Fighting against discrimination Maria Sklodowska Curie (1867-1934) Story by Mimoza Ristova Physics Department University in Skopje Republic of Macedonia 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 Once upon a time, the world of science and art was inaccessible for women as nowadays the Vatican Conclave and the Athos of Greece remain closed for female human beings. Athos Vatican 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 Let us not ever forget who made the first footsteps in to the deep masculine chauvinistic snow of science? 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 What the scientific conferences looked like before the phenomenon Marie Sklodowska Curie appeared? 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 Scientific conference in 1900 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 Solvay–scientific council 1911 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 Sоlvаy Conference -1913 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 Solvay Conference 1921 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 Sоlvаy Conference - 1933 Irene 27.04.2012 Marie Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 Lise Meitner Solvay Conference -1947 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 Institute of Physics – Skopje -gender statistics Временска база 27.04.2012 мажи жени In memoriam 95% 5% Retired professors 65 % 35 % Full Professors 60 % 40 % Associated Professors 50 % 50 % Assistant Professors 60 % 40 % Manager positions at the institute in last 10 years 60 % 40 % Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 HISTORICAL, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 Life in Poland _______________________________ Russian occupation of Prussia 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 Life in Poland _____________________________ 2000 1900 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 Russian occupation ____________________________________________________ From capital city 1815 Warsaw became a Russian provincial city under the rule of the Russian Tsar. Polish language was forbidden for public use. Sklodowski family was devoted to open patriotism and cultural preservation. 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 Mania was born on November 7th 1967 in Warsaw ____________________________________ 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 The Sklodowski’s children _______________________________ Zosia, Maria (V child), Hela, Joseph, Bronia 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 Education under nationalistic discrimination ______________________________________ Higher education in sciences forbidden for polish students in the Russian Empire!!!!! Russian Tsar Alexander II was killed 1881 by polish revolutionary students Kosak’s parade after 1863 after defeating the revolution 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 Depression (mental depleation) ____________________________________ Education was the driver in her life Life in the country – years of happiness recovering after 1 year 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 Governance, tutor in the sugar factory and illegal student of practical chemistry _____________________________________________________________________ Mania & Bronia 27.04.2012 Kazimir Zorawski Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 Illegal “flying” universities in Poland or evening schools with variable address ____________________________________ 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 1891 -1894 Marie at Sorbonne ____________________________ 1893 - Master degree in physics as a top student in the class and 1894 – master in maths 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 To look for a job in Paris or to return back to Poland? ____________________________ Facing difficulties in magnetic measurements, she was introduced to Pierre Curie 27.04.2012 Wedding 1895 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 Honey moon– tour de France ____________________________ Wedding gift from Pierre 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 1897 – continuation of Becquerel's findings Key to the success: Pierre and Jacque Curie’s upgraded electrometer 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 Experiments with U-salts _______________________________ Becquerels hypotesis confirmed U-salts with a greater U-content show greater activity 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 Is it only property of U? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________ She tested all the known elements. It was found that Th revealed the property. 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 Doctoral degree for Pierre and Marie _________________________________________________________________ First lady PhD in France Gabriel Lippmann 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 Radioactivity is a property of atoms _____________________ 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 was divided, one half awarded to Antoine Henri Becquerel "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity",the other half jointly to Pierre Curie and Marie Curie, née Sklodowska "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel". 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 Curies in wellbeing 1904 -Irene (8) и Eve (1) 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 Isolation of Ra and Po 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 Ores containing Ra and Po Charcoalit 27.04.2012 U- blend Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 Ores containing U-salts 1,4 g (Ra) t1/2(Ra-226)=138,4 d 1 mg (Po) 1 t (U-ore) 27.04.2012 t1/2(Po-210)=1620 y Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 Laboratory work for Po -separation ___________________________________ U-blend + HCl(aq) Clhorides in-sollution: U, Th, Pb, Cu, As, Sb, Bi, X + H2S(aq) Sulphides : Pb, Cu, As, Sb, Bi, X + (NH4)2S As & Sb in Sol, while the deposit contains Pb, Cu, Bi, X+ NH3(aq)+ HCl(aq) Cu in sol, in deposit remain hydroxides Pb, Bi, X + HCl(aq) + H2S(aq) Deposit of sulfides : Pb, Bi, X (sublimation at700oC) Sulfide XS = PoS 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 Two new elements - Po84 and Ra88 _________________________ 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 Short term happiness followed by trauma ____________________________ Pierre Curi (1859-1906) 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 The years of loneliness ____________________________ …“Broken in pain, I wasn’t feeling ready to face the future. However, I could never forget what my husband said, that even if one day HE IS GONE, I should continue with our work…” Picture she inserted in to Pierre’s coffin 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 1906 –First woman to establish a laboratory at Sorbonne ____________________________ Andre Debierne the assistant who help the prove that Ra is an element. 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 New deep snow French Academy of Science Curie vs. Brannlie ____________________________ Weather one female should enter the Academy? 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 Victim of a French Xenophobia of ultranationalist press _______________________________ Marie is Jewish??!!! Racist analysis of her facial features and the handwriting 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 Stigmatization in the media _______________________________________________________________ Time adjusted eruption of the scandal related to her love affaire with Paul Langevain, former Pierre’s bright student. Paul Langevain 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 Victim of sexism (gender discrimination in the FAS) NO! For M-me Curie 27.04.2012 YES! For Mr. Brannlie Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 Criteria for election (MORE .....). ____________________________ Is it that Branlie was appointed to FAS because he was MORE FRANCH MORE CHATOLIC MORE MAN than Marie Sklodowska Curie???? 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 1911 – Exile before the ruthless “crucifixion” of the public opinion ______________________________________ 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911 ____________________________ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911 was awarded to Marie Curie "in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element". 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 New depression ____________________________ Was that a to big snow caused by the the gender chauvinism, anti-Semitism (?), nationalism ??? All of those discriminations at a same time!!?? 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 ..Than she was married to the Radium laboratory.. ____________________________ Irene and Marie Curie 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 Illness –victim of professional exposure and painful death (1934) _______________________________________________________________________________ Pantheon - Paris 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 PANTHEON AUX GRANDS HOMMES LA PATRIE RECONNAISSANTE "To the great men, the grateful homeland" The first woman to be buried in Pantheon by her own merit 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 The Curie Unit (1Ci) _________________________ Activity 1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 decays in one second 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 The name Curie 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 Google – login page from 07.11.2011 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 The champion in many disciplines __________________ Who was the first female Nobel Prize winner? Who was the first female PhD in France? Who was the first female to establish a lab in Sorbonne? Who was the first woman professor in France? 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 Who was the first to win 2 Nobel prizes in different fields? Who was a female Nobel Prize Winner be a mother of another female Nobel PW? Who was so unique to infect the close family to win 6 Nobel Prizes? 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 Who won the so many battles against so many different types of discrimination? __________________________________ 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 Top 10 most influential scientists of all times (pole 2000) __________________________________________________________ 1. Isaac Newton 2. Luis Pasteur 3. Albert Einstein 4. Galileo 5. Nikola Tesla 6. Marie Curie 7. Aristotle 8. Enrrico Fermi 9. Paul Dirac 10.Charles Darwin 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 Instead of conclusion 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 It is not really easy to step first .... 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 ... but, than again, it is easier to know that you have followers _________________________________ 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 However, this is simply easiest way... ______________________ 27.04.2012 Mimoza Ristova -Maria Curie-RAD-2012 The end