THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2020)
CONSONANTS (PULMONIC)
2020 IPA
Bilabial Labiodental
p b
m
õ
Plosive
Nasal
Trill
Tap or Flap
Fricative
Lateral
fricative
F B
Approximant
Lateral
approximant
Dental
Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex
t d
µ
n
r
ⱱ
|
f v T D s z S Z
ñ L
Ã
¨
l
Palatal
Velar
Uvular
Pharyngeal
æ ÿ c ï k g q G
=
−
N
Ð
R
Ç
§ ½  J x V X å © ?
Õ
ð
j
´
Glottal
/
h H
÷
K
Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC)
Clicks
> Bilabial
ù Dental
< (Post)alveolar
ø Palatoalveolar
² Alveolar lateral
VOWELS
Voiced implosives
º Bilabial
ë Dental/alveolar
ú Palatal
Ä Velar
ì Uvular
Ejectives
Close
' Examples:
p' Bilabial
t' Dental/alveolar
k' Velar
s' Alveolar fricative
Open-mid
Open
… Voiceless labial-velar fricative ‚ ó Alveolo-palatal fricatives
w Voiced labial-velar approximant
È Voiced alveolar lateral flap
ç Voiced labial-palatal approximant ê Simultaneous ʃ and x
í Voiceless epiglottal fricative Affricates and double articulations
can be represented by two symbols
À Voiced epiglottal fricative
joined by a tie bar if necessary.
Ö Epiglottal plosive
9
Voiceless
3 Voiced
î
Aspirated
7 More rounded
¦ Less rounded
ª Advanced
2 Retracted
á Centralized
n9 d9
s3 t 3
t î dî
O7
O¦
uª
e2
eá
e+
n`
e8
ã a±
»
0 Creaky voiced
Breathy voiced
W
Æ
×
³
£
Linguolabial
Labialized
Palatalized
Velarized
Pharyngealized
b»
b0
t£
tW
tÆ
t×
t³
a»
a0
d£
dW
dÆ
d×
d³
Central
Back
é è
i y
Close-mid
OTHER SYMBOLS
DIACRITICS
Front
IY
e P
U
¬ u
ɘ ¸
«
E { ä ɞ
Œ
Ï
a Ó
¯ o
¿ O
A 
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one
to the right represents a rounded vowel.
SUPRASEGMENTALS
"
®
¡
ts¥ kp
1
t 1 d1
Á Apical
t Á dÁ
4 Laminal
t 4 d4
) Nasalized
e)
ö Nasal release
dö
 Lateral release
dÂ
} No audible release d}
:
Dental
̴ Velarized or pharyngealized
+ Mid-centralized
6 Raised
e6 ( ¨6 = voiced alveolar fricative)
¤ Lowered
` Syllabic
e¤ ( B¤ = voiced bilabial approximant)
8 Non-syllabic
5 Advanced Tongue Root e5
° Retracted Tongue Root e°
± Rhoticity
Some diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. ŋ̊
É
ò
Primary stress
®foUn« "tIS«n
Secondary stress
eÉ
eò
e*
Long
*
ù

.
Å
Half-long
Extra-short
Minor (foot) group
Major (intonation) group
¨i.Ïkt
Syllable break
Linking (absence of a break)
TONES AND WORD ACCENTS
LEVEL
Extra
high
e_ ‰
e!  High
e@ � Mid
e~ ™ Low
eÑ ž Extra
low
Downstep
Í
› Upstep
Typefaces: Doulos SIL (metatext); Doulos SIL, IPA Kiel, IPA LS Uni (symbols)
or
CONTOUR
e# Š Rising
e$ ‘ Falling
e% Ÿ High
rising
eÞ • Low
rising
e&  Risingfalling
Global
rise
‹
Ì Global fall
or