Nationalism
The Unification of
European Nations
Or
The Road to World
War One
Nationalism
• Nationalism is defined as pride in one’s
country
– Strong feelings for one’s country.
– People who share a common language,
history heritage.
– Nationalism causes people to join together
Nationalism
• 6 bonds that unify a
people
– common religion
– common language
– common ethnicity or
ancestry
– common history
– common land
– common culture
Nationalism
• Good
– Can work to bring people
together.
– Give people a common
goal.
– Pride or loyalty to one’s
country.
• Bad
– Can pull countries apart.
– Can cause revolts and
wars within the country.
– Extreme nationalism can
cause world wars because
one country feels it is
better then another.
Nationalism
• Nation-state
– When the nation has it’s own independent
government.
Nationalism
• Nationalism can be like a
bomb and split nations
apart
– Russia
– Ottoman Empire
– Austro-Hungarian
• These nations/empires
controlled vast numbers
of different ethnic
groups who wanted self
government.
Nationalism
• Nationalism can be
like a magnet and
bring people together
to create nationstates.
• Places like Italy and
Germany
Italy and Nationalism
• After the fall of the
Roman Empire Italy had
been a nation of small
states.
• Napoleon united Italy
into the Kingdom of
Italy.
• The Congress of Vienna
redivided Italy and
placed Italy under the
rule of Austria.
• Italy continued to remain
a country of small feudal
states
Italian Unification
• In 1849 the King of
Sardinia Victor
Emmanuel II and
Count Camillo
Cavour began to
work for Italian
unification
The Three Leaders of Italy
• Count Camillo
Cavour
– Used alliances with
Prussia and France to
drive out the
Austrians.
Italian Unification
• Cavour used the rivalry between Austria
and France to start a war between both
countries
• Cavour sided Italy with France and
together Italy and France drove the
Austrians out of northern Italy by 1859
• Northern Italy was turned over to the
Italians
The Three Leaders of Italy
• Giuseppe Mazzini
– Formed the Young
Italy Movement in
1831.
– Was exiled for his
views.
– His writing and
speeches inspired
other nationalist.
The Three Leaders of Italy
• Giuseppe Garibaldi
– Lead forces (Red
Shirts) which helped
control the north and
south of Italy.
Italian Unification
• In the south Garibaldi started a
revolutionary movement to drive the
Spanish out of Italy
• Garibaldi’s followers known as Red Shirts
began attacking the Spanish in Sicily
• In 1860 the Red Shirts and Garibaldi had
driven the Spanish out of Italy
• Finally in 1870 the French withdrew from
Italy leaving it a newly unified country
Italian Unification
• By 1861 most of Italy was unified
• Victory Emmanuel II became king of the
newly unified Italy
German
Nationalism
Germany and Nationalism
• Most Germans lived in
small states to which they
felt loyalty.
• The German region had
not been unified since
the decline of
Charlemagne’s Holy
Roman Empire
• Nationalist called for a
unified Germany.
Germany and Nationalism
• The Rise of Prussia
– Prussia establishes itself as
the strongest of the
German states.
– Bismarck is appointed
Chancellor of Prussia
– Prussia wanted to unify
the German regions into a
powerful nation-state to
compete against other
European nations
Germany and Nationalism
• Otto von Bismarck
– Strong political leader
– Did not believe in
nationalism but saw
unification as a way
to make the King of
Prussia the King of
Germany.
Germany and Nationalism
• Realpolitik
– Bismarck’s idea of
politics.
– Means “the politics of
reality”
– Tough power politics
with no room for
ideals
– No friends, don’t
trust anyone.
Germany and Nationalism
• Blood and Iron
– Bismarck believed
that the only way to
unify Germany was
through “blood and
iron” or war.
– In 7 years Prussia
fought 3 wars
Franco-Prussian War
• Franco-Prussian War 1870
• Used nationalism and hatred against France and Napoleon
to invade France.
• Bismarck and the Prussian formed an alliance with the
Catholic states along the French boarder to stop French
aggression
• In 1870 Bismarck provokes a war with France and France
declares war on Prussia
• The Catholic states now become unified under Prussia in a
effort to fight the war
• By 1871 the Prussian win the war
• Prussia gains land from France.
• Germany is unified
Germany and Nationalism
• In 1871 the German states unite under the
Prussian king William I.
• William calls himself Kaiser which means
emperor.
Results of German Nationalism
• Germany quickly industrialized and became a
world power
• Germany quickly developed a strong army and
navy
• Germany further began to colonize in Africa
and Asia
• By 1888 Bismarck was out favor with the
socialist
• In 1890 William II dismissed Bismarck
• By 1914 Germany felt it was strong enough to
handle any European power.
Zionism
• Anti-Semitism
– Hatred of the Jews
• In 73 CE the Jews had be
exiled from their homeland in
Palestine/Israel by the
Romans.
• This was called the Diaspora.
• Jews had to find other places
to lived and many moved into
Europe
• The Jews had no homeland or
country to call their own
Zionism
• Some countries in Eastern Europe began
to expel and in some cases even murder
their Jewish populations.
• As Anti-Semitism grew Jews knew they
needed to find their own homeland
Zionism
• Jews began buying
property in Palestine
from Arab
landholders
• They organized into
farming Communities
• In 1896 a Jewish
Journalist Theodor
Herzl witnessed the
horrors of AntiSemitism in France
and called for Jews to
from their own
Zionism
• Herzl’s movement was called Zionism
• It was devoted to creating an independent
nation state in Palestine
• In 1947 the nation state of Israel was
created