The Great Awakening
• Religious movement in the 1730s and 1740s.
• Preached ideas that went against Puritan beliefs
and teachings.
• JONATHAN EDWARDS – one of the best known
preachers of the time – his sermon, “Sinners in
the Hands of an Angry God”, urged believers to
develop a personal relationship with God.
• This movement revitalized American religion by
adding emotion.
• The Abolitionist Movement began in response to
the Great Awakening.
William Penn
• William Penn established a colony in North
America as a refuge for Quakers. The land grant
from the King was called “Pennsylvania” or Penn’s
Woods. Supported toleration of the Native
Americans, freedom of worship, welcomed
immigrants, and did not require citizens to serve
in the militia.
• Believed that each person was equal and allowed
them to elect their own government officials.
Explain the reasons for the
development of representative
government in Colonial America
• Representative governments often
develop to meet the political,
economic, and social needs of the
people who hold similar beliefs.
Benjamin Franklin
• Inventor, Scientist, Founding Father
• 1706 – 1790
• Published Poor Richard’s Almanack; sayings in his book helped shape the
American character, such as “early to bed, early to rise, makes a man
healthy, wealthy, and wise.
• Founded the first public library in the colonies, supported education; Post
Master General for all the colonies
• Scientist: Enlightenment: believed that through study and knowledge a
person could improve his position in life
• Member of the committee that wrote the Declaration of Independence
• Created the Albany Plan of Union – the first attempt to unite the colonies
during the French and Indian War
• Considered to be the “first civilized American”
• Invented the lightening rod, bifocal glasses, and the Franklin stove
Major Eras and Events in U.S. History –
Colonial America
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Exploration and Colonization
Establishment of the 13 colonies
Representative Democracy
Mercantilism
Religious Freedom
What are some reasons for
European Exploration
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Reasons for Exploration:
Religion
Wealth
Fame
National pride
Curiosity
Faster, cheaper trade routes to Asia
What are some reasons for European
colonization of North America
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Reasons for Colonization:
Religious freedom
Political freedom
Economic opportunity (mercantilism)
Social mobility
A better way of life
Political reasons for establishing the 13
English Colonies
• Political Reasons for establishing the 13
English Colonies:
• Political
• Competition with Spain and France who
already had many colonies in North America
• Increase trade and markets for English exports
(mercantilism)
• Source of raw materials
What are some reasons for
European Exploration
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Reasons for Exploration:
Religion
Wealth
Fame
National pride
Curiosity
Faster, cheaper trade routes to Asia
Religious reasons for establishing
the 13 English Colonies
• Religious reasons for establishing the 13
English Colonies:
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• Seeking religious freedom
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• Freedom from persecution for religious beliefs
Social reasons for establishing
the 13 English Colonies:
• Social reasons for establishing the 13 English
Colonies:
• Opportunity for adventure and a better way of
life
• England was overcrowded and settlers desired
their own land
Reasons for Growth of Representative
Government and Institutions During
the Colonial Period
• Distance from England created a need for
colonists to make their own laws and keep
peace and order
• Colonists were accustomed to English
traditions and structures (Parliament)
• Most colonies were self-governing, electing
members of their community to a general
assembly, which made their laws
How did Religion and Virtue Contribute to
the Growth of Representative Government
in the American Colonies
• Religious freedom was a cause for the
establishment of the American colonies.
• Religious groups: Quakers, Pilgrims, Puritans,
and others) creating communities that were
self-governed.
• Penn colony (Pennsylvania) was an experiment
in the possibility of equality and citizens
involved in the government.
Effects of Political, Economic, and Social
Factors on Slaves During the Colonial
Period
• Slaves During the Colonial Period:
• Political – no political voice; no rights
• Economic – labor of the Plantation System;
considered property; children considered
property and sold with no regard to parents
• Social – viewed as property; viewed as outside
the American identity
Effects of Political, Economic, and
Social Factors on Free Blacks During
the Colonial Period
• Free Blacks During the Colonial Period:
• Political – no political voice; limited / restricted
rights
• Economic – low wage earners
• Social – lowest social class; limited access to
education; socially isolated
Physical and Human Geographic
Factors on Colonization:
• Proximity to the Atlantic coastline determined
where settlements/colonies were created
• Human geographic factors – removal of the
Native Americans, disease and conflict; for
example, Georgia was a buffer between the
other British colonies and Spanish Florida
1607
• Year in which representatives of the Virginia
company of London established the first
permanent English settlement in north
America at jamestown,virginia.
Mayflower Compact
• Written in 1620 by male Pilgrims on the
Mayflower. Created government where none
had existed based on majority rule.
• A social contract where all agreed to abide by
these rules in the colonies.
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
• First written constitution in the colonies;
document that people had the right to elect
governors, judges, and a legislature. Was
written by the people; the fact that it was
written down gave the document credibility.
Mercantilism
• Economic theory in which a nation’s wealth is
based on the amount of revenue is generated
from its colonies.
• The more gold and silver a nation has
determine its wealth.
Slave Trade
• The buying and selling of millions of Africans
to North America.
Triangular Trade Route
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Trade route from:
Europe→Africa
Africa→West Indies
West Indies→Europe
Plantation System
• System of agricultural production based on
large scale landownership; depended upon
slave labor; Assisted in the development of an
agrarian society in the South.
House of Burgesses
• First elected body of representatives in the
American colonies; met in Williamsburg,
Virginia.
• Based on Parliament.
New England Colonies
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Along the Atlantic Coast
Subsistence farming
Poor soil
Cold climate
Forests
Economic factors: raw materials, logging, fishing
shipbuilding
• Political factors: town meetings, representative
government
• Social factors: small coastal towns (Boston only large city)
• Religious factors: Puritans, Pilgrims
Middle Colonies
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Rich soil
Broad, deep rivers
More natural ports
River valleys
Mild winters
Raw materials
Economic factors: large farms, logging, fishing, shipbuilding
Political factors: more tolerance; diversity
Social factors small coastal towns (Philadelphia, Baltimore,
New York were large cities)
• Religious factors: Quakers, Catholics
Southern Colonies
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Appalachian Mountains
Navigable rivers
Richer soil
Warm climate
Raw materials
Economic factors: plantations, cash crops, tobacco, rice,
cotton
• Political factors: more slaves, more class-based society
• Social factors and small coastal towns (Savannah,
Charleston were large cities)
• Religious factors: Church of England, Catholics (Maryland),
more diverse
Effects of Physical and Human
Geographic Factors on Major Historical
and Contemporary Events
• Physical geographic factors – proximity to Atlantic
coastline determined where settlements/colonies were
created
• The New England Middle colonies had access to
waterways that resulted in high population and larger
urban areas.
• Southern colonies had an abundant amount of fertile
soil that resulted in an agricultural society
• Human geographic factors – removal of the Native
Americans, disease and conflict (ex. Georgia as a buffer
between the other British colonies and Spanish Florida)
Great Awakening
• Religious movement in the 1730s and 1740s.
• Preached personal salvation as opposed to the
Puritan beliefs of pre-destination.
• JONATHAN EDWARDS – one of the best known
preachers of the time – his sermon, “Sinners in
the Hands of an Angry God” urged believers to
develop a personal relationship with God.
• This movement revitalized American religion by
adding emotion. The Abolitionist Movement
began in response to the Great Awakening.
American Revolution Era, 1775 - 1783
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Taxation without Representation
Boston Massacre
Boston Tea Party
Unalienable Rights
Battles of Lexington and Concord, Saratoga,
and Yorktown
• Declaration of Independence
• Articles of Confederation
1776
• *Adoption of the Declaration of Independence
• *Main Author: Thomas Jefferson
• *Committee Included: Ben Franklin, John
Adams, Roger Livingston
• *“Common Sense”
• Written by: Thomas Paine
Causes of the American Revolution
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Proclamation of 1763
Stamp Act
Intolerable Acts
Mercantilism
Lack of representation in Congress
British economic policies following the French
and Indian War
Proclamation of 1763
• *British Parliament law; colonists were
forbidden to settle west of the Appalachian
Mountains, *Britain wanted a buffer zone
between the colonists and the Native
Americans, but the colonists wanted to settle
the fertile Ohio River Valley
Stamp Act, 1765
• Required all legal documents and papers have an
official stamp showing that a tax had been paid.
• British used this to generate revenue to help
cover the cost of the French and Indian War;
• colonists reacted by rioting through groups such
as the Sons of Liberty;
• Stamp Act Congress meets in October, 1765, to
take action and ask Parliament to repeal the act.
Coercive / Intolerable Acts, 1774
• British reaction to the Boston Tea Party
• Closed the port of Boston until tea was paid for
• Restructured Massachusetts government by
taking away local control
• Troops were quartered in Boston and British
officials accused of crimes were sent to England
or Canada for trial
• Colonists reacted by boycotting British goods
• First Continental Congress is formed, September,
1774
Mercantilism
• A system by which a nation increases its wealth
and power by obtaining from its colonies gold,
silver, and other raw materials.
• It includes a favorable balance of trade.
• The colonies became a source of raw materials
for the mother country (England.)
• The colonies are expected to be the purchasers of
manufactured goods from the mother country.
• Belief that a colony exists for the economic
benefit of the mother country.
Taxation without Representation
• Since the formation of the colonies, the colonists
had set up their own legislative assemblies.
• Colonists were unhappy about Britain’s insistence
on the supremacy of Parliament (taxation).
• The debate turned into one regarding
representation in Britain’s law-making body
(Parliament).
• Britain argued that the colonies had “virtual
representation.”
Abigail Adams
• Wife of John Adams
• Served as John Adams’ confidant and support
while he served in the Continental Congress,
when John and others were considering a
declaration of independence.
• Abigail reminded him to “remember the ladies”;
take care of the women who could not hold
themselves bound by laws in which they had no
voice.
• Advocate for women’s rights.
John Adams
• Lawyer and politician
• Defended the British soldiers after the Boston
Massacre
• A member of the Continental Congress
(representing Massachusetts)
• Strong supporter of independence
• Member of the committee that wrote the
Declaration of Independence
Wentworth Cheswell
• African American Patriot
• Like Paul Revere, he made an all-night ride
back from Boston to warn his community tof
the impending British invasion
• Served in the Continental Army
• Fought at the Battle of Saratoga
Sam Adams
• American Patriot
• Played a role in many of the events which
contributed to the Revolution
• Including: Sons of Liberty, organized
opposition to the Stamp Act and the Boston
Massacre
• Member of the Continental Congress
(representing Massachusetts)
• Cousin to John Adams.
Mercy Otis Warren
• Wife of a Massachusetts Patriot
• Anonymously wrote several propaganda
pieces supporting the Patriot cause
James Armistead
• Slave in Virginia
• *Marquis de Lafayette recruited him as a spy for
the Continental Army.
• *Posed as a double agent, forger and servant at
British headquarters.
• *He moved freely between the lines with vital
information on British troop movements for
Lafayette
• *Contributed to the American victory at
Yorktown.
Benjamin Franklin
• *A member of the committee that wrote the
Declaration of Independence.
• *Spent most of the time during the American
Revolution in France.
• *He represented the colonies as the American
envoy starting in 1776 and returned in 1785.
• *He negotiated the alliance with France for
support after the victory at Saratoga.
• *Member of the committee that negotiated the
terms for the Treaty of Paris in 1783 that ended
the war.
Bernardo de’ Galvez
• Spanish nobleman
• *Became governor of the Spanish province of
Louisiana (January 1777)
• *protected American ships in the port of New
Orleans
• *helped transport war supplies
• *took up arms to fight the British and protect
Louisiana
Crispus Attucks
• African American male
• Unemployed dockworker in Boston, MA
• Became the first casualty (first to die) of the
American Revolution
• Shot and killed in what became known as the
Boston Massacre, March 5, 1770.
King George III
• King of England during the Revolutionary Era
• *Feared the loss of one group of colonies
would lead to the loss of others and the
eventual decline of the empire.
• *To prevent this, the Crown maintained an
aggressive policy against colonial resistance.
• George III struggled to enforce royal authority
throughout his reign.
Haym Solomon
• Polish-born Jewish immigrant to America
• Played an important role in financing the American
Revolution
• Arrested by the British as a spy
• Used by the British as an interpreter with their German
troops
• Helped British prisoners escape and encouraged
German soldiers to desert the British Army
• Became a broker to the French consul and paymaster
to French troops in the American Revolution
Patrick Henry
• Member of the Virginia House of Burgesses
• Spoke against the Stamp Act
• Famous quote, “Give me liberty, or give me
death!”
• During the American Revolution he served in
the Continental Army
Thomas Jefferson
• Virginian
• Early leader in the American Revolution
• Delegate to the Constinental Congress in
Philadelphia in 1776
• Member of the committee that wrote the
Declaration of Independence
• Chief author of the Declaration of
Independence
Marquis de Lafayette
• *French aristocrat who joined Washington and
his troops at Valley Forge, PA
• *Played a leading role in both the American
and French Revolutions
• *Respected the concepts of liberty and
freedom and a constitutional government
• *Commanded forces under George
Washington as a major-general in the
Continental Army
Thomas Paine
• Propagandist
• Journalist
• In January, 1776, published a pamphlet,
“Common Sense”
• Persuaded many Americans to join the Patriot
cause.
George Washington
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*Virginian
*surveyor, planter
*a soldier in the French and Indian War
*a delegate to the First and Second
Continental Congresses
• *commander-in-chief of the Continental Army
during the American Revolution.
Issues Surrounding Important Events
of the American Revolution
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Declaring Independence
Writing the Articles of Confederation
Battles of Lexington and Concord
Battle of Saratoga
Battle of Yorktown
Enduring the winter at Valley Forge
Signing the Treaty of Paris 1783
Declaration of Independence
• Reaction to King George III’s refusal to acknowledge
the colonial requests/demands, “dissolve the political
bands” with Britain, provided philosophy for the
establishment of the new nation
• “…all men are created equal and endowed by their
creator with unalienable rights, that among these are
life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness”
• Listed grievances against the King of England
• Written by Thomas Jefferson
• July 4, 1776
• Second Continental Congress; Philadelphia
Writing of the Articles of
Confederation
• Occurred at the Second Continental Congress
• Created a new form of government for the
independent colonies
• Included one branch – a Congress
• Each state had one vote
• Created a very weak government with no
executive
Major Battles of the American
Revolution
• Lexington and Concord: Shot ‘heard round the
world; first battles of the American
Revolution; April 19, 1775
• Saratoga: turning point of the war; France
joined the colonists after this victory, tipping
the scales in their favor
• Yorktown: surrender of Cornwallis to the
British
Enduring the Winter at Valley Forge
• Winter, 1777
• After suffering several defeats, Washington took his
army to Valley Forge for the winter of 1777
• Outbreak of small pox
• Martha Washington came to help care for the men
• The men were trained by Frederick von Steuben to
become a more professional army rather than militias
• Thomas Paine wrote “American Crisis” to encourage
the men to stay the course and follow through with the
revolution to the end
Treaty of Paris, 1783
• 1783
• Peace treaty that ended the American
Revolutionary War and recognized American
independence
• Great Britain gave up almost all of its land
claims in North America
• Boundaries extended to Canada in the north,
the Mississippi River in the west, and Florida
in the South
Colonial Grievances listed in the
Declaration of Independence and how
those grievances were addressed in the
U.S. Constitution
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Grievance in Declaration of Independence
Constitution
Taxation without representation
All states have representation in Congress, which sets taxes
King has absolute power
Congress has the power to override Presidential veto
Colonists not allowed to speak out against the King
1st Amendment – Freedom of Speech
Quartering Act forced colonists to house troops
3rd Amendment – No quartering of Troops
allowed homes to be searched without warrants
4th Amendment – No unwarranted search & seizure
No trial by jury of peers
6th amendment—Speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury
7th amendment—Right of trial by jury
Unalienable Rights
• Fundamental rights, or natural rights,
guaranteed to people naturally instead of by
the law.
• In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas
Jefferson said these are the right to “life,
liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”
Civil Disobedience
• The concept of refusing to follow laws within a
community or ignoring the policies and
government of a state or a nation when a person
considers the laws unjust.
*Refusing to follow laws considered to be
unlawful and/or unconstitutional.
• *Examples include boycotts, protests, refusal to
pay taxes
• *Boston Tea Party is an example of civil
disobedience.
Different Points of View of Interest
Groups During the American Revolution
• Loyalists – these were colonists who remained
loyal to the British monarchy and did not feel
taxation was a reason to declare independence
or break away from the mother country.
Different Points of View of Interest
Groups During the American Revolution
• Patriots were colonists who favored breaking
away from Great Britain and becoming an
independent country
John Paul Jones
• Founder of the United States Navy
• Led raids on British vessels during the
American Revolution
• During a fight with a British vessel he was told
to surrender. Instead, Jones said, “I have not
yet begun to fight” and was able to defeat the
attacking British ship
Boston Massacre
• Engraving of the Boston Massacre by Paul Revere
• March 5, 1770
• Event in which British soldiers fired into a crowd
of unarmed citizens of Boston
• Killed five
• This engraving was used as propaganda to
encourage patriotic sympathies and support for
American Independence
• Paul Rever, a silversmith and engraver, was also a
member of the Boston Sons of Liberty
Yankee Doodle
• *Song sung by British military to mock the
unorganized colonial “Yankees” who served
in the French and Indian War with British
soldiers.
• *The meaning of the song implies that the
Americans are so “simple” they think simply
sticking a feather in a cap would make them
fashion leaders.
French and Indian War
• *Fighting between the British and the French for control of
North America.
• *Allies of the French were the Native Americans, or Indians.
• *Broke out in the Ohio River Valley in 1756. Throughout the
world it was known as the Seven Years’ War
• *Ben Franklin suggested that the colonies join together to
fight against the French in the Albany Plan of Union.
*This was the first attempt to unify the colonies
• *French and Indians were defeated.
• * British became in debt because of the war and taxed the
colonists as a result.