CHAPTER ONE NOTES
Matter = anything that takes up space
Chemistry = the science of the structure, properties, and transformation of matter
Physical change examples: grinding peanuts into peanut butter; making a paper airplane; ice melting;
copper bar into wire
Chemical change examples: cooking; burning wood
SIGNIFICANT NUMBERS:
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Nonzero #s = significant
Zeros at the beginning of a number = NOT significant
Zeros between nonzero digits = significant
Zeros at the end of a number that has a decimal = significant
COVERSIONS:
Conversion factor = ration of 2 different units, used as a multiplier to change metric units
 EX. Convert 351 grams to pounds
 EX. Convert 1.844 gallons to millileters
Temperature Conversions:
DENSITY = mass/volume
 g/mL; g/L (gas); g/cm³
Specific gravity = numerically the same as density (related to density of water aka 1.00g/mL)
Energy = capacity to do work
 kinetic- anything that moves (mechanical, light, heat energy are main examples; plane,
car, human walking) has this energy. When motion stops, object has zero kinetic energy
 depends mostly on object speed
 potential – energy stored that arises from its capacity to move or cause motion
according to its position
 depends mostly on object position.
 law of conservation of energy- energy can’t be created or destroyed
HEAT- measure in calories (needed to raise temperature)

Specific Heat- the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1.0 g of
something by 1 degrees C
CHAPTER TWO NOTES
Mixture Types:
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homogeneous (Kool-Aid; air we breath; copper
alloy)
cant see diff. substances
heterogeneous (raison bran; blood)
at least 2 components can be observed
Elements:
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consists of identical atoms
118 total (98 naturally occurring; rest chemically
created)
Compounds:
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pure substance that is made up of two or more
elements in a fixed ratio by mass
Mass number: sum of the # of protons and neutrons in nucleus
Atomic number: The# of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
Isotopes: Atoms with the same # protons ; different # of neutrons.
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION: ORBITS AND SHELLS