Chapter 12
Pgs. 287-307
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Europe= home to more then 40 countries
Diversity comes from centuries of migration,
cultural diffusion, conflict, & changing borders.
Europe’s diverse population reflects a long
history of migrations throughout the continent.
Most Europeans are descended from various
Ind0-European & Mediterranean peoples who
settled the continent centuries ago.
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Europe is home to 160 separate ethnic groups- groups of
people with a shared ancestry, language, customs, & often
religion.
Sweden= 89% of population are Swedes, descendents of
Germanic & other groups that settled the peninsula of
Scandinavia. They share the Swedish language & Lutheran
religious heritage.
Belgium= 2 major ethnic groups, Flemings & the Walloons.
Flemings- 56% of Belgium’s pop. Walloons 32 %.
Flemings= closely related to the Dutch, descended from
Germanic groups who invaded present day Belgium during
400A.D.
Walloons= ancestry to Celts who lived in the area during
the Germanic invasions.
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Republic of Bosnia- Herzegovina & Kosovo were
centers of the most brutal warfare.
Following a policy called Ethnic Cleansing, Serb
leaders expelled or killed rival ethnic groups in
these areas.
As a result many people became Refugeespeople who flee to a foreign country for safety.
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Europe’s population density is greater than that
of any other country except Asia.
Pop. Map pg. 262– phys. Map pg. 262
One of the most densely populated parts of
Europe extends from the United Kingdom to
France & across the North European Plain into
the Czech Republic & Poland.
Germany= 82.2 million people – Europe’s largest
country.
Vatican City= smallest @ 1,000 people
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Urbanization=rural villagers moving to urban areas.
The growth of industries & cities began 1st in western
Europe in the late 1700’s. later, WWII, this spread to
eastern Europe.
Paris & London rank among world’s 20 largest urban
areas.
Large cities face problem of overcrowding & pollution.
Naples, Italy
During the 1800’s & early 1900’s Europeans migrated to
the Americas & parts of Africa & South Pacific regions.
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Through empire-building, immigration, & trade Europe’s
cultures also have influences other parts of the world.
Fossils found suggest that early humans lived in Europe
more than a million yrs ago. They moved place to place
in search of food.
With farming, Europeans settled into agricultural
villages, some which later developed into Europe’s 1st
cities.
2 civilizations in the Mediterranean est. the foundations
of European & Western civilizations
1st, Ancient Greece- reached its peak during the 400’s &
300 B.C.
2nd, Rome- ruled vast empire that reached height of
power between 27 B.C. & A.D. 180
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The Romans founded a republic, Italy, in 500 B.C.
Romans imitated Greek art & literature, &
borrowed Greek science & architecture.
Roman developments in government, law, &
engineering influenced other cultures.
Romans built networks of roads, bridges, &
aqueducts- artificial channels for carrying water.
Late 300’s A.D. Christianity became the official
religion of the Roman Empire, later one of the
world’s major religions.
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City-States= formed in Ancient Greece, independent
communities consisting of a city & its surrounding lands.
Middle Ages= the period between ancient & modern times.
Feudalism- 500 A.D.- 1500, system in which monarchs or lords
gave land to nobles in return for pledges of loyalty- replaced
centralized governments.
Crusades- beginning of 1000’s, series of brutal religious wars to
win Palestine, birthplace of Christianity, from Muslim rule.
Europeans failed, but extended trade.
Renaissance- 300 yr period of discovery & learning, brought
about great advances in European civilization. Led to scientific
advances.
Reformation- religious movement that began in Germany in the
1400’s, leading to the est. of Protestant churches.
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Portugal- new trade routes around Africa to Asia.
Columbus
These voyages resulted in conquests of foreign
lands, often destroying cultures already there.
Enlightenment- a movement during the 1700’s
emphasizing the importance of reason &
questioning traditions of & values.
Late 1600’s, English Parliament passed a Bill of
Rights that limited power of the monarch.
Industrial Capitalism- economic system in which
business leaders used profits to expand companies.
New social classes emerged.
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Communism- a philosophy that called for a society
based on economic equality in which workers would
control the factories & industrial production.
WWI
Reparations- payments for damages
WWII
Holocaust-mass killings of Jews & others by
Germany’s Nazi leaders.
Cold War- a power struggle between the communist
world & the non communist world lead by the U.S.
European Union- an organization whose goal was a
united Europe in which goods, services, & workers
could move freely among countries.
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Europe has about 50 languages, more than 100 dialects,
local forms of languages.
Language family- a group of related languages that
developed from an earlier language.
Northern Ireland & the Good Friday Peace Agreement
Realism- an artistic style that focused on accurately
depicting the details of everyday life.
Impressionists- artistic style that developed that
developed in Europe in the late 1800’s & tried to show
the natural appearance of objects with dabs or strokes of
color.
Welfare states-nation in which the government assumes
major responsibility for the people’s welfare in areas
such as health & education.
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http://hopelive.hope.ac.uk/international/karld/eu
rogeo/images/1'gdanisko_nowe_m.gif
http://images.teamsugar.com/files/upl1/19/19332
8/20_2008/56418847.preview.jpg
http://www.visitsweden.com/ImageVault/Images
/conversionFormat_13/id_264/ImageVaultHandle
r.aspx
http://www.nordvux.net/CMImageLibrary/308_fs
_ee_allsaints_510.jpg
Boehm, Ph.D., Richard G.. World Geography. TX.
Columbus: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 2003.