measure
One official regulation could
bear several NTM
Products Affected
Regulation 1
Measure 1
Countries Affected
Objectives mentioned
Products Affected
Measure 2
Countries Affected
Objectives mentioned
Products Affected
Measure 3
Countries Affected
Objectives mentioned
Examples
•
One prod
per country
initial. initial.
year month
ntm
European Union
A120
Geographical restrictions on eligibility
2009
10
European Union
A210
Tolerance limits for residues of or
contamination by certain substances
2009
10
European Union
A400
Hygienic requirements
2009
10
European Union
A630
Food and feed processing
2009
10
European Union
A700
Regulation of foods or feeds derived from
2009
10
European Union
A830
Certification requirement
2009
10
European Union
A840
Inspection requirement
2009
10
European Union
A850
Traceability information requirements
2009
10
European Union
B310
Labelling requirements
2009
10
European Union
European Union
European Union
European Union
European Union
European Union
European Union
Japan
Japan
E100
G110
A310
A700
B310
B140
B310
A110
A140
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2005
2005
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Japan
A190
2005
10
Domestic Animal Infectious Disease Control Law
20329010
3,119,261
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
A640
A830
A840
A890
A110
2005
2005
2005
2005
2009
10
10
10
10
6
Domestic Animal Infectious Disease Control Law
Domestic Animal Infectious Disease Control Law
Domestic Animal Infectious Disease Control Law
Domestic Animal Infectious Disease Control Law
Food Sanitation Law
20329010
20329010
20329010
20329010
20329010
3,119,261
3,119,261
3,119,261
3,119,261
3,119,261
Japan
A210
2009
6
Food Sanitation Law
20329010
3,119,261
Japan
A220
2009
6
Food Sanitation Law
20329010
3,119,261
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
Mauritius
Mauritius
Mauritius
A310
A630
A640
A820
A830
D600
A140
A130
A150
Non-automatic licence
Advance import deposit
Labelling requirements
Regulation of foods or feeds derived from
Labelling requirements
Authorization requirement for TBT reasons
Labelling requirements
Temporary geographic prohibition for SPS
Special Authorization for SPS reasons
Prohibitions or restrictions of products or
substances because of SPS reasons n.e.s.
Storage and transport conditions
Certification requirement
Inspection requirement
Conformity assessment related to SPS n.e.s.
Temporary geographic prohibition for SPS
Tolerance limits for residues of or
contamination by certain substances
Restricted use of certain substances in foods
and feeds
Labelling requirements
Food and feed processing
Storage and transport conditions
Testing requirement
Certification requirement
Safeguard duties
Landing Permit
Pre-Market Approval Certificate
Food & Drugs Permit
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
1925
1998
1998
6
6
6
6
6
3
Food Sanitation Law
Food Sanitation Law
Food Sanitation Law
Food Sanitation Law
Food Sanitation Law
20329010
20329010
20329010
20329010
20329010
20329010
2044300
2044300
2044300
3,119,261
3,119,261
3,119,261
3,119,261
3,119,261
3,119,261
11,304
11,304
11,304
Part 2
regulation
hs6
tv 1000
Usd
country
Health control of products of animal origin for human
2013000
consumption. (Doc: 'heaahc'
Health control of products of animal origin for human
2013000
consumption. (Doc: 'heaahc'
Health control of products of animal origin for human
2013000
consumption. (Doc: 'heaahc'
Health control of products of animal origin for human
2013000
consumption. (Doc: 'heaahc'
Health control of products of animal origin for human
2013000
consumption. (Doc: 'heaahc'
Health control of products of animal origin for human
2013000
consumption. (Doc: 'heaahc'
Health control of products of animal origin for human
2013000
consumption. (Doc: 'heaahc'
Health control of products of animal origin for human
2013000
consumption. (Doc: 'heaahc'
Health control of products of animal origin for human
2013000
consumption. (Doc: 'heaahc'
Import licence for agricultural products. (Doc: 'trdagric' 2013000
Import licence for agricultural products. (Doc: 'trdagric' 2013000
Labelling for foodstuffs. (Doc: 'lblfood'
2013000
Labelling for foodstuffs. (Doc: 'lblfood'
2013000
Labelling for foodstuffs. (Doc: 'lblfood'
2013000
Products from organic production. (Doc: 'sporgan'
2013000
Products from organic production. (Doc: 'sporgan'
2013000
Domestic Animal Infectious Disease Control Law
20329010
Domestic Animal Infectious Disease Control Law
20329010
Animal Disease Act (Ministry Agro Industry, Food)
Food Act (Ministry of Health and Quality of Life)
Food Act (Ministry of Health and Quality of Life)
1,181,140
1,181,140
1,181,140
1,181,140
1,181,140
1,181,140
1,181,140
1,181,140
1,181,140
1,181,140
1,181,140
1,181,140
1,181,140
1,181,140
1,181,140
1,181,140
3,119,261
3,119,261
Data Availability
(more countries in the pipeline)
Latin
America
and the
North
Caribbean America
Middle East SubEurope and and North Saharan
Central Asia Africa
Africa
Argentina
E.U.
Bolivia
Kazakhstan Lebanon
Egypt
East-Asia
and the
Pacific
South
Asia
Burkina Faso Afghanistan China
Cote d’Ivoire India
Japan
Lao PDR
Brazil
Morocco
Guinea
Chile
Tunisia
Madagascar Pakistan
Colombia
Mauritius
Costa Rica
Namibia
Cuba
Senegal
Ecuador
Tanzania
Nepal
Sri Lanka
Mexico
Paraguay
Peru
Uruguay
Venezuela
12
How to access data
http://wits.worldbank.org/wits/
Historical data
How do NTM affect trade
• No information on restrictiveness of measures, or which
country is more protective
– Frequency index or coverage data do not say how
restrictive is a measure
• Still, even without a complete, exhaustive, detailed and
comparable across countries and products database is
very difficult to say anything
– This demand for information has driven the TNT project
What analysis can be made
• Based on existing data
– Compare through time, across products or countries
• Look for external data to complement some cases
– e.g. Assess certification burden or cost for a product
across countries (combo of NTM+HS6)
• Match with trade flows
– To assess the impact using econometrics, general or
partial equilibrium models
Addressing NTBs: Example Doha Round
NAMA negotiations
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Facilitation of solutions on NTBs (horizontal)
Electronics
Automotive products
Chemical & substances
Textiles, clothing, footwear & travel goods
Forestry products in building construction
Remanufactured goods
Fireworks / lighter products
Unilateral trade measures
Export taxes / export licensing
17
(Vertical)
TBT Agreement
• Technical regulation, standards & conformity
assess.
• Transparency
• Non-discrimination (MFN/NT)
• Necessity test – legitimate objectives & risks
– National security, deceptive practices, human, animal,
plant life safety or health, environment
• Harmonization – International standards
– TR “based on” IS = Rebuttable presumption
– Body unspecified (<> SPS)
18
Example: Electronics - Electrical safety &
EMC (EU/CH)
• Objective - Increased use of suppliers’
declaration of conformity (SDoC) for low-risk ICT
& consumer electronics
• ISO/IEC/ITU as relevant ISSBs >>
harmonization of national TRs through regular
review
• Greater choice of testing laboratories if required
– Based on certain accreditation schemes (IECEE CB
etc)
– No requirement for them to be in importers’ territories
• Prohibit or discourage (list & reduce) mandatory
third-party certification
19
(cont.) Electronics - Electrical safety &
EMC (US)
• No a priori determination of ISSB (TBT Com
Dec)
• Innovation / time-to-market important in the
sector
• Enhanced transparency (>TBT)
• Non-discrimination of CABs in accreditation
• SDoC – to be based on relevant IS, may be
refused
• Third-party certification allowed for scheduled
20
products