EXERCISE THERAPY
AYUSH YADAV
 Goniometery – Pg. No. - 03
 Principles of Goniometer – Pg. No. - 04
 Precautions and Contraindications – Pg. No. - 05
 Types Of Goniomter – Pg. No. – 06-09
 Hip Joint – Pg. No. - 10
 Movements at Hip Joint – Pg. No. - 11
 Flexion – Pg. No. - 12
 Extension – Pg. No. - 13
 Abduction – Pg. No. - 14
 Adduction – Pg. No. - 15
 Internal Rotation – Pg. No. - 17
 External Rotation – Pg. No. - 18
GONIOMETRY
•
•
A Goniometer is a device that measures an
angle or permits the rotation of an object to
a definite position.
The art and science of measuring the joint
ranges in each plane of the joint are called
Goniomety.
Principle of
goniometer
A Goniometer is a device used in physical therapy to
measure a joint's range of motion (ROM).
There are two "arms"—one that is Stationary and
one that is Movable—that are hinged together by an
Axis. Each is positioned at specific points on the body
with the center of the goniometer aligned at the joint
of interest.
PRECAUTIONS AND
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Joint measurement must always be done carefully.
The following situations call for extreme caution:
 The client has joint inflammation or an infection.
 The client is taking either medication for pain or
muscle relaxants.
 The client has osteoporosis, hypermobility, or
subluxation of a joint.
 The client has hemophilia.
 The client has a hematoma.
 The client has just had an injury to soft tissue.
 The client has a newly united fracture.
 The client has undergone prolonged
immobilization.
 Bony ankyloses is suspected.
 The client has carcinoma of the bone or any fragile
bone condition
TYPES OF
GONIOMETER
Goniometers come in three common types based on their size and
shape are the finger goniometer, half-circle goniometer, and fullcircle goniometer. Each type is designed for specific applications
and measurement requirements. Let's take a closer look at each
type:
1. Finger Goniometer
2. Half Goniometer
3. Full Goniometer
1. Finger Goniometer:
The finger goniometer, also known as a small or pocket
goniometer, is a compact and portable version of the
instrument. It is usually smaller in size and has a limited
range of motion compared to other types. The finger
goniometer is particularly useful for quick, on-the-spot
measurements and is commonly used in outpatient
clinics, sports settings, and emergency medical
situations. It's ideal for measuring small angles or
assessing range of motion in finger joints.
2. Half Goniometer:
The half goniometer, as the name suggests, is a
goniometer with a semicircular scale. This type of
goniometer typically has a range of motion of 180
degrees (from 0° to 180°) and is well-suited for
measuring angles in a single plane. The half-circle
goniometer is frequently used in medical settings, such
as physical therapy and orthopedics, to assess the
range of motion of joints like the knee, elbow, and
shoulder.
3. Full Goniometer:
The full goniometer, also known as a 360-degree
goniometer, has a complete circular scale, allowing it to
measure angles in a full circle. The scale covers 360
degrees (from 0° to 360°) and is used to measure
angles in any direction or plane. Full-circle goniometers
are commonly employed in engineering, physics, and
research environments where comprehensive angular
measurements are required. They can also be useful in
medical settings to assess complex joint movements
and for specialized applications like crystallography.
Each type of goniometer serves specific purposes, and
the choice of goniometer depends on the specific
application, the required range of motion, and the level
of precision needed for accurate measurements.
HIP JOINT
 The hip joint is a ball and socket type of synovial
joint between the head of the femur and the
acetabulum of the hip bone.
 It is the largest Ball and Socket type of joint.
 It is multiaxial and permits same movements as
shoulder joint. However, its range of movements
is restricted due to its role in weight bearing.
MOVEMENTS at
hip joint
1. FLEXION
2. EXTENSION
3. ABDUCTION
4. ADDUCTION
5. INTERNAL ROTATION
6. EXTERNAL ROTATION
FLEXION
 POSITION OF CLIENT: Supine lying with hip
and knee in 0 degree neutral extension and
rotation.
 POSITION OF GONIOMETER: The axis is on
the lateral aspect of hip, over the greater
trochanter of femur.
 THERAPIST POSITION: Stand beside the
patient, near the hip being measured.
 Normal Range: Approximately 100°-120°
considered normal.
Fig A. Starting Position
B. Final Position (Available Range -110°)
EXTENSION
 PATIENT POSITION: Lie flat on their
stomach with both legs extended (PRONE
POSITION).
 THERAPIST POSITION: Stand beside
the patient, near the hip being measured.
 GONIOMETER PLACEMENT: Similar to hip
flexion, one arm of the goniometer is aligned
with the hip's midline, and the other arm is
aligned with the femur. The goniometer axis
remains over the hip joint center.
 Normal Range: Approximately 15°-20°
considered normal.
Fig A. Starting Position
B. Final Position (Available Range -15°)
ABDUCTION
 PATIENT POSITION: The client is
supine, lying with the legs extended and
hip in neutral position.
 THERAPIST POSITION: Stand
behind the patient, near the hip being
measured.
 GONIOMETER PLACEMENT: The
axis is placed on the ASIS . The stationary
bar is placed on line between two ASIS
and movable arm is parallel to longitudinal
axis of the femur over anterior aspect of
thigh.
 Normal Range: Approximately 40°-50°
considered normal.
Fig A. Starting Position
B. Final Position (Available Range -40°)
ADDUCTION
 PATIENT POSITION: The client is
supine, lying with the legs extended and
hip in neutral position.
 THERAPIST POSITION: Stand
behind the patient, near the hip being
measured.
 GONIOMETER PLACEMENT: The
axis is placed on the ASIS. The stationary
bar is placed on line between two ASIS
and movable arm is parallel to longitudinal
axis of the femur over anterior aspect of
thigh.
 Normal Range: Approximately 25°-35°
considered normal.
Fig A. Starting Position
B. Final Position (Available Range -30°)
INTERNAL ROTATION
 Patient Position: Lie on their back with the
knees bent and feet flat on the table/bed.
 Therapist Position: Stand beside the patient,
near the hip being measured.
 Goniometer Placement: Align one arm of the
goniometer with the midline of the tibia, and the
other arm with the femur. The goniometer axis is
over the hip joint center.
 Normal Range: Approximately 35°-45°
considered normal.
Fig A. Starting Position
B. Final Position (Available Range -40°)
EXTERNAL ROTATION
 Patient Position: Lie on their back with the knees
bent and feet flat on the table/bed.
 Therapist Position: Stand beside the patient,
near the hip being measured.
 Goniometer Placement: Align one arm of the
goniometer with the midline of the femur, and the
other arm with the tibia. The goniometer axis is over
the hip joint center.
 Normal Range: Approximately 40°-50° considered
normal.
Fig A. Starting Position
B. Final Position (Available Range -40°)