Introduction to Organizational Behavior
 Good
to Great
 Jim Collins (2001)
 “Good is the enemy of great.”





Provide an overview of the major challenges and the
paradigm shift facing management now and in the next
economy.
Outline an organizational behavior perspective for today’s
management.
Summarize the Hawthorne studies as the starting point of
modern organizational behavior.
Explain the methodology that is used to accumulate
knowledge and facilitate understanding of organizational
behavior.
Relate the various theoretical frameworks that serve as a
foundation for a model of organizational behavior.
 What
is Organizational Behavior
 Characteristics of Organizational
Behavior
 Why study Organizational Behavior
• The Human Equation
• Challenges in Managing
• The New Paradigm
 Hawthorne
Studies and Research in O.B.
 Sumerians-
Record Keeping
 Egyptians- Need for Planning and
Control
 Moses- Shared Leadership, Delegation
 Hamurabi- First ______?
 Alexander the Great- Use of Staff
 Niccolo Machivelli- The ends _____ the
______.
Groups of people who work
interdependently toward some purpose
• Structured patterns of interaction
• Coordinated tasks
• Work toward some purpose
 The
study of individual behavior and
group dynamics in organizations
 Understand
 Predict
 Manage
(Continued)
e.g., Selection Systems
Organizational Level
e.g., Groupthink
Group Level
e.g., Personality
Individual
Level
 Cognitive
Framework
• Personality
• Satisfaction, Commitment and Absenteeism Model
• Attraction- Selection-Attrition Model
 Behavioristic
Framework
• Pavlov’s Dogs
• Environmental Contingencies
 Social
Cognitive Framework
• Allows for more complexities
• More accepted framework
 What
is Organizational Behavior
 Characteristics of Organizational
Behavior
 Why study Organizational Behavior
• The Human Equation
• Challenges in Managing
• The New Paradigm
 Hawthorne
Studies and Research in O.B.
x
Contingency
Variables
y
Task environment:
Competitors
Unions
Regulatory agencies
Clients
Structure
Inputs:
Material
Capital
Human
Task
Technology
People
(Actors)
Organizational Boundary
Outputs:
Products
Services
 What
is Organizational Behavior
 Characteristics of Organizational
Behavior
 Why study Organizational Behavior
• The Human Equation
• Challenges in Managing
• The New Paradigm
 Hawthorne
Studies and Research in O.B.
 Competitive
advantage of an
organization today is represented by:
• Human resource of an organization and how they
•
•
•
•
are managed.
Widely recognized ashuman capital,
social capital and
positive psychological capital.
The academic field of organizational
behavior has been around for at least the
past thirty years.
Problems facing managers of human
organization have been around since the
beginning of civilization.
 Political
 Legal
Developments
Developments
 International
Developments
Although the problems with human organizations
and the solutions over the ages have not really
changed that much, the emphasis and surrounding
environmental context certainly have.
This new environment is disruptive, discontinuous
change. It represents a new paradigm, a new way of
thinking about the workplace.
Three challenges facing managers to day are:
-
Globalization and Information Technology
-
Diversity
-
Ethics
A paradigm simply establishes the rules (written or
unwritten), defines the boundaries, defines a way to
understand reality, ways of thinking/framework, and
tells one how to behave within the boundaries to be
successful.
For today’s and tomorrow’s organizations and
management, there are new rules with different
boundaries requiring new and different behaviors.
E.g., Theory X won’t cut it in most U.S. economic
cycles
There is considerable resistance to change and why
it is very difficult to move from the old management
paradigm to the new.
“One-eighth” situation—about oneeighth of today’s organizations believe it,
do it, stick with it.
“The Knowing-Doing Gap”—most
managers know the value of the human
factor and how to implement the approach
to improve organizational performance,
but still are not doing it.
 What
is Organizational Behavior
 Characteristics of Organizational
Behavior
 Why study Organizational Behavior
• The Human Equation
• Challenges in Managing
• The New Paradigm
 Hawthorne
O.B.
Studies and Research in
Formal Organization - the official,
legitimate, and most visible part of the
system
Informal Organization - the unofficial
and less visible part of the system
Hawthorne Studies: studies conducted during the
1920’s and 1930’s that discovered the existence of
the informal organization
 The
Illumination Studies: A Serendipitous
Discovery
 Subsequent Phases of the Hawthorne
Studies
 Implications of the Hawthorne Studies
 THE HAWTHORNE EFFECT

The Overall Scientific Perspective
• Understand
• Predict
• Control


Starting with Theory
The Use of Research Designs
• Case
• Survey
• Experiments

The Validity of Studies
• Internal
• External
Questions
 What
is a paradigm?
 What are some areas than have
influenced the study of Org Behavior?
 What are some concepts studied in Org
Behavior?
 Why should a manager know about this
domain of knowledge?
 Contrast formal versus informal
organization
 What
happened in the Hawthorne
Studies?
 Why are they so important and what did
we learn from them?
 Describe 3 challenges facing managers
today; why are they considered
“challenges”?
 Describe the 1/8th rule or the “KnowingDoing Gap”
 Practitioner-Scientist
 Pfeffer’s
13 Practices (also ppt)
 Research
in Management AME