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A list of molecules mentioned in the IB biology assessment statements:
1. Carbohydrate
a. Monosaccharide
i.
Glucose 1. C6H12O6
2. Made in photosynthesis
3. Used in cellular respiration
ii.
Ribose
1. C5H10O5
2. Has an -OH on carbon 2
3. Sugar in RNA
iii.
Deoxyribose
1. C5H10O4
2. Deoxy = missing an O off carbon 2
3. Sugar in DNA
b. Disaccharide
i.
Lactose
1. Food for baby mammals (in milk)
2. Glucose + Galactose = lactose
ii.
Maltose
1. Food for baby plants (in seeds)
2. Glucose + Glucose = maltose
c. Polysaccharide
i.
Cellulose
1. Plant cell wall - provides structural support for the plant (with turgor pressure)
2. Made of thousands of beta- glucose monomers connected together
3. Not digestible by humans, is “fiber”
ii.
Starch
1. Made by plants
2. Function = storage of glucose
3. Polymer of alpha-glucose connected together in a condensation reaction, carbon 1 to
carbon 4
4. Amylose - unbranched starch molecule
5. Amylopectin - has branches
iii.
Glycogen
1. Made by animals
2. Function = storage of glucose
3. Polymer of alpha-glucose connected together in a condensation reaction, carbon 1 to
carbon 4
4. Very highly branched
2. Lipid
a. Phospholipids
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i.
Cell membrane
1. Form a bilayer
2. Causes fluidity
ii.
Amphipathic
1. 2 hydrophobic fatty acid tails on inside of the bilayer
2. 1 hydrophilic phosphate head on the outside of the bilayer
b. Cholesterol
i.
Embedded in the tails of the membrane bilayer
ii.
4 carbon rings
iii.
Regulates fluidity of the cell membrane with temperature changes
c. Cholesterol derived hormones
i.
Testosterone
1. Primarily a male hormone
2. Produced by Leydig cells the testis
3. Primary sexual characteristics - born with
a. Penis and testis
4. Secondary sexual characteristics: - show up at puberty
a. Muscle mass
b. Deepening of voice
c. Sex drive
d. hair
ii.
Estrogen
1. Primarily a female
2. Produced by follicles in the ovary and placenta
3. Primary sexual characteristics
a. Vagina, ovaries
4. Secondary sexual characteristics: - show up at puberty
a. Breast development
b. Storage of fat
c. Beginning of menstruation
d. Pubic hair
iii.
Progesterone
1. Only in female
2. “Pro” = for “gest” = pregnancy “strone” = lipid hormone
3. Secreted by the ovaries for monthly growth of the endometrium
4. Secreted by placenta to maintains pregnancy
d. Fatty acid
i.
Hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group
ii.
Saturated
1. Saturated = full of hydrogens, no C=C
iii.
Unsaturated
1. Monounsaturated - one C=C
2. Polyunsaturated - many C=C
3. Cis
a. H are on the same side of the C=C
b. Occurs naturally
c. Plant oils
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4. transa. H are on the opposite sides of the C=C
b. Does not occur naturally
c. Not healthy
e. Triglycerides
i.
3 fatty acids bonded to 1 glycerol through three condensation reactions
ii.
Long term energy storage (more than 12 hours)
iii.
Fats - animals, fatty acids are saturated
iv.
Oils - plants, fatty acids are unsaturated
3. Nucleic acid
a. Nucleotide
i.
Dideoxynucleotide
b. DNA
i.
Genes
1. Oncogene
2. Sickle cell gene
3. Sex linked (color blindness and hemophilia)
4. Cystic fibrosis
5. Huntington’s
6. PKU
ii.
Non- coding regions
1. Tandem repeats
2. promoter
iii.
Chromosome (autosome vs sex)
1. Nucleosome
2. Chromatids
3. homologous
iv.
Plasmid
c. RNA
i.
mRNA (codon)
ii.
tRNA (anticodon)
4. Protein
a. Amino acid
b. Polypeptide
c. Membrane proteins
i.
Integral protein
ii.
Peripheral protein
d. Named enzymes:
i.
Helicase
ii.
Gyrase
iii.
Primase
iv.
DNA polymerase III
v.
DNA polymerase I
vi.
Ligase
vii.
RNA polymerase
viii.
tRNA activating enzymes (amino-acyl tRNA synthetase)
ix.
Taq Polymerase
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e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
x.
Rubisco
xi.
Immobilized enzymes
xii.
Restriction enzymes (endonucleases)
xiii.
ATP synthase
xiv.
Carboxylase
xv.
Amylase
xvi.
Lipase
xvii.
Protease (pepsin and trypsin)
Named hormones
i.
Insulin
ii.
Glucagon
iii.
Thyroxin
iv.
Leptin
v.
Melatonin
vi.
Epinephrine
vii.
FSH
viii.
LH
ix.
HCG
x.
ADH
xi.
Oxytocin
xii.
Growth hormone
xiii.
Prolactin
xiv.
auxin
Named pigments
i.
Rhodopsin
ii.
chlorophyll
Named transport proteins
i.
Sodium-potassium pump
ii.
Potassium channel
iii.
Hemoglobin
iv.
Fetal hemoglobin
v.
Myoglobin
vi.
Ferritin
Structural proteins:
i.
Silk
ii.
Collagen
iii.
Histones
iv.
Single stranded binding proteins
Contraction related:
i.
Actin
ii.
Myosin
iii.
Tropomyosin
iv.
troponin
Immune system related
i.
Immunoglobulin
ii.
antibodies
iii.
Fibrinogen
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5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
iv.
Fibrin
v.
Thrombin
vi.
Histamine
vii.
Antigen
k. Other examples:
i.
Cyclins
Carbon cycle related
a. Methane
b. Calcium carbonate
c. Nitrogen oxides
Cell respiration related
a. Oxygen (O2)
b. pyruvate
c. ATP
d. acetly-CoA
e. NAD
f. FAD
g. Protons
h. electrons
i. Ethanol
j. CO2
k. Lactate
Photosynthesis related
a. NADP
b. Photosystems
c. RUBP (ribulose bisphosphate)
d. PGA (glycerate 3-phosphate)
e. G3P (triose phosphate)
Important ions
a. Sodium ion
b. Potassium ion
c. Calcium ion
d. Phosphate group
e. Iron
Other molecules
a. Urea
b. Water
c. Glycerol
d. Penicillin
e. HIV virus
f. Acetylcholine
g. Neonicotinoid pesticides
Nutrition related (option D)
a. “Vitamins”
b. “Essential”
c. ascorbic acid
d. Vitamin D