CIVICS IN PRACTICE
HOLT
Chapter 23
Foreign Policy
Section 1: Conducting Foreign Relations
Section 2: Working for Peace
Section 3: The United Nations
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CIVICS IN PRACTICE
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Section 1: Conducting Foreign Relations
The Main Idea
The United States has relationships with many foreign countries.
Both the president and Congress play roles in conducting
foreign policy.
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Reading Focus
What are the goals of U.S. foreign policy?
What are the president’s military and diplomatic powers?
What other governmental agencies help the president and
Congress conduct foreign policy?
How do the powers of Congress balance the president’s
powers?
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CIVICS IN PRACTICE
HOLT
Section 1: Conducting Foreign Relations
The purposes of foreign policy:
 Maintain national security
 Support democracy
 Promote world peace
 Provide aid to people in need
 Open trade
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CIVICS IN PRACTICE
HOLT
Section 1: Conducting Foreign Relations
The president’s military and diplomatic
powers:
 Military powers—commander in chief:
recommends military operations to Congress
 Diplomatic powers—makes treaties: peace
treaties, alliance treaties, commercial treaties;
executive agreements; appoints and receives
ambassadors; diplomatic recognition
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AND
WINSTON
CIVICS IN PRACTICE
HOLT
Section 1: Conducting Foreign Relations
Congress balances the president’s authority:
 The Senate Foreign Relations Committee and the
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House Committee on International Relations make
policy recommendations to the president.
Senate must approve treaties by a two-thirds vote.
Only Congress can declare war.
1973—War Powers Act limited the president’s power
to send troops abroad.
Congress must approve all spending of public funds
such as defense spending.
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SECTION 1
CIVICS IN PRACTICE
HOLT
Question: How do the powers of Congress
balance the president’s authority in foreign
relations?
Congress’s Foreign-Policy Powers
1. approves treaties and appointments
2. declares war
3. can invoke the War Powers Act
4. controls finances
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CIVICS IN PRACTICE
HOLT
Section 2: Working for Peace
The Main Idea
To promote peace and stability, the United States engages in
diplomacy with other nations. These alliances with other
countries serve mutual defense, economic, and other needs.
Reading Focus
 Why is diplomacy important; and what alliances has the
United States made with other countries to promote mutual
defense?
 What forms can U.S. foreign aid take?
 What organizations exist to promote international trade and
economic stability, and what does each one do?
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CIVICS IN PRACTICE
HOLT
Section 2: Working for Peace
NATO and its purpose today:
 North Atlantic Treaty Organization—a united
front against aggression by the Soviet Union and
its communist allies; established 1949
 Pledges an attack against one member is an
attack against all
 NATO’s Partnership for Peace Program—
countries participate in preparation for NATO
membership
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CIVICS IN PRACTICE
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Section 2: Working for Peace
The purpose and forms of foreign aid:
 Provides military or economic assistance to
another country
 Provides food, clothing, and housing to wartorn countries.
 Rebuilds factories, farms, and transportation
systems
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CIVICS IN PRACTICE
HOLT
Section 2: Working for Peace
The purpose and forms of foreign aid:
(continued)
 Helps countries maintain their independence
and become self-sufficient
 Provides humanitarian aid
 Peace Corps volunteers provide teaching,
engineering, agriculture, and health care
assistance.
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CIVICS IN PRACTICE
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Section 2: Working for Peace
Alliances and organizations promoting
international trade and economic stability:
 European Union (EU)—seeks free movement of
goods, workers, and capital
 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)—
allows free trade between Canada, United States, and
Mexico
 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Group (APEC)—
promotes cooperation among Asia-Pacific countries
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CIVICS IN PRACTICE
HOLT
Section 2: Working for Peace
Alliances and organizations promoting
international trade and economic stability:
 World Trade Organization (WTO)—sets rules for
international trade
 International Monetary Fund (IMF)—lends funds to
countries in need
 United Nations World Bank—offers another way for
countries to cooperate
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CIVICS IN PRACTICE
SECTION 2
HOLT
Question: What are the various forms of
U.S. foreign aid?
Humanitarian
Security
food
soldiers
clothes
arms
shelter
money
workers
information
money
The purpose of foreign aid is to provide economic or
military assistance to other countries.
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CIVICS IN PRACTICE
HOLT
Section 3: The United Nations
The Main Idea
The United Nations provides a forum in which countries
may discuss serious problems and work toward
solutions.
Reading Focus
 What is the United Nations and how is it organized?
 What is the role of the United Nations in the modern
world?
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CIVICS IN PRACTICE
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Section 3: The United Nations
The United Nations
1945—United Nations formed to promote
peaceful coexistence and worldwide cooperation;
countries pledged to save future generations
from war.
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Section 3: The United Nations
Six Divisions
 General Assembly—discusses, debates, and
recommends solutions to global issues
 Security Council—mainly responsible for peacekeeping
 International Court of Justice—handles
international legal disputes
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Section 3: The United Nations
Six Divisions (continued)
 Economic and Social Council—dedicated to
improving lives; conducts studies on world
populations
 Trusteeship Council—helped non-self-governing
colonies; suspended in 1994
 Secretariat—manages day-to-day activities and
provides services
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CIVICS IN PRACTICE
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Section 3: The United Nations
The Economic and Social Council
 Improves the lives of the world’s people
 Studies health, human rights, education,
narcotics, and world population
 Ensures the UN works together with
specialized agencies
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Section 3: The United Nations
Functions of the specialized agencies:
 Work to improve the lives of the world’s people
 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)—
helps countries grow better food and increase
production
 United Nations Educational, Scientific, and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO)—extends
educational opportunities
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Section 3: The United Nations
Functions of the specialized agencies:
(continued)
 World Meteorological Organization (WMO)—
promotes exchange of weather reports
 World Bank—makes loans and gives economic
and technical advice
 International Telecommunications Union
(ITU)—promotes electronic communication
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CIVICS IN PRACTICE
SECTION 3
HOLT
Question: Why was the United Nations formed, and what
are its six divisions?
General
Assembly
The
United Nations
was formed
Trusteeship
Council
to promote peaceful coexistence
and cooperation among nations,
maintain peace, and support
human rights.
International
Court of Justice
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Security
Council
Secretariat
Economic and
Social Council
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
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CIVICS IN PRACTICE
HOLT
Chapter 23 Wrap-Up
1. What is the purpose of foreign policy?
2. What foreign-policy powers does Congress have?
3. Why was NATO created, and what is the
Partnership for Peace program?
4. Why does the United States give foreign aid to
other countries, and what forms does it take?
5. What is the purpose of the United Nations, and
what are its six divisions?
6. What are the arguments for and against a
permanent UN army?
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON