Mitigating Air Pollution:
Overview
Dr. Alan Lloyd
India-California Air Pollution Mitigation Program
Oakland, CA
22 October 2013
Los Angeles: October 1968
Slide 2
Examiner Collection photo courtesy of The Los Angeles Public Library
Overview: What has worked in California
Slide 3
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Strong public health interest
Strong research base
Strong civil society interest
Technology-forcing standards
Strong Public Push for Clean Air
Slide 4
 Health Effects
 Children’s Health Study
 Los Angeles Field
Studies
 Crop damage
 Visibility
 Property damage
Strong Public Research Interest
Slide 5
 Key Institutions
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CalTech
Stanford University
University of California
USC
Cal State Universities
National labs
 Strong Government
Research Programs
 ARB Research Division
 OEHHA
Strong Civil Society Interest
Slide 6
American Lung Association: Annual State of the Air Report
Diesel Toxicity Finding
Slide 7
 OEHHA Risk Assessment
 1998: California Air Resources Board classified
diesel particulate matter as a toxic air contaminant
 ARB Risk Management
 2000: Diesel Risk Reduction Plan
California Air Resources Board: Particulate Emissions from Diesel-Fueled Engines as a Toxic Air Contaminant.
http://www.arb.ca.gov/toxics/dieseltac/dieseltac.htm
Major Shifts in Technologies
Slide 8
Comparison of Diesel Ret ro t Technology
Technological Strategies for BC Control
NoRetro t System
Retro ttedwith
Retro ttedwith
Retro ttedwith
UncontrolledDiesel Exhaust
Diesel OxidationCatalyst (DOC)
Partial Filter
Diesel ParticulateFilter (DPF)
(Level 1)
(Level 2)
(Level 3)
Oldtechnology
Littleblackcarbonremoval
Littleutra nePMremoval
Doesnot removelubeoil ash
Littleblackcarbonremoval
Littleutra nePMremoval
Doesnot removelubeoil ash
Newtechnology
Usedonall newtruckssince2007
>85%blackcarbonremoval
>85%ultra neremoval
>85%lubeoil ashremoval
Overview: The exhibits above are actual PM collection samples from an engine testing laboratory
used to collect and measure diesel particulate
matter (PM) emissions. Test conditions are:
•
•
•
•
•
Test Cycle: UDDS (Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule)
Test Distance: 5.5 miles over 17 minutes
Fuel Consumed During Test: 1.1 gallons
Test Vehicle: Heavy-duty truck with a 370 hp Cummins engine (1999 model year)
PM material on collection samples is 1/1,800th of actual
Risk of Cancer in Los Angeles from Diesels
(2005)
http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2005/08/02/national/20050803_angeles.html
Slide 9
Diesel Particulate Matter in Los Angeles
Slide 10
Performance-Based Standards
Slide 11
Standards forced fuel-neutral changes in technologies
Improvements in Nitrogen Oxides
Slide 12
Tre n d s in P a s s e n g e r C a r
E x h a u s t E m is s io n s S ta n d a rd s
NOx Emissions Standards
Grams/Kilometer
3.5
USA
EU
China
Beijing
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1973
1976
1979
1982
1985
1988
1991
1994
1997
2000
2003
2006
2009
What still needs improvement in California
Slide 13
 Links between land use planning and vehicle
emissions
 Strategies that shift human behavior toward
efficient travel
 Investments in non-motorized transport
 Investments in public transport
 Etc.
Comparison of passenger vehicle fuel economy
standards
GRAMS CO2 PER KILOMETER NORMALIZED TO
NEDC TEST CYCLE
270
Slide 14
Solid dots and lines: historical performance
Solid dots and dashed lines: enacted targets
Solid dots and dotted lines: proposed targets
Hollow dots and dotted lines: unannounced proposal
250
US-LDV
California-LDV
Canada-LDV
EU
230
Japan
210
China
S. Korea
190
Australia
170
150
India
130
China 2020: 117
110
90
2000
US 2025:107
Japan 2020: 105
EU 2020: 95
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
[1] China's target reflects gasoline fleet scenario. If including other fuel types, the target will be lower.
[2] US and Canada light-duty vehicles include light-commercial vehicles.
 http://www.theicct.org/passenger-vehicles/global-pv-standards-update/
Developing Regions will Experience Large
Growth in Health Risk From Vehicle Emissions
Slide 15
International Council on Clean Transportation (2013). The Impact of Stringent Fuel and Vehicle Standards on Premature Mortality
and Emissions. In Press.
Accelerated adoption of fuel/vehicle standards
will Protect Future Health Gains
Slide 16
International Council on Clean Transportation (2013). The Impact of Stringent Fuel and Vehicle Standards on Premature Mortality
and Emissions. In Press.
Cleaner Air and Economic Growth
Slide 17
Suggestions for India Going Forward
Slide 18
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Policies based on sound science
Systems approach works
Monitor ambient air
Ability to recall vehicles and enforce fuel quality
standards
 Legal framework should exist for implementing
regulations
 Judicial framework should exist for citizen lawsuits
 See ICCT India Retrospective Report
http://www.theicct.org
Slide 19
Thank You