LULC & Fractional cover change in
Inner Mongolia (1992 –2005)
Ranjeet John
LEES Lab
Dept of EEES, U Toledo
Objectives
• To quantify the degradation of grasslands
and other dominant land cover types in
Inner Mongolia as a function of fractional
cover ( % canopy) change between 1992
and 2005
Study Area
• Inner Mongolia lies between 37°01’ and
53°02’North Latitude and 95°02' and 123°37' East
Longitude, third largest province in China (1.18
million km2 )
• bounded by Heilonjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei,
Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,
Gansu & Xinjiang
• The principal mountain ranges are the Greater
Hingaan in the east and the Yinshan and Langshan in
the central part
• Deserts include the Gobi desert in the north , Mu Us
and Hobq deserts, south of the Huang He (river); the
Tengger & Badain Jarian desert in the West
RATIONALE
• Grasslands comprise most of land area (38.2%, 2005
MODIS IGBP ) and have increased in extent
(33.26%, 1992-930)
• fc is not only indicator of biomass but also imp.
biophysical variable that controls hydrological
processes in arid/semi arid regions (Shuttleworth,
1995, Goodrich et al, 1995)
• Fractional cover (fc) has been derived and studied at
multiple scales before (Li X.,2003) but change over
time (and across LULC types) not documented
RATIONALE
• Increase in croplands between 1992 (7.37%) and
2005 (10.80%); very controversial subject, as the
general idea is that farmland is being abandoned
though other studies show that it has
expanded(Liu, 2005)
• this change in land use is critical as it may modify
the local climate (Bounoua, 2003) through
replacement of native grasslands(include drought
adapted C-4) and forests with crops, which
transpire less and thus leads to warming
Goats in
vegetation-starved
areas must wear
protective clothing
to keep other
desperately hungry
goats from eating
their hair.
http://www.greenpeace.org/international/news/desertification-in-inner-mongo
Chinese documentarian Lu Tongjin has
been chronicling desertification in
Mongolia since 1995
http://www.greenpeace.org/international/photos
videos/slideshows/livelihoods-blown-away
Taklimakan desert
Jan 1-8 2005
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/
Taklimakan desert
Jan 1-8 2006
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/
Percent cropland (Liu, J., 2005)
% increase in cropland (Liu, J., 2005)
Reduction in
Grassland fc
Livestock
grazing
Desertification
Soil Erosion
Increase in xerophytous
grasshopper species
(Kang & Chen, 1995)
Increase in
population
Decrease in ET
(Bounoua, 2003)
Climate drier
(Eastman et al,
2001)
Aerosols
Increase in crop
area
Decrease
in precip
Research Question
•
•
What is the change in % canopy cover of
grasslands between 1992 and 2005?
Can we measure the intra-seasonal
dynamics of fractional cover for
grasslands and other LULC types?
Rangeland Steppe Community
• Typical Steppes & Meadow Steppes are sub types found
in Inner Mongolia, most commonly used for grazing and
animal produce
• Typical Steppe developed under semi-arid conditions with
annual precip under 350m, capable of drought tolerance,
include Stipa, Leymus, Artemisia, & Festucca
• Meadow Steppe developed in areas with moist fertile soils
rich in organic matter with annual precip of 450mm,
include Stipa baicalensis, Leymus chinenesis,
Cleistogenes mucronata, etc
(Sun, 2005)
DATA ACQUISITION AND PRE-PROCESSING
• MOD13Q1: MODIS derived 16-day composite
Vegetation Indices Global dataset 1km, used NDVI
VI product to obtain green fractional cover
• AVHRR 1km NDVI (1992-93) 10 day aggregates
• MOD12Q1: MODIS derived LULC (IGBP)
• AVHRR derived IGBP (1992-93)
• MOD11A2: Land Surface Temperature (8 day, 1km)
• SRTM 90m & misc shapefiles (extent, flux tower
sites, etc)
±
60N
Moskva
Ulaanbaatar
Almaty
Urumqi
Beijing
Tokyo
140E
30N
120E
New Delhi
100E
80E
Seoul
60E
40E
AVHRR 1km IGBP classification 1993 Inner Mongolia
IGBP Land Cover type
Evergreen Needleleaf Forest
0
Deciduous Needleleaf Forest
Deciduous Broadleaf Forest
Mixed Forest
Closed Shrublands
Open Shrublands
Woody Savannas
Savannas
Grasslands
Permanent Wetlands
Croplands
Urban and Built-Up
Cropland/Natural Vegetation Mo
Snow and Ice
0
125 250
500
750 Kilometers
Barren or Sparsely Vegetated
Water Bodies
±
60N
Moskva
Ulaanbaatar
Almaty
Urumqi
Beijing
Tokyo
140E
30N
120E
New Delhi
100E
80E
Seoul
60E
40E
MOD1S 1km IGBP classification Inner Mongolia
IGBP Land Cover type
Evergreen Needleleaf Forest
0
Deciduous Needleleaf Forest
Deciduous Broadleaf Forest
Mixed Forest
Closed Shrublands
Open Shrublands
Woody Savannas
Savannas
Grasslands
Permanent Wetlands
Croplands
Urban and Built-Up
Cropland/Natural Vegetation Mo
Snow and Ice
0
125 250
500
750 Kilometers
Barren or Sparsely Vegetated
Water Bodies
2001 MODIS subset
IGBP Land Cover type
Evergreen Needleleaf Forest
Deciduous Needleleaf Forest
Deciduous Broadleaf Forest
Mixed Forest
Closed Shrublands
Open Shrublands
Woody Savannas
Savannas
Grasslands
Permanent Wetlands
Croplands
Urban and Built-Up
0
205
410
820 Kilometers
Cropland/Natural Vegetation Mosaic
Snow and Ice
Barren or Sparsely Vegetated
Water Bodies
2001 MODIS land cover
IGBP Land Cover type
Evergreen Needleleaf Forest
Deciduous Needleleaf Forest
Deciduous Broadleaf Forest
Mixed Forest
Closed Shrublands
Open Shrublands
Woody Savannas
Savannas
Grasslands
Permanent Wetlands
Croplands
Urban and Built-Up
Cropland/Natural Vegetation Mosaic
Snow and Ice
0
205
410
820 Kilometers
Barren or Sparsely Vegetated
Water Bodies
IGBP Land Cover type
Evergreen Needleleaf Forest
Deciduous Needleleaf Forest
Deciduous Broadleaf Forest
2001 MODIS subset
Mixed Forest
Closed Shrublands
Open Shrublands
Woody Savannas
Savannas
Grasslands
Permanent Wetlands
Croplands
Urban and Built-Up
Cropland/Natural Vegetation Mosaic
Snow and Ice
Barren or Sparsely Vegetated
Water Bodies
0
205
410
820 Kilometers
IGBP Land Cover type
Evergreen Needleleaf Forest
Deciduous Needleleaf Forest
Deciduous Broadleaf Forest
1992 AVHRR subset
Mixed Forest
Closed Shrublands
Open Shrublands
Woody Savannas
Savannas
Grasslands
Permanent Wetlands
Croplands
Urban and Built-Up
Cropland/Natural Vegetation Mosaic
Snow and Ice
Barren or Sparsely Vegetated
Water Bodies
0
205
410
820 Kilometers
LULC-IGBP
evergreen needleleaf forest
evergreen broadleaf forest
deciduous needleleaf forest
deciduous broadleaf forest
mixed forests
closed shrublands
open shrublands
woody savannas
savannas
grasslands
permanent wetlands
croplands
urban and built-up
cropland/natural vegetation mosaic
permanent snow and ice
barren or sparsely vegetated
water
Total
2005 %
1992-93 %
1356
0.12
1164
0.10
778
0.07
0
0.00
8009
0.70
4158
0.36
5952
0.52
11014
0.96
67348
5.85
102102
8.86
1851
0.16
102
0.01
143482
12.46
235645
20.46
26618
2.31
78162
6.79
8804
0.76
2189
0.19
439938
38.20
383102
33.26
211
0.02
548
0.05
124448
10.80
84845
7.37
2167
0.19
620
0.05
11778
1.02
120098
10.43
2
0.00
0
0.00
303612
26.36
120951
10.50
5452
0.47
7257
0.63
1151806
100 1151957
100
*Area in km2
Cross-tabulation of AVHRR IGBP 1992 (columns) against MODIS IGBP
2005(rows)
2001
1
2
unclassif 0
0
1
4
65
2
1
15
3
36 600
4
19 109
5 256 1767
6
2
13
7
63 426
8 102 434
9
37
96
10 359 378
11
0
8
12 221 184
13
0
1
14
63
33
15
0
0
16
1
18
17
0
11
Total 1164 4158
3
4
5
6
0
2
17
0
0
26
731
8
0
15
386
0
0
79
3790
0
0
177
3670
0
0 1474 38903
4
0
36
784
8
0
626 11867 24
0
580 12583
2
0
272
3617
3
0 3470 11884 20
0
0
61
0
0 3798 12294
4
0
1
78
3
0
410
666
0
0
0
1
0
0
36
714 25
0
12
56
1
0 11014 102102 102
7
5
3
1
0
1
2
46
47760
10
19
24936
0
2463
171
16
0
159458
754
235645
8
9
10
22
0
75
346
9
56
256
2
42
2668
82
34
1440
42
82
17899 640
1231
311
5
272
10178 229 48603
8741 192
1579
2610
48
413
16243 334 291775
118
0
14
14326 579
9279
60
0
840
2329
21
3511
0
0
1
535
5 23322
80
1
1973
78162 2189 383102
11
12 13
14 15
16
17
0
14
0
14 0
2
0|
0
39
1
67 0
0
1|
0
38
3
19 0
0
0|
54
90
5
567 0
0
4|
12
231
6
159 0
0
4|
191 2427 76
2448 0
1
29 |
4
187
1
158 0
16
8|
60 6006 76 13499 0
3345 720 |
58 1216 21
1062 0
2
36 |
10
613
6
1038 0
6
16 |
89 31161 296 54587 0
844 3562 |
0
6
1
2 0
0
1|
50 39109 96 41286 0
41 718 |
0
520
6
408 0
14
65 |
10 2034
5
2664 0
0
16 |
0
0
0
0 0
0
0|
10
899 21
1571 0 116557 440 |
0
255
0
549 0
123 1637 |
548 84845 620 120098 0 120951 7257 |
1 evergreen needleleaf forest
6 closed shrublands 11permanent wetlands
2 evergreen broadleaf forest
7 open shrublands
12 croplands
3 deciduous needleleaf forest
8 woody savannas
13 urban and built-up
4 deciduous broadleaf forest
9 savannas
5 mixed forests
10 grasslands
14 cropland/natural
vegetation mosaic
2784522
1356
778
8009
5952
67348
1851
143482
26618
8804
439938
211
124448
2167
11778
2
303612
5452
3936328
15 snow
16 barren
17 water
AVHRR 1km IGBP classification 1993 (NEESPI)
Yakutsk
±
Okhotsk
Omsk
Novosibirsk
Novokuznetsk
Karaganda
Irkutsk
Chita
Khabarovsk
Chatanga
Uliastay
Qiqihar
Ulaanbaatar
Frunze
Almaty
Harbin
Urumqi
Vladivostok
ChangchungJilin
Kashi
Shenyang
Anshan
Baotou
Beijing
Pyongyang
Dalian
Inch`on Seoul
Tianjin
Lanzhou
Taiyuan
Shijiazhuang JinanZibo Qingdao
Xian
Lhasa
Taegu
Pusan
Kita Kyushu
Fukuoka
Nagasaki
Luoyang
Zhengzhou
Nanjing
Shanghai
Chengdu
0
380
760
1,520 Kilometers
MOD12Q1 1km IGBP classification 2001(NEESPI)
Yakutsk
±
Okhotsk
Omsk
Novosibirsk
Novokuznetsk
Karaganda
Irkutsk
Chita
Khabarovsk
Chatanga
Uliastay
Qiqihar
Ulaanbaatar
Frunze
Almaty
Harbin
Urumqi
Vladivostok
ChangchungJilin
Kashi
Shenyang
Anshan
Baotou
Beijing
Pyongyang
Dalian
Inch`on Seoul
Tianjin
Lanzhou
Taiyuan
Shijiazhuang JinanZibo Qingdao
Xian
Lhasa
Taegu
Pusan
Kita Kyushu
Fukuoka
Nagasaki
Luoyang
Zhengzhou
Nanjing
Shanghai
Chengdu
0
380
760
1,520 Kilometers
±
60N
Moskva
Ulaanbaatar
Almaty
Urumqi
Beijing
Tokyo
140E
30N
120E
New Delhi
100E
80E
Seoul
60E
40E
MOD12Q1 1km IGBP classification Inner Mongolia
Dongwu grasslan
IGBP Land Cover type
Evergreen Needleleaf Forest
0
Deciduous Needleleaf Forest
Xilinhot grassl
Deciduous Broadleaf Forest
Mixed Forest
Duolun grasslan Duolun cropland
Closed Shrublands
Open Shrublands
Woody Savannas
Kubuqi shrublan Kubuqi populus
Savannas
Grasslands
Permanent Wetlands
Croplands
Urban and Built-Up
Cropland/Natural Vegetation Mo
Snow and Ice
0
125 250
500
750 Kilometers
Barren or Sparsely Vegetated
Water Bodies
60
50
40
30
kubuqi
kubuqi
kubuqi
kubuqi
20
10
shrubland
populus
shrubland(N)
poplulus(N)
0
-10
-20
1/1/2006
12/1/2005
11/1/2005
10/1/2005
9/1/2005
8/1/2005
7/1/2005
6/1/2005
8 day interval
MODIS derived Land Surface temperature at Duolun flux towers
(MOD11A2)
50
40
30
20
duolun
duolun
duolun
duolun
10
0
-10
-20
-30
8 day interval
1/1/2006
12/1/2005
11/1/2005
10/1/2005
9/1/2005
8/1/2005
7/1/2005
6/1/2005
5/1/2005
4/1/2005
3/1/2005
2/1/2005
-40
1/1/2005
land surface temperature (degrees C)
5/1/2005
4/1/2005
3/1/2005
2/1/2005
-30
1/1/2005
land surface temperature (degrees C)
MODIS derived Land Surface temperature at Kubuqi flux towers
(MOD11A2)
cropland
grassland
cropland(N)
grassland(N)
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
8 day interval
1/1/2006
12/1/2005
11/1/2005
10/1/2005
9/1/2005
8/1/2005
7/1/2005
6/1/2005
5/1/2005
4/1/2005
3/1/2005
2/1/2005
xilinhot cropland
dongwu grassland
xilinhot cropland(N)
dongwu grassland(N)
1/1/2005
land surface temperature
(degrees C)
MODIS derived Land Surface temperature at Xilinhot & Dongwu towers
(MOD11A2)
Fractional Cover (Green and Senescent)
fc 
SVI  SVI soil
SVI fullcanopy  SVI soil
 100 %
Where SVI is the spectral vegetation index and SVIsoil and
SVIfullcanopy are end-members
- Qi, 2000
SRTM derived DEM
Elevation
High : 3522
Low : 86
0
200
400
800 Kilometers
Fractional (% canopy) cover change (2005)
fc grassland
High : 100
Low : 0
fc cropland
High : 100
Low : 1
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
2005
2005
2005
2005
2005
2005
2005
2005
2005
2005
fc shrubland
High : 100
Low : 0
fc natural veg
High : 100
Low : 0
fc barren
High : 100
Low : 0
fc forest
High : 100
Low : 1
0
200
400
800 Kilometers
Annual average Fractional cover for all LULC types
% fc reclassed into bins of 10% increment; 0-10 = 1, 11-20 = 2, etc
Cross-tabulation of fc1992 (columns) against fc 2005(rows)
1992-93
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Total
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 Total
2784013
29
456
1177
1037
1115
1275
654
87
2 2789845
1582
1238 70257 242134 130838
16463
3499
693
36
466740
492
1641
488
9040 85960
58510
8074
1770
92
9
166076
496
1655
197
2944 32893
82224
40362
15983
1483
165
178402
30
572
35
178
4361
43201
60848
35076
8318
737
153356
4
93
24
93
554
16427
36781
19321
8912
381
82590
8
31
12
35
97
9106
29621
13190
7721
296
60117
0
10
9
10
43
4523
18179
5898
2506
89
31267
0
0
2
9
17
893
4412
1289
330
11
6963
0
0
0
2
2
133
440
191
72
16
856
0
0
0
0
0
20
35
18
25
18
116
----------- ----------- -------------------- ----------- ----------------- ----------- ---------- -----------------2786625
5269 71480 255622 255802
232615
203526
94083
29582 1724 3936328
2005
% fc reclassed into bins of 10% increment; 0-10 = 1, 11-20 = 2, etc
• Canopy fraction cover can be one of the indicators
of degradation (in addition to landscape metrics)
• Areas with sparse /no cover are represented by 0-2
• Undisturbed areas between 6 to 9
• Regrowth /succession between 2& 4
• There seems to be a shift towards less % cover
when compared to % cover in 1992
• This has to be validated rigorously using another
VI and scaling down to a higher resolution,
landscape level (30m landsat scale as well as
250m EVI)
% fc reclassed into bins of 10% increment; 0-10 = 1, 11-20 = 2, etc
Fractional cover bin: 1992-2005 (April)
600000
fc apr93
fc apr05
km 2
400000
200000
0
0-10
11-20
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
61-70
71-80
81-90
91-100
% canopy cover (binned)
Fractional cover bin: 1992-2005 (May)
600000
fc may93
fc may05
km 2
400000
200000
0
0-10
11-20
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
61-70
71-80
81-90
91-100
71-80
81-90
91-100
% canopy cover (binned)
Fractional cover bin: 1992-2005 (March)
Fractional cover bin: 1992-2005 (June)
800000
600000
fc mar93
fc june93
fc mar05
fc june05
400000
km 2
km 2
600000
400000
200000
200000
0
0
0-10
11-20
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
61-70
% canopy cover (binned)
71-80
81-90
91-100
0-10
11-20
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
61-70
% canopy cover (binned)
% fc reclassed into bins of 10% increment; 0-10 = 1, 11-20 = 2, etc
Fractional cover bin: 1992-2005 (October)
Fractional cover bin: 1992-2005 (July)
600000
600000
fc july93
fc oct93
fc july05
fc oct05
400000
km 2
km 2
400000
200000
200000
0
0-10
11-20
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
61-70
71-80
81-90
0
91-100
0-10
11-20
21-30
31-40
% canopy cover (binned)
41-50
51-60
61-70
71-80
81-90
91-100
% canopy cover (binned)
Fractional cover bin: 1992-2005 (November)
Fractional cover bin: 1992-2005 (August)
600000
600000
fc aug93
fc nov93
fc aug05
fc nov05
400000
km 2
km 2
400000
200000
200000
0
0
0-10
11-20
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
61-70
71-80
81-90
91-100
0-10
11-20
21-30
% canopy cover (binned)
31-40
41-50
51-60
61-70
71-80
81-90
91-100
81-90
91-100
% canopy cover (binned)
Fractional cover bin: 1992-2005 (December)
Fractional cover bin: 1992-2005 (September)
600000
1000000
fc sep93
km2
km 2
400000
fc dec93
800000
fc sep05
200000
fc dec05
600000
400000
200000
0
0
0-10
11-20
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
61-70
% canopy cover (binned)
71-80
81-90
91-100
0-10
11-20
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
61-70
% canopy cover (binned)
71-80
Monthly continuous field fc (2005)
% Canopy cover (January)
% Canopy cover (April)
25000
15000
km 2
km 2
20000
10000
5000
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
40000
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
0
% cover
10
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
70
80
90
70
80
90
% cover
30000
25000
25000
20000
20000
km 2
30000
15000
15000
10000
10000
5000
5000
0
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0
10
20
30
40
% cover
50
60
% cover
% Canopy cover (June)
% Canopy cover (March)
30000
30000
25000
25000
20000
20000
km 2
km 2
km 2
20
% Canopy cover (May)
% Canopy cover (February)
15000
10000
15000
10000
5000
5000
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
% cover
60
70
80
90
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
% cover
60
Monthly continuous field fc (2005)
% Canopy cover (October)
% Canopy cover (July)
30000
25000
km 2
km 2
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
0
90
10
20
30
40
25000
15000
km 2
km 2
20000
10000
5000
0
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0
90
10
20
30
25000
2
15000
km
km
2
20000
10000
5000
0
30
40
50
% cover
40
50
60
70
80
90
% Canopy cover (December)
30000
20
90
% cover
% Canopy cover (September)
10
80
40000
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
% cover
0
70
% Canopy cover (November)
% Canopy cover (August)
10
60
% cover
% cover
0
50
60
70
80
90
40000
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
% cover
60
70
80
90
Monthly % Canopy cover dynamics for grassland cover
2005
1992
Monthly % Canopy cover dynamics for grassland cover
2005
1992
Monthly % Canopy cover dynamics for cropland cover
Monthly % Canopy cover dynamics for cropland cover
2005
1992
Variation in fc might be explained by
•
•
•
•
Variation in vegetation water content
Precip
Population (within county/province)
Distance to villages/towns
FUTURE WORK
• Process and analyze vegetation water content using
3 indices; NDSVI, LSWI & NDWI
• variability in water stress in context of cover type:
protected lands vs disturbed lands (ie, low % fc)
• Repeat fc work with EVI to get a better estimate
• The water stress maps might explain variation in fc
• Model AET using Nishida (2003) / Senay (2005)
• Change in GPP & NPP (time/space) per cover type
Vegetation Indices
• Senescent Vegetation Index:
NDSVI = (ρswir – ρred) / (ρswir + ρred)
- Qi et al., 2002
• Enhanced Vegetation Indices:
E G
 NIR - 
 NIR  C 1  
Re d
Re d
 C 2   Blue  L
ρNIR, ρRed and ρBlue = atmospherically corrected surface reflectance
L = canopy background brightness correction factor (1)
C1 and C2 = atmospheric resistance Red and Blue correction coefficients
(6&7.5)
G = Gain factor (2.5)
- Huete et al., 2002
Acknowledgments
Terra Orbit
• Dr Jiquan Chen
• Dr Asko Noormets
• NASA NEWS 2004 NRA:
NN-H-04-Z-YS-005-N
• Rest of LEES Lab
http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/gallery/#
References
• Bounoua, L., R. S. Defries, M. L. Imhoff, and M. K. Steininger, Land
use and local climate: A case study near Santa Cruz, Bolivia, Meteor.
& Atmos. Physics, ISSN: 0177-7971 (paper) 1436-5065 (on line),
2003
• Eastman, Joseph L., Coughenour, Mike B., Pielke, Roger A.
Does Grazing Affect Regional Climate? Journal of Hydrometeorology
2001 2: 243-253
• Kang, L. & Chen, Y. –L. 1995 Dynamics of grasshopper communites
under different grazing intensities in Inner Mongolian steppes.
Entomologia Sinica 2, 265–281
• Li, X. –B., Chen, Y. –H., Shi, P. –J. & Chen, J. 2003 Detecting
vegetation fractional coverage of typical steppe in Northern China
based on multi-scale remotely sensed data. Acta Botanica Sinica 45,
1146–1156.
• Liu, J., Liu, M., Tian, H., Zhuang, D., Zhang, Z., Zhang, W.,
Tang, X., Deng, X., Spatial and temporal patterns of China’s
cropland during 1990–2000: An analysis based on Landsat TM
data, Remote Sensing of Environment 98 (2005) 442 – 456
List of Abbreviations/Definitions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fractional cover: Percent canopy cover
MODIS: Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
AVHRR: Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer
NDVI: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
EVI: Enhanced Vegetation Index
NDSVI: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
LSWI: Land Surface Water Index
NDWI: Normalized Difference Water Index
MOD09A1:Surface Reflectance 500m (VIS, NIR, SWIR)
MOD12Q1: MODIS land cover 1km
MOD13Q1: Vegetation Index 250m
MOD11A2: Land surface temperature 1km
MOD17A2: GPP/NPP 1km
IGBP: International Geosphere Biosphere Program
Monthly % Canopy cover dynamics for cropland cover (2005)
Monthly % Canopy cover dynamics for cropland cover (2005)
Monthly % Canopy cover dynamics for cropland cover
2005
1992
Monthly % Canopy cover dynamics for cropland cover