Peace Operations
The Regionalization of Peace Operations
1
Content
1) Conceptual challenge and Political issue
2) Legal aspects
3) Historical evolution
4) Advantage et inconvenient
5) Inventory
6) New trend: interinstitutional cooperation
7) Conclusion
2
1. Conceptual challenge and political
issue
1.1. Various meanings (positive)
• Increasing RO involvement in Peace
Operations
• Selective commitment of Big Powers
• Regional contributing countries
3
1. Conceptual challenge and political
issue (2)
1.2. Various meanings (Negative)
• Fading out of UN role
• Lack of interest of Western powers for
“out-of-area” conflicts
• Withdrawal of Western powers from
selected areas
4
2. Legal aspects
UN Charter : Chapter VIII
• Art.52 §1 : « do not prevent » if
« compatible »
• §2 et 3 : implicit subsidiarity principle
(Chapter VI)
• Art.53 : SC monopole for coercive
action (Chapter VII)
5
3. Historical evolution
3.1. An agenda for peace (1992)
• Increasing role of RO
• Pragmatic approach
• Method: subordination
• UN AG Resolution (1993)
6
3. Historical evolution (2)
3.2. Supplement to An Agenda for Peace
4 methods of cooperation:
• Consultation
• Diplomatic support
• Task sharing
• Joint operation
7
3. Historical evolution (3)
4 principles:
• UN-RO consultation mechanisms
• United Nations primacy
• Clear tasks sharing
• Consistency of member states action
8
3. Historical Evolution (4)
3.3. Brahimi Report (2000)
• « Encourage UN-RO cooperation»
• Disparity of RO capacities
• Training and support to RO
9
3. Historical Evolution (4)
3.4. Recent trends
• SC Presidential Statement
• Increasing number of actors
10
11
4. Advantages and Inconvenient
4.1. Advantages
• Proximity
• Rapidity
• Involvement and commitment
• Higher consensus probability
• Parties consent
• Non involvement of external powers
12
4. Advantages and inconvenient
4.2. Inconvenient
• Neutrality more difficult
• Agenda of regional powers
• Capacity
• Legitimacy
• External influence
13
4. Advantages and inconvenient
4.3. Underlying political debate
• Central role of Security Council
• Western troops under Blue Helmet?
• Enhancement of regional peacekeeping
capacities
14
5. Inventory
5.1. Organization of American States
• RO recognized by UN
• Non military contributions in the 90s
(Salvador, Haiti)
• No planning capacity for military operations
15
5. Inventory (2)
5.2. ASEAN
• More a forum than an OR
• Preference for UN action (Cambodia)
• Ad hoc coalition (Eastern Timor)
16
5. Inventory (3)
5.3. European Union
• Headline Goal (Helsinki 1999) : 60 000 soldiers
• 13 « Battlegroups »
• Shortfalls : strategic tpt., comm., intelligence
• UE staff but no planning capacity
« Berlin plus »
17
5. Inventory (4)
5.4. OSCE
Support to peace operations (niche between EU
and NATO) :
• Reform of security sector
• Election Process
• Human rights monitoring
18
5. Inventory (5)
5.5. African Union
• Peace and Security Council
• Stand-by African Forces (FAA)
• 1 brigade (5000 h.) in each of the 5
subregions
• 6 scenarios
• RECAMP, ACRI, ACOTA (African Contingency Operations Training
and Assistance program)
19
5. Inventory (6)
5.6. NATO
• Military alliance turned to regional security
organization
• Structures and efficiency inherited from the
Cold War
• Balkans : SFOR, IFOR, KFOR
• Afghanistan : ISAF
• NATO Response Force (NRF) : 17 000 .
20
6. New Trend : Interinstitutional
Cooperation
- Tasks Sharing (Afgh., Kosovo)
- Sequential Deployment (Chad)
- Joint Operation (« Hybrid »)
21
Joint Appointments
Joint Special
Representative
Force
Force Commander
Commander
Deputy
Deputy Force
Force
Commander
Commander
Deputy Joint
Representative
Police
Commissioner
Deputy Police
Commissioner
22
Peace and
Security
Council
Security
Council
Commission
Peace and
Security
Secretary
General
Darfur Desk
DPKO
Joint Support
Coordination
Mechanism
Joint Special
Representative
UNAMID
Security
Council
Peace and
Security
Council
Commission
UNSG
Peace and
Security
Darfur Desk
DPKO
Joint Special
Representative
UNAMID
Joint Support
Coordination
Mechanism
7. Conclusion
• Various meanings of ‘Regionalization’
• Heterogeneity with Western supremacy
• Primacy of UN Security Council?
• Main Powers involvement?
• Risk of proliferation of regional and
subregional actors?
25
Peace and Security African Architecture
Peace and
Security
Council
Panel of
the Wises
African Peace
Fund
Peace and
Security
Department
Chairman of the
AU Commission
Military Staff
African Stand-By
Forces
IGAD
Intergovernmental
Authority for
Development
North
Africa
ECOWAS
Economic
Community of
Western African
States
CEMAC
SADC
Communauté
économique et
monétaire de
l’Afrique centrale
South African
Development
Community
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34