18LEM110L- Indian Art Form
SEMESTER – VI
Name of the Student :
Ali Shahwar Kichloo
Register Number
RA2011033010024
:
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTATIONAL
INTELLIGENCE
SCHOOL OF COMPUTING
SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(Deemed University u/s 3 of UGC Act 1956)
Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, 603 202.
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(Deemed University u/s 3 of UGC Act 1956)
Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, 603 202
BONAFIDE
CERTIFICATE
Register Number : RA2011033010024
Certified to be the bonafide record of work done by Ali Shahwar Kichloo of B.Tech.
(CSE) Degree for the course 18LEM110L (IndianArtForm) in SRM Institute of Science
and Technology, Kattankulathur during the Academic Year 2022-2023.
Date:
Faculty In-charge
Head of the Department
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CONTENT
Ex. No.
Weekly Assignment
1.
Mysore & Tanjore Paintings
2.
Indian Traditional Paintings
3.
Folk Art and its effect on the life of common man
4.
Mughal Paintings
5.
Indo-Saracenic architecture
6.
Why use Terracotta today?
7.
Rock Cut Sculptures
8.
Cupules
9.
Famous Temples
10.
Kolam Designs
11.
Kalamezhuthu
12.
History of Mehendi
13.
Pookalam
Page No.
4-5
6-9
10-11
12-13
14
15
16
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22-23
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Mysore and Tanjore Art
1. Write a brief History of Mysore Paintings.
Mysore Painting is a form of classical South Indian painting, which evolved in the
Mysore city of Karnataka. During that time, Mysore was under the reign of the
Wodeyars and it was under their patronage that this school of painting reached its
zenith. Quite similar to the Tanjore Paintings, Mysore Paintings of India make use of
thinner gold leaves and require much more hard work. The most popular themes of
these paintings include Hindu Gods and Goddesses and scenes from Hindu
mythology. The grace, beauty and intricacy of Indian Mysore Paintings leave the
onlookers mesmerized.
History of Mysore Paintings
It was under the rule of Raja Krishna Raja Wodeyar that the popularity of the Mysore
School of painting reached its highest point. However, after the Raja expired in 1868,
the artists started scattering and the school reached the point of total extinction. The
year 1875 saw the establishment of Jagan Mohan Palace and Chitrakala School and
along with it, the revival of the Mysore Painting of India. Late Sri Siddalingeswara
Swamiji and late Sri Y. Subramanya Raju also contributed to this exquisite art form.
2. What is the process involved in making
Mysore paintings?
•
•
•
•
•
•
A lot of steps are involved in the process of producing a Mysore painting.
The initial stage needs the artist to create a primary sketch of the image on the
base, which includes a cartridge paper pasted on a wooden base.
Afterwards, they make a paste of zinc oxide and Arabic gum, identified as ‘gesso
paste’.
This paste is used to give a slightly raised effect of carving to those parts of the
painting that need embellishments and it is allowed to dry.
Then, the gold foil is fixed onto the surface. The remaining painting is prepared
with the help of watercolours.
After the painting is fully parched, it is covered with a thin paper and scrubbed
lightly with a smooth soft stone.
3. Write the unique feature of Tanjore paintings.
The Most unique feature of Tanjore Paintings is its 3-D property. Let us explain it
further. Tanjore Painting is the only painting to have EMBOSS on it. That is, the
painting has areas that are ELEVATED from the surface. Photo of a semi completed
Durga Devi is shown on the left side for reference. A tanjore painting has typically 10
processes. Embossing is one of them.
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The other feature is the Real Gold Foil used to stick on the EMBOSSED areas - 22
carat gold foil is used. It is made of real gold and it never fades.
Nowadays, to reduce the overall cost and make more profit, some galleries have started
using imitation gold foils (read fake gold foils). Sometimes the customers are aware of
it and sometimes they are not- they get cheated.
Care has to be taken while evaluating the authenticity of the gold foil. One should look
for shops/ artists providing ‘Certificate of Authenticity’ for the gold foils. We at Chola
Impressions issue Authenticity Certificate for each painting we make.
4. Explain the procedure of Tanjore paintings.
Initially work begins by preparing the wooden board of required size and cardboard is
placed over the board after the cardboard is pasted to wooden board, Cotton fabric is
then stretched and pasted on the board using an indigenous gum. After the fabric
attached well to the board, the process of coating the cloth begins. Then cloth is
coated with the paste, which is prepared by mixing chalk powder and tamarind seed
powder. This paste applied over the canvas to multiple coats.
This coated area is then rubbed with a smoothening stone and emery sheet to obtain a
surface with mild sheen and good texture. Coating of the cloth board helps prevent the
painting from damage caused by moisture and heat. After the canvas is ready painter
draws the Sketch over the canvas using the templates of religious themes. The
template will be in the form of a tracing sheet with pinpricks on the outlines. This
tracing sheet is placed on top of the cloth board and dusted with charcoal dust.
Molding paste is made by mixing quantity of a paste made of chalk powder and glue
with Gold paint and water. It is then filled in a squeezing bottle to create the relief
work. To give a fine detailing even fine brushes are used.
In brush, the first layer of the paste is applied to create a raised effect for the chosen
areas of the work. Once this layer is dry, finer details are painted using the same paste
to create raised patterning. They are Pated using the glue. Once dried, the embossed
areas are covered with gold leaf. Gold leaf work is made by using gold foil, a thin
gold foil is placed on an embossed area and the foil is then cut to shape. Glue is then
applies to the back side of the foil and it is then applied over the embossed area.
Using the pointed back of a paintbrush, the foil is pressed down to reveal the
embossed details. In this manner, all the embossed areas are covered with gold leaf.
Painting is then enhanced by pasting the Kundan/ gems or precious stones along with
mirror in the border. Colors are then painted in several coats over the design and it is
allowed to dry. A fine outlining is done for features. The painting, once it is complete,
it is framed using the teakwood with glass on top.
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Session 2- SLO 2 Indian artists from different fields
The history of Indian painting dates back to the era of Ajanta, Ellora and other murals. Other
famous examples are Buddhist palm leaf manuscripts, the Jain texts and the Deccan, Mughal
and Kangra schools. Indian paintings is a portrayal of tradition and depiction of ancient texts
and theories in color and anecdotal accounts. It was common during the ancient times have
paintings in households in the doorways or indoor rooms where guests resided.
Cave painting is another example we can refer to know further about Indian paintings. The
paintings of Ajanta, Bagh and Sittanvasal and temple paintings testify to a love of naturalism.
From the early civilization to the present day the paintings provide an aesthetic continuum.
Various traditions that have existed in the country have helped for the evolution of paintings
in India.
Miniature paintings are those executed on a very small scale on perishable material such as
paper, cloth, etc., though this style had been perfected by artisans under the various rules, not
many remain today. Prime examples are the Rajasthani & Mughal miniatures.
Contemporary artists have kept up to the times & excel in their modern works, giving free
expression
to
their
imagination
&
artistic
liberty.
(Source:
https://www.nriol.com/indian-paintings/)
Classwork
Collect the images (one for each) for the following kinds of Indian traditional paintings and
label them. Paste the images in the space provided below. Adjest the size of your images
accordingly.
Madhubani – Rajput – Kalamkari – Pattachitra – Warli
(5x5=25 marks)
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1. Madhubani:
2. Rajput:
7
3. KalamKari:
4. Pattachitra:
8
5. Warli:
9
10
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MUGHAL PAINTINGS
India has a rich history in terms of Art and culture. Many ruling dynasties came
here, established their rule and not only embraced local culture but also
enriched it through their own contributions. One of such rich heritage is of
storytelling through paintings.
• Story telling through paintings has been an established art form in India.
We find many examples of Ramayana and Mahabharata depicted in the
form of continuous paintings, for example in Pattachitra of Odisha.
• Similarly, Jataka stories of Buddha are also found in paintings of Ajanta
Caves in Maharashtra.
• Though this art form already existed in India, but Mughals with their rich
colours and more realistic paintings took this art to its pinnacle.
Mughal painting marks a unique a blending of Persian and Indian ideas. Mughal
painting was essentially a court art, developed under the patronage of the ruling
Mughal emperors and began to decline when the rulers lost interest. The
subjects treated were generally secular, revolving around themes like battles,
court scenes, receptions, legendary stories, hunting scenes, wildlife, portraits,
and the likes.
Imperial Mughal painting represents one of the most celebrated art forms of
India. It arose with remarkable rapidity in the mid-sixteenth century as a
blending of three distinct traditions:
1. Court painting of Safavid Iran,
2. Indigenous Indian devotional manuscript illumination, and;
3. Indo-Persian or Sultanate painting, which is it is a hybrid of provincial
Persian and local Indian styles.
The result of this merging resulted in paintings of unprecedented vitality,
brilliant coloration, and impossibly precise detail, is something dramatically
more than the sum of its parts.
The credit for the development of Mughal painting goes to Akbar and Jahangir.
The former possessed a library of 24000 Manuscripts, many of which were
illustrated through paintings. In the year 1567 Akbar ordered the preparation of
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a lavishly illustrated manuscript of the Persian translation of the "Hamzanama",
the celebrated Arab epic about a legendary Hamza. Sayyid Ali and Abdus
Samad were appointed to lead a group of roughly and hundred painters. The
projects took 15 years to complete, and most of the Indian pointers who founded
the Mughal School were trained during that period. One of the leading painters
at Akbar's court was a potter's son Daswanth.
Similarly, "Tutinama" was also an Illustrated version of Persian tales in the
form of 250 miniature paintings commissioned by Akbar.
• Mughal Court paintings provide an insight into the life and times of rulers
of the period. These paintings also reflect the contemporary social and
political condition of the people. Social customs and courtly traditions are
vividly depicted in these paintings. Mughal painting forms a dramatic
episode in the history of India, it's alms and standpoint are secular and
realistic: it is interested in passing events and most typically in the exact
delineation of individual character in the portraiture of men and animals.
• It is dramatic rather than static, aristocratic more than surreal and
academic rather than vocational.
• After Mughal, there came "company paintings" in India. But they were
not as realistic and detailed as Mughal miniature paintings.
Thus, it can be concluded that Mughal paintings are great story tellers and are
very informative, providing us with deep insights into not only the life and
times of the Mughals but also in rich Indian heritage and culture.
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Name: Ali Shahwar Kichloo
Reg. No. RA2011033010024
Batch: CSE-SWE (T1)
Why use terracotta today?
Terracotta is a versatile and durable material that has been used for centuries in various forms
of art and architecture. Here are some reasons why terracotta is still used today:
Aesthetic appeal: Terracotta has a warm and earthy appearance that gives a natural, organic
look to any design. Its rich colour and texture make it an attractive material for use in
decorative objects, sculptures, and architectural elements.
Durability: Terracotta is a durable material that can withstand weathering, temperature
changes, and other harsh conditions. It is also resistant to fire and water, making it suitable
for use in construction and outdoor settings.
Sustainability: Terracotta is an environmentally friendly material that is made from natural
clay and other natural materials. It is also recyclable and biodegradable, making it a
sustainable choice for designers and architects.
Versatility: Terracotta can be moulded into various shapes and sizes, making it a versatile
material that can be used for a wide range of applications, including roofing tiles, wall
cladding, flooring, and pottery.
Cost-effective: Terracotta is an affordable material that offers excellent value for money. Its
low maintenance and long lifespan make it a cost-effective choice for homeowners and
builders.
Overall, terracotta's aesthetic appeal, durability, sustainability, versatility, and costeffectiveness make it a popular material for use in contemporary design and architecture.
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Name: Ali Shahwar Kichloo
Reg. No. RA2011033010024
Batch: CSE-SWE (T1)
Short Notes:
The earliest rock-cut cave sculptures date back to prehistoric times and were created by early
human societies. These sculptures were typically carved into the walls of caves and were
often depictions of animals, humans, and natural forms. They were created using simple tools
and techniques and were often used for religious or ceremonial purposes.
Rock-cut sculptures in cave temples were popular in ancient India, especially during the time
of the Maurya and Gupta empires. These sculptures were typically carved into the walls and
pillars of the cave temples and often depicted Hindu deities and scenes from Hindu
mythology. The most famous examples of rock-cut cave temples are the Ajanta and Ellora
caves in Maharashtra, India.
Rock-cut sculptures in monolithic temples are those that are carved from a single piece of
stone or rock. These sculptures were popular in ancient Greece and Rome, where they were
used to create impressive and imposing religious structures. Examples of monolithic temples
include the Parthenon in Athens, Greece, and the Pantheon in Rome, Italy.
Free-standing rock-cut sculptures are those that are carved from a separate piece of rock and
then placed in a specific location. These sculptures were popular in ancient Egypt, where they
were used to create statues of pharaohs and other important figures. Examples of freestanding rock-cut sculptures include the Great Sphinx of Giza and the Colossi of Memnon.
Rock-cut sculptures in rock-cut monuments are those that are carved into the surface of a
rock or cliff. These sculptures were popular in ancient civilizations such as Petra in Jordan,
where they were used to create impressive tombs and temples. Examples of rock-cut
monuments include the Treasury and the Monastery in Petra.
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Name: Ali Shahwar Kichloo
Reg. No. RA2011033010024
Batch: CSE-SWE (T1)
Questions/Answers:
1. Cupules were made during the prehistoric period, and their exact age varies
depending on the region and culture in which they were created. Some cupules have
been dated back to the Neolithic era, which began around 10,000 BCE, while others
are more recent.
2. Cupules typically consist of a shallow, bowl-shaped depression that has been pecked,
ground, or polished into a rock surface. They can range in size from a few centimeters
to several meters in diameter and may be found singly or in large groups. Often, they
are located near water sources or in areas with a high concentration of rock art.
3. Cupules occur worldwide, with examples found in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia,
and the Americas. They are often associated with other forms of rock art, such as
petroglyphs or pictographs, and may be found in a variety of settings, including rock
shelters, caves, and open-air sites.
4. The oldest known cupules are located in the Blombos Cave in South Africa and are
estimated to be around 77,000 years old. However, cupules from the Paleolithic era,
which began around 2.6 million years ago and ended around 10,000 BCE, have also
been discovered in Europe and Asia.
5. The purpose of cupules is not entirely clear, and theories vary depending on the
cultural and historical context in which they were created. Some researchers suggest
that they may have served as grinding or polishing tools, while others believe they
had spiritual or religious significance. In some cultures, they may have been used for
divination or as part of fertility rituals.
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Name: Ali Shahwar Kichloo
Reg. No. RA2011033010024
Batch: CSE-SWE (T1)
Questions/Answers:
1. Kandariya Mahadeva Temple: It is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva and is
located in Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India. It was built in the 11th century by the
Chandela dynasty and is known for its intricate carvings and sculptures depicting
various Hindu deities and mythological scenes.
2. Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho: It is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu and is
located in Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India. It was built in the 10th century by the
Chandela dynasty and is known for its stunning architecture and intricate carvings
depicting various Hindu deities and mythological scenes.
3. Chaturbhuj Temple: It is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu and is located in
Orchha, Madhya Pradesh, India. It was built in the 16th century by the Bundela
dynasty and is known for its massive stone structure and stunning architecture.
4. Javari Temple, Khajuraho: It is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu and is
located in Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India. It was built in the 10th century by the
Chandela dynasty and is known for its stunning architecture and intricate carvings
depicting various Hindu deities and mythological scenes.
5. Vamana Temple, Khajuraho: It is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu and is
located in Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India. It was built in the 11th century by the
Chandela dynasty and is known for its stunning architecture and intricate carvings
depicting various Hindu deities and mythological scenes.
6. Varaha Temple Khajuraho: It is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu and is
located in Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India. It was built in the 10th century by the
Chandela dynasty and is known for its stunning architecture and intricate carvings
depicting various Hindu deities and mythological scenes.
7. Duladeo Temple Khajuraho: It is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva and is
located in Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India. It was built in the 12th century by the
Chandela dynasty and is known for its stunning architecture and intricate carvings
depicting various Hindu deities and mythological scenes.
8. Devi Jagadambika Temple: It is a Hindu temple dedicated to the goddess
Jagadambika and is located in Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India. It was built in the
11th century by the Chandela dynasty and is known for its stunning architecture and
intricate carvings depicting various Hindu deities and mythological scenes.
9. Matangeshwar Mandir Khajuraho: It is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva and is
located in Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India. It was built in the 9th century by the
Chandela dynasty and is known for its stunning architecture and intricate carvings
depicting various Hindu deities and mythological scenes.
10. Lakshmi Temple Khajuraho: It is a Hindu temple dedicated to the goddess Lakshmi
and is located in Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India. It was built in the 10th century
by the Chandela dynasty and is known for its stunning architecture and intricate
carvings depicting various Hindu deities and mythological scenes.
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Ali Shahwar Kichloo
RA2011033010024
Introduction:
Kolam is a traditional floor drawing that is an integral part of the culture of South India. It
is a daily ritual where women draw intricate patterns on the floor using rice flour or other
colored powders. These drawings are considered a form of art and are believed to bring
prosperity and positive energy to the home.
History and Significance:
The tradition of Kolam dates back to ancient times, and it has been passed down through
generations. In the olden days, the practice of Kolam was restricted to the rural areas of
South India. However, with time, it has spread to the urban areas as well. Kolam was
initially used as a means of food for ants and other small insects. Later on, it became a form
of artistic expression, and people began to draw more intricate designs.
Kolam is an essential part of South Indian culture and is often associated with festivals and
other celebrations. It is believed that the designs drawn during these times are especially
auspicious and have the power to ward off evil spirits.
Designs and Techniques:
Kolam designs are usually drawn using rice flour, which is white in color. However,
nowadays, people use other colored powders like turmeric, vermillion, and other natural
dyes to create more colorful designs. The designs are usually drawn using the fingers, and
the patterns are based on simple geometric shapes like circles, triangles, and squares.
Kolam designs are usually drawn in front of the house or in the courtyard, and they are
often quite large. Some of the more intricate designs can take hours to complete, and they
require a great deal of skill and patience. The designs are often symmetrical and have a
repetitive pattern that is meant to create a sense of harmony and balance.
Modern Day Adaptations:
In recent times, there have been many adaptations of the traditional Kolam designs. People
have started experimenting with new colors, shapes, and patterns to create more
contemporary designs. Some artists have even started using Kolam as a medium for their
artwork, creating large-scale installations using rice flour or other colored powders.
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Ali Shahwar Kichloo
Kunjal
Lal RA2011033010074
RA2011033010024
Introduction:
Kalamezhuthu is an ancient form of art and ritualistic performance that originated in
Kerala, a southern state of India. The word "Kalamezhuthu" is derived from two
Malayalam words- "Kalam," which means picture, and "Ezhuthu," which means drawing.
It is a ritualistic art form, which is performed as an offering to the Gods and Goddesses in
Hindu temples. Kalamezhuthu is an integral part of Kerala's cultural and religious
heritage, which has been passed down through generations.
Religious Significance:
Kalamezhuthu is considered a highly auspicious ritual and is believed to bring blessings
and prosperity to the performers and the devotees. It is a form of offering to the deity and
is usually performed during temple festivals and other religious ceremonies. The art form
involves the creation of elaborate and intricate patterns using natural powders and
pigments like rice flour, turmeric powder, charcoal, and other natural colors.
The Kalamezhuthu performance is usually done in front of the deity's sanctum sanctorum.
The performer or the artist, known as the "Kalamkar," first cleanses the temple premises
and takes a ritualistic bath before starting the art. The Kalamkar then draws the image of
the deity on the ground with a bamboo stick using the natural powders. The artist creates
an elaborate and intricate design with great precision, which usually takes several hours to
complete.
The Kalamezhuthu performance is accompanied by devotional songs and music played on
traditional musical instruments like Chenda, Maddalam, and Thakil. The songs are usually
sung in praise of the deity and its virtues.
The art form is believed to have the power to evoke the deity's presence and bless the
devotees. The intricate patterns and designs created in Kalamezhuthu are symbolic
representations of the deity's power and divine energy. The art form is also believed to
have healing properties and is used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine to treat various
ailments.
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Ali Shahwar Kichloo
RA2011033010024
1. Mehendi, also known as henna, is a form of temporary body art created by applying
a paste made from the powdered leaves of the henna plant to the skin.
2. The exact origin of Mehendi is unknown, but it is believed to have originated in
ancient India, Egypt, or the Middle East. It has been used for centuries in many
cultures for various rituals, celebrations, and medicinal purposes.
3. Mehendi is considered significant in Hinduism as it is believed to symbolize the
bond of matrimony and is an essential part of Indian weddings. It is also used in
various religious and cultural ceremonies, as well as to bring good luck, prosperity,
and protection from evil.
4. The procedure for applying Mehendi involves creating a paste using henna powder
mixed with water, lemon juice, and sugar. The paste is then applied to the skin
using a cone or brush, and left to dry for several hours. Once the paste is removed,
the design will gradually darken over the next 24-48 hours, depending on the
quality of the henna and the amount of time it was left on the skin.
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Ali Shahwar Kichloo
RA2011033010024
CSE SWE T1
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