‘Lesser’ Subjunctive
Clauses
Dependent Subjunctives
Purpose
Result
Jussive Noun Clause
Indirect Question
Cum Circumstantial
Cum Causal
Cum Concessive
Qui Characteristic
Qui Purpose
Qui Result
Fearing Clauses
Prevention Clauses
Dum Clause/Proviso
Dependent Subjunctives
Purpose
Result
Jussive Noun Clause
Indirect Question
Cum Circumstantial
Cum Causal
Cum Concessive
Qui Characteristic
Qui Purpose
Qui Result
Fearing Clauses
Prevention Clauses
Dum Clause/Proviso
Remember???
Dependent Subjunctives use the Sequence of
Tenses except for cum clauses.
With
Primary
Tenses
With
Secondary
Tenses
Same Time
OR
After Main Verb
Before Main
Verb
Present Subj.
Perfect Subj.
Imperfect Subj.
Pluperfect Subj.
Fearing Clauses
Fearing Clauses occur when a verb or expression of fearing
introduces a subordinate clause that describes the thing
feared.
I am afraid that I may not have done well on that test.
I fear lest Latin give me a headache today.
This type of subordinate clause is called a Fearing Clause
and takes a Subjunctive Verb.
Fearing Clauses are introduced by either ut** or nē.
** In early Latin, the double negative nē . . . nōn is used in
the place of ut.**
Fearing Clauses
Therefore, Fearing Clauses can be described thus:
Verb of Fearing + ut/nē + Subjunctive
When translating a Fearing Clause, ut and nē are best
translated thus:
ut = that not
nē = lest/that
Fearing Clauses
Magnopere metuit nē filius in bellō moriātur.
He fears greatly lest (his) son (may) be killed in war.
Pater timēbat ut fīlius ē bellō redīsset.
The father was afraid that (his) son might not have
returned from war.
Ūna cūra sociōs movēbat: nē Rōmānī auxilium nōn
mitterent.
One care moved the allies: that the Romans would not
send help.
Practice
1.
Magnus mihi erat timor ut post haec Rōmam reditūrus essēs.

2.
Mīles glōriae cupidus metuit ut fortiter pugnāns ab imperātōre
nōn spectētur.

3.
The soldier, desirous of glory, feared that, fighting bravely, he
might not be seen by the general.
Dī mē amant nec metuō nē poenīs eōrum opprimar.

4.
Great was my fear that you had been fixin’ to return to Rome after
these things.
The gods love me and I do not fear lest I be attacked by their
punishments.
Haud cōnsulēs metuēbant nē quisquam ē cīvibus piīs urbem
hostibus trāderet.

The consuls hardly feared lest anyone out of the pious citizens
might hand over the city to the enemies.
Prevention Clauses
Prevention Clauses occur when a verb of hindering or
preventing introduces a subordinate clause that
expresses the action hindered or prevented.
This clause is called a Prevention Clause and is
introduced by quōminus (by which the less), nē
(that not), or quīn (that).
Therefore, a Prevention Clause can be described
thus:
Verb of Hindering + quōminus/nē/quīn + subjunctive
Prevention Clauses
Here is a list of the commonest verbs of hindering:
dēterreō, dēterrēre, dēterruī, dēterritus
to deter
obstō, obstāre, obstitī, obstātum
to hinder
prohibeō, prohibēre, prohibuī, prohibitus
to prohibit
vetō, vetāre, vetuī, vetitus
to forbid
Prevention Clauses
Translating Prevention Clauses into English is a little bit tricky
because English does not use a subordinate clause after a verb
of hindering:
Dēterrēbisne mē nē hoc faciam?
Will you prevent me from doing this?
In English, the gerund is used with the preposition from.
Therefore, although a full subordinate clause is employed in
Latin, one translates a Prevention Clause into English by the
phrase “from verbing ______”.
Prevention Clauses
Quid tibi obstat nē Rōmā discēdās?
What hinders you from departing (from) Rome?
Timor mē dēterruit quōminus in senātū bene dīcerem.
Fear deterred me from speaking well in the senate.
Bellum nōn dēterrēbit quīn agicolae in agrīs labōrent.
War will not deter the farmers from working in the fields.
Prevention Clauses
Two verbs of Hindering, vetō and prohibeō, however, DO
NOT use the Prevention Clause with a subjunctive verb.
Instead, they use the Accusative/Infinitive construction (cf.
Indirect Statement).
Caesar suōs prohibuit castra relinquere.
Caesar prohibited his men from leaving the camps.
Tē vetō dē hīs loquī.
I forbid you from speaking about these things.
Practice
1.
Vīsne mihi obstāre nē hoc quod incēpī opus cōnficiam?

2.
Vulnera saeva eum nōn impediēbant quīn in prīmā aciē stāret.

3.
Severe wounds did not stop him from standing on the front line.
Quae rēs tam gravis accidit ut ā mīlitibus Rōmānīs dēterreāmur nē in
forō adsīmus?

4.
Do you want to prevent me from completing this work that I have started?
What matter has happened so serious that we are deterred by the Roman
soldiers from being present in the forum?
Pater vōs vetuit, ō puerī, illās puellās per viās sequī. Ego quoque vōs
prohibeō.

Father has forbidden y’all, o boys, from following those girls through the
streets. I also prohibit y’all (from doing so).
Clauses of Dum!
•
•
A general dum clause starts with the word dum or
dōnec and can take either an indicative or
subjunctive verb.
If the verb is indicative, the clause is translated
normally, indicating that the action has been
accomplished.
Dum mē amābās, fēlīx eram.
While you were loving me, I was happy.
Dōnec Augustus Romam rexit, omnia bona erant.
While Augustus ruled Rome, everything was good.
Clauses of Dum!
•
•
•
A general dum cluse starts with the word dum or
dōnec and can take either an indicative or
subjunctive verb.
If the verb is subjunctive, the clause is translated
differently, indicating that the action is anticipated
and has not already been accomplished.
This is translated into English as “until . . .should”
Dum mē, Ō pulcherrima, amēs, dolore aeternō semper vivam!
Until you should love me, O most beautiful girl, I shall always live
in everlasting pain!
Clauses of Dum!
Dum mē amābās, fēlīx eram.
While you were loving me, I was happy.
In illō locō manēbant dum verba Cicerōnis audīrent.
They remained in that place, until they should hear the words of Cicero
------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------Dum mē, Ō pulcherrima, amās, dolore aeternō semper vivam!
While you should love me, O most beautiful girl, I shall always live in
everlasting pain!
Dum mē, Ō pulcherrima, amēs, dolore aeternō semper vivam!
Until you should love me, O most beautiful girl, I shall always live in
everlasting pain!
Proviso Clauses
•
•
•
•
When dum clause starts with the word dum, takes a verb in
the subjunctive and strengthens the clause with the word
modo, it is called a proviso clause.
Proviso clauses state the provision under which the even of
the main verb can occur.
Proviso clauses can be translated as either “provided that”
or “with the provision that”
Nē is used to negate a proviso clause
Magnō mē metū līberābis dum modo inter mē atque tē mūrus sit.
You will free me from great fear, provided that there is a wall between you and
me.
Iūlia poētās canentēs audiat dum verbum nē dīcat.**
Let Julia listen to the poets singing, with the provision that she not say a word.
Homework
•
HW 52