CHAPTER FOCUS
SECTION 1 Founding of Rome
SECTION 2 The Etruscans
SECTION 3 Etruscans and Romans
CHAPTER SUMMARY & STUDY GUIDE
CHAPTER ASSESSMENT
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Overview
• Chapter 13 describes the beginnings of
civilization in Italy. 
– Section 1 describes the founding
of Rome. 
– Section 2 discusses the rise of the
Etruscans, their daily life, and their
religious beliefs. 
– Section 3 summarizes the contributions
the Etruscans made to Roman civilization.
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Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
• explain how Rome was founded. 
• describe what daily life was like for
the Etruscans. 
• identify the religious beliefs held by the
Etruscans. 
• cite Etruscan contributions to Roman
civilization.
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Read to Discover
• What daily life was like for the Etruscans 
• What religious beliefs were held by
the Etruscans 
• How Etruscans contributed to
Roman civilization
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Terms to Learn
• soothsayers 
• Aeneas 
• omens 
• Romulus 
• catacombs 
• Remus 
• Forum 
• fasces 
Places to Locate
• Rome 
• mundus 
• Palatine 
People to Know
• Etruria 
• Lydia
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Why It’s Important
Italy is a boot-shaped peninsula that
extends south from Europe into the
Mediterranean Sea. On the west coast of
the peninsula is the mouth of the Tiber
River. Fifteen miles upstream is a group of
seven hills. On the hill known as the
Palatine, an early people called the Latins
founded a settlement later known as Rome.
This settlement would one day become the
center of a great empire, whose
achievements still influence life today.
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Founding of Rome
• Romans have a legend about the founding
of their city. 
• About 800 B.C., a Latin princess broke an
oath never to have children and gave birth
to twin sons fathered by the god Mars. 
• A a punishment, her sons–Romulus and
Remus–were taken from her and left
to die. 
• The two boys were found by a she-wolf,
which fed and cared for them.
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the information. Section 1 begins on page 209 of your textbook.
Founding of Rome (cont.)
• Later, a shepherd killed the she-wolf and
took the babies to his home. 
• When the boys were older, they decided to
build a city on the Tiber, but could not agree
on which one should rule the city. 
• They decided to let the gods choose the
city’s ruler. 
• The two brothers fought, and Remus was
killed. Romulus became king of the city,
which he named Rome.
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Founding of Rome (cont.)
• About 1000 B.C., groups of people with iron
weapons began invading the lands around
the Mediterranean. 
• One group, the Latins, settled on the
Palatine; Romans belonged to this group. 
• The Latins’ settlement area had a pleasant
climate, fertile soil, and dense forests. 
• By 776 B.C., the settlement on the Palatine
had become a farming village of about
1,000 people.
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Section Assessment
According to legend, how was
Rome founded?
About 800 B.C., a Latin princess gave
birth to twin sons fathered by a god.
As punishment, her sons, Romulus
and Remus, were taken from her and
raised by a she-wolf and then a
shepherd and his wife. Later the
brothers built a city on the Tiber and
let the gods choose the city’s ruler.
The two fought, Remus was killed,
and Romulus became king of Rome.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
What natural resources existed in
the area settled by the Latins?
The area had a pleasant climate,
fertile soil, dense forests, and salt
and fish could be carried from the
coast.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
How did the Latins live?
Most were farmers who lived in
wooden huts.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Evaluating Information How true
do you think the legend of
Rome’s founding is? Explain your
answer.
Answers will vary.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Draw a diagram like the one found on
page 210 of your textbook, and use it
to show the main events in the
legend of Romulus and Remus.
Answers should follow the
chronological order of the story.
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The Etruscans
• Around 800 B.C., a people called Etruscans
settled in Etruria, the country north of the
Latin village on the Palatine. 
• The Etruscans were Italy’s first highly
civilized people. 
• Etruscan farmers used mostly iron tools. 
• Some Etruscan were metalworkers and
sculptors. 
• They were known as “the people of the
sea,” feared as pirates and respected as
traders.
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The Etruscans (cont.)
• Over time, the Etruscan cities grew, and by
600 B.C., they dominated all of northern Italy,
including the Latin village on the Palatine.
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Daily Life
• The Etruscans enjoyed playing and watching
games like chess, backgammon, wrestling,
running, boxing, and horse racing. 
• The Etruscans loved music and dancing
best. 
• The Etruscans had a strong sense of
social order, or the way groups of people
are classed. 
• A few wealthy families owned most of the
land and most of the enslaved people,
who tended the land and did other work.
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Religious Beliefs
• The Etruscans had many gods, most of
whom were modeled after the Greeks. 
• The Etruscans believed the universe was
divided into provinces with each province
ruled by different gods. 
• The Etruscans also believed humans
were powerless before the gods so they
wanted to please their gods.
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Religious Beliefs (cont.)
• They discovered what the gods willed
through a priestly group of aristocrats called
soothsayers, or people who can predict
events. 
• Soothsayers read certain omens, or signs
of what is to happen.
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Tombs of Gold
• When an Etruscan noble died, a great
banquet was held, and two of the noble’s
slaves fought one another to the death. 
• The dead were buried in tombs beneath
the ground called catacombs. 
• The Etruscans believed that life after
death lasted longer and was more
important than life on Earth. 
• They filled their tombs with works of art
and treasures of gold, silver, bronze, and
ivory.
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Tombs of Gold (cont.)
• Because of this, Etruscan tombs are known
as “tombs of gold.” 
• Outside each Etruscan city was a
necropolis, or cemetery, made up of
acres of these tombs.
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Section Assessment
How did the Etruscan social
order change over time?
At first there were no great class
differences. Only acrobats and
enslaved people were thought of as
inferior. Over time, however, three
social classes emerged.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Making Comparisons What
similarities are there between the
way the Etruscans treated their dead
and the way modern people do?
Answers will vary but could note
Etruscan burial tombs, practices, and
cemeteries.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Draw a diagram like the one on page
214 of your textbook, and use it to
show the members of the three main
Etruscan social classes.
upper class–wealthy landowners,
nobles, priests
middle class–farmers, traders, city
workers
lower class–enslaved people
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Etruscans and Romans
• In 616 B.C., Lucius Tarquinius became the
first Etruscan ruler of Rome, and his dynasty
ruled Rome for more than 100 years. 
• The Etruscans drained the swamp at the
foot of the Palatine which became Rome’s
Forum, or the public square. 
• The Romans borrowed the Etruscan
alphabet and some Etruscan customs,
including the gladiatorial games.
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Etruscans and Romans
• The Romans amused themselves by
watching these games, which were fights
between armed men, between men and
animals, between women and dwarfs, and
between animals. 
• Another custom was the triumph, or the
parade-like welcome given to a Roman
hero returning from battle.
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Etruscans and Romans (cont.)
• In addition, the Romans borrowed Etruscan
symbols of authority. 
• One of these was the fasces, or a bundle
of rods bound around an ax that became
the symbol of a Roman ruler's power. 
• The Etruscans built the first temple on the
Capitoline; today, it is the center of
Rome’s municipal, or city, government. 
• The Romans founded their cities
according to a ritual borrowed from the
Etruscans.
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Etruscans and Romans (cont.)
• Priests marked where the two main streets
would meet and marked it with a stone. 
• The Romans believed the place where the
two streets met was the mundus, or the
meeting point for the worlds of the living
and the dead. 
• Etruscans played an important role in the
development of Roman civilization.
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Section Assessment
What contributions did the
Etruscans make to the Roman
language?
They borrowed the Greek alphabet,
changed it, and passed it on to the
Romans.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
How did the Etruscans and the
Romans establish their cities?
Soothsayers told where a city’s
boundaries should be, and a ditch
was dug to make them. Then priests
laid out the main street and cross
streets and marked the intersection
with a stone.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Distinguishing Fact From Opinion
“The Latins benefited from Etruscan
rule.” What facts support this
opinion?
Facts should be specific skills, ideas,
or customs that improved the quality
of life for Latins, such as the
construction of a sewer system or
use of the arch to build bridges.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Draw the diagram that is on page
216 of your textbook, and use it to
show Etruscan contributions to the
Romans.
Contributions can include: the arch,
the forum, gladiatorial games,
customs like the triumph, symbols
such as fasces, certain religious
beliefs, and so on.
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Chapter Summary & Study Guide
• According to legend, Rome was founded by
Romulus and Remus on the Palatine. 
• Some of the earliest farming settlements at
Rome were built by the Latins. 
• The main occupation of the Latins
was farming. 
• The Etruscans conquered Rome in 616 B.C.
and took control of northern Italy. 
• The Etruscans were noted throughout the
Mediterranean world as traders and pirates.
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Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)
• Religion was important to the Etruscans,
and they went to soothsayers to find ways to
please their many gods. 
• The Romans learned many things from the
Etruscans, including use of the arch in
building, an alphabet, and a ritual for
establishing cities.
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Understanding the Main Idea
What part of Italy did the Etruscans
dominate?
Etruria and eventually all of northern
Italy, including the Latin village on the
Palatine was dominated by the
Etruscans.
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Understanding the Main Idea
How did the kind of shoes the
Etruscans wore help them
in battle?
They gave them better footing on
rough or hilly ground.
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Understanding the Main Idea
What group of people owned most
of the land in Etruria?
A few wealthy families owned most of
the land in Etruria.
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Understanding the Main Idea
Why did the Etruscans build their
temples to face east?
They built them to face east because
the Etruscans believed the east and
the left were lucky.
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Understanding the Main Idea
How have experts learned much of
what they know about Etruscan life?
They learned much of what they
know from Etruscan tombs.
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Understanding the Main Idea
Who was the first Etruscan ruler
of Rome?
Lucius Tarquinius
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
What customs did the Romans
borrow from the Etruscans?
They borrowed the customs of
gladiatorial games, the triumph, and
the fasces.
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Understanding the Main Idea
What religious beliefs did the
Etruscans introduce to the Romans?
They introduced the Romans to
soothsayers and gods with
human forms.
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Critical Thinking
Compare the role of women in
Etruria with their role in Greek
civilization.
Etruscan women danced, took part in
public celebrations, and could own
property. Greek women could not
attend the Olympic Games or go out
without a chaperon.
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Critical Thinking
What role did religion play in
Etruscan life? How did Etruscan
religious ideas differ from the
religious ideas of the Greeks?
Religion influenced Etruscan building
of temples and cities, and
ceremonies, songs, and dances.
The Greeks were not afraid of their
gods, as Etruscans were.
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Critical Thinking
What would you have enjoyed the
most about living in Etruria?
Explain.
Answers will vary.
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Critical Thinking
Was the Etruscan conquest of Rome
good for the Romans? Explain why
or why not.
Answers will vary.
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Geography in History
Location Look at the map on page 211. If
the people of Etruria were attacked by
another empire, from what direction and
by what means would the attack come?
What geographic feature might protect
Etruria? Draw a map showing the most
likely routes of a possible attack.
Answers will vary. Attacks could come
from the sea, down rivers, or overland
from north or south. Protection came
from two mountain ranges.
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the answer.
You are a stranger leaving an
Etruscan city with one of its citizens.
Outside the city, the citizen tells you
that you are looking at a necropolis.
Describe what you see.
You would see rows of mounds of
earth piled above tombs, and wide
streets that open into plazas.
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Explore online information about the
topics introduced in this chapter.
Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Human
Heritage: A World History Web site. At this site, you will find interactive
activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the
chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the
browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty
connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to
http://www.humanheritage.glencoe.com
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616 B.C.
1000 B.C.
Latins settle on
Palatine Hill
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Etruscans
conquer Rome
800 B.C.
600 B.C.
Rome is
founded
Etruscans
dominate all of
northern Italy
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Romulus
c. 800 B.C.-715 B.C.
Founder of Rome
Romulus and his twin brother Remus
founded Rome around 753 B.C. quarrels
over the kingship of Rome led to the
death of Remus. According to legend,
Romulus populated Rome with people
fleeing harsh rule elsewhere. After a
long reign, he vanished in a
thunderstorm. Romans later worshiped
him as the war god Quirinus.
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Reading A Political Map
• In all parts of the world, people have created
governments in order to live together. 
• Maps that show areas ruled by particular
governments are called political maps. 
• Most people use political maps to find cities
and countries. 
• Political maps use symbols to show the
location of capitals and other cities.
Continued on next slide.
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Reading A Political Map
• A star is usually used to show the capital of
a country or state, and a dot is used to show
other cities. 
• Boundary lines mark where a country or
state begins and ends. 
• Boundaries may be shown by solid, dashed,
or dotted lines. 
• Colors often show the size and shape of
countries and states.
Continued on next slide.
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Reading A Political Map
• All these symbols, lines, and colors are not
really on Earth’s surface, but what they
show exists. 
• On the map of “Early Italy” on page 211 of
your textbook, the three colors show the
particular areas ruled by three peoples.
Continued on next slide.
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Reading A Political Map
Study the political map on page 211 of your
textbook showing early Italy. Then answer the
questions that follow.
Continued on next slide.
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Reading A Political Map
Who controlled the southernmost
part of Italy?
Greeks
Continued on next slide.
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Reading A Political Map
What two cities are shown?
Caere and Rome
Continued on next slide.
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Reading A Political Map
What people controlled the
smallest area?
Latins
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