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• Third level
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E-waste Recycling in India:
Bridging the Gap between the Informal &
Formal sector
Dr. Raghupathy, L. (GTZ-MAIT)
Mrs Krüger, C. (Adelphi) et al
International Solid Waste Association
World congress 2010, Hamburg, Germany
14-19 November 2010
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Agenda
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Background
& existing System
– Second
level Sector
Informal
Recycling
• Third
level Sector
Formal
Recycling
– Fourth
level
Integration
of Informal-Formal
Recycling
» Fifth level
Exemplary Project Activities
Sustainability
E-waste
generation
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•
in India: 2007
Level
1
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– Second Estimated
level e-waste
•
generation/year:
Third level
382,979 MT
Imports:
– Fourth
level
50,000 MT
QuickTime™ and a
BMP decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
» Fifth level
Level 2
E-waste available for
recycling & refurbishing:
144,143 MT
Level 3
E-waste processed
Only 19,000 MT
:
Source: MAIT-GTZ study 2007
Policy & Regulatory Framework
National
Environment
(NEP) 2006
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 Encourages recycling and reuse; requires environmentally safe
disposal of residues
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 Gives
legalto recognition
and strengthen the informal sector
– Second level
E-waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2010 (Draft)
• Third
level
 Draft published
in May
2010 under the E(P) Act, 1986;
 Will be enforced– Fourth
from 1.1.2012.
level
 Authorisation and registration
» Fifth levelof e-waste managing companies
 Impose Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)
 Mandate for financing and organizing a e-waste system
 Reduction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) mandatory
E-waste Guidelines
 Guidelines published in 2008
 Guidelines required to specify framework; effective participation and
adequate investments by responsible actors needed.
Key
stakeholders in e-waste MGT
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Industry-manufacturers, Producers
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text stylesLinks
Product
supply
Corporate/Bulk
– Second Users
level
Recyclers – Informal & Formal
• Third level
Government & Regulatory Agencies
– Fourth level
Municipalities
» Fifth level
Industry Associations
Research Institutions & Experts
General Public/Consumers/Users
NGOs
Financial Institutions
E-waste recycling-informal sector
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According to MAIT-GTZ study, 2007 95% of the e-waste
recycling
takes
place in the Informal sector
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to India
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– Second level
Informal sector widespread
• Third
level
Have active
and
efficient network
– Fourth level
Labour intensive
- cheap labour, child labour
» Fifth level
Manual dismantling
no machines required
Material recovery by crude methods
Operations in small congested unsafe areas
No personal protection equipments used
Occupational health & safety neglected
Adverse impact on environment and health
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Dismantling
e-waste
(manual)
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– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
Informal sector
Copper
extraction
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Using Acids
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Burning PCBs/wires
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– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
Informal sector
E-Waste and the Informal Sector
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Precious metal recovery
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– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
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Hazardous
work environment
•
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– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
Informal sector
E-waste
recycling-formal sector
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Present scenario
 E-waste
essentially dismantle, segregate, shred
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 Send sorted/shredded e-waste to refineries and units in the
– Second
level
developed
nations for
metal extraction recovery
 Few formal
recyclers
are setting up end to end recycling units in
• Third
level
India and one such unit is in operation
– Fourth level
Changing scenario» Fifth level
 Formal Recycling units being set up in India which are like any
other industrial operation
 Formal recyclers are responsible for environmental compliance
seeking authorizations and permissions
 E-waste recycling in the formal sector are committed to corporate
social responsibility (CSR)
 Formal recyclers responsible for ESM and use of EST
E-waste
dismantling
& shredding
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(mechanical)
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– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
Formal sector
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Copper
extraction & recovery
Electrolytic process
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– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
Formal sector
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title style & formal –
Integration
of informal
model for e- waste management
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The model for e-waste management in India ideally requires
– Second level
integration of the activities between the informal and formal sectors
and bring them
into the
mainstream of e-waste recycling activity.
• Third
level
– Fourth level
Steps involved in Integration
» Fifth level
 Agreements/MOU between the stakeholders
 Maintain entrepreneurship
 Specify activities for informal sector
 Identify activities for formal sector
 Dovetail activities of informal & formal
 Establish linkages and support systems
 Formation of associations
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Current
Scenario – Informal Sector
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– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
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Current
Scenario – Formal Sector
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– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
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Intervention
Scenario - I
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– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
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Intervention
Scenario - II
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– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
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Proposed
future scenario
•
Informal
Sector
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– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
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Formal
Sector
Integration
process
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Activities for the informal sector to be harnessed and integrated with the
formal recyclers for effective e-waste recycling
•
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E-waste Collection
– ofSecond
level
 Skills
informal sector
to be tapped for collection and sourcing of
material
• Third
level
 Contracts
with large
corporations and business enterprises for
– Fourth
level
channelization
of e-waste
 Set up authorized»collectors/collection
centres
Fifth level
 Financing mechanisms for collection, transportation and storage/other
infrastructure
Segregation and Dismantling
 Evolving & adhering to standards and benchmarks
 Efficiency in dismantling & segregation (manual-mech combo)
 Storage and transportation infrastructure to be provided
 Training and awareness in process & efficiency - skill development
 Practice using personal protection equipments
The model
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Expected Outcomes: Ideal system in place
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text styles sector with the main stream
 Dovetailing
the informal
recycling
units level
– Second
 Informal•sector
be the feeder system for formal
Third to
level
recycling industries
– Fourth level
 Informal sector to carry out dismantling activities in a
» Fifth level
controlled manner
 All dismantling operations to be environmentally sound
and safe for health of workers
 Rational between manual and mechanical operation
 Operational standards to be prescribed
 Establishment of monitoring mechanism for all stages
 Economically Viable options for financing
Current GTZ / EU project
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(1/2010-12/2013):
 Focuses on e-waste recycling
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Master
textcities
styles Delhi,
activities
four
pilot
Bangalore,
Kolkota level
and Pune
– Second
 Supports professionalization of
• Third level
informal sector
– Fourth level
 Involves manufacturers of IT and
» Fifth levelin
Communication equipments
India
 Enhances links between formal &
informal sector
 Motivates large Generators of
WEEE to adopt adequate waste
policy and practices
Establishing E-Waste Channels to
Enhance Environment Friendly
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Recycling
EU – SWITCH ASIA Project
• Title: Establishing E-waste Channels to Enhance
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Environment Friendly Recycling
– Second
levelDelhi, Kolkata and Pune
• Locations:
Bangalore,
Third level
• Duration:•January
2010 – December 2013
– Fourth level
• Partners:
» Fifth level
– GTZ – Advisory Services in Environmental Management
(ASEM) (applicant)
– Toxics Link
– Manufacturers’ Association of Information Technology
(MAIT)
– Adelphi Research
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– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
Expected
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style
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Informal sector associations collect and
manage fraction of e-waste generated in 4
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Master
text stylesfriendly
selected
cities
in an
environment
manner.
– Second level
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Cooperation models are established between
• Third
level
the formal and
the informal
sector.
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– Fourth
level
Resource utilization
is increased
due to better
collection and channelization
e-waste.
» Fifthoflevel
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Capacity for environmentally sound e-waste
recycling among the workers in the informal
sector is improved
Technological improvements in the informal
recycling sector are achieved.
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Large corporations and relevant stakeholders
implement the recommendations of the EWaste Guidelines of the GOI.
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Sustainability
Sustainability
of Master
the model
will depend upon the efficiency of the
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operations in the system and commitment of each stakeholder
– Second level
 Policies to consider the entire recycling chain from waste
• end
Third
levelprocessors
pickers to
to end
 All stakeholders
in the
– Fourth
levelvalue chain including the informal and
formal sector to be
involved
» Fifth
level in the planning process
 Waste pickers and recyclers need to be organized formally in
order to avail the benefits of policy makeovers
 Informal sector to be authorized for collection and dismantling
operations
 Formal sector to be responsible for recycling and recovery
operations
 Dovetailing INFORMAL–FORMAL- most effective system
Results 1/2
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Emissions
in Master
t of CO2title
from
production of 1 t of metal
Metal
•
Primary Mining*
Secondary Mining*
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– Second level
2,04
Steel
Aluminium
• Third
Copper
Nickel
level 10,2
3,4
– Fourth level
» Fifth 19,53
level
0,87
1,12
0,37
1,87
Lead
3,2
3,02
Gold
16991
357,86
Silver
144
10,96
Palladium
9380
196,68
*Data above is based on secondary literature source by experts in the field (Hagelüken, Chancerel, Meskers,
Rochat, Gmünder, Keller)
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title stylefoot prints
Recycling
& Carbon
• Comparison of the scenarios of Primary Mining &
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Metallurgy and Recycling clearly indicates that the
– Second
level of metal is less carbon intensive
Secondary
production
than primary
production
• Third
level
– Fourth level
• Recycling scenarios:
manual, mechanical or a
Fifth level
combination of»both;
manual dismantling of e-scrap
requires less energy than the mechanical process
• Manual dismantling and segregation may increase the
efficiency in recycling for metal recovery as higher
metal shares can be found in the output fractions
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– Second
level
Thank
you very
much for your kind attention!
• Third level
– Fourth level
Any questions & comments?
» Fifth level
Contact
Dr Lakshmi Raghupathy
lakshmi@mait.com
Christine Krüger
kruger@adelphi.de