FRENCH & ENGLISH MERCANTILIST WARS
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FRENCH & ENGLISH MERCANTILIST WARS FRENCH & ENGLISH COLONIAL WARS These regulations began The French & Indian Warwith the Navigation Acts in 1660 changed EVERYTHING between The introduction of new English England & the colonies mercantilist policies changed its New mercantilist policies after the economic & military attitude towards French & Indian War led to colonial the colonies:& the American Revolution resentment England increased protective tariffs & trade regulations so the colonies worked for motherland If that failed, go to war with economic rivals & get the colonists to fight too FRENCH & ENGLISH COLONIAL WARS A series of European conflicts involving England & France spilled over into colonial North America: King William’s War (1689-1697) Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713) King George's War (1743-1748) These wars were based on mercantilist competition & had little political significance, but… …these wars led to a land frenzy in the 1750s, among French & British colonists Territorial disputes along the Ohio River sparked the French & Indian War WESTWARD EXPANSION & LAND CONFLICTS, 1750-1775 TURNING POINT: 1754 This would give the colonists too much power 1754 proved to be a turning point in American colonial history In 1754, English officials & colonists met to discuss Iroquois problems at the Albany Congress Benjamin Franklin proposed the Albany Plan of Union for a coordinated colonial army The plan was vetoed by colonial assemblies & Parliament The plan was too expensive & would limit each colony’s power to control its own actions BEN FRANKLIN’S ALBANY PLAN OF UNION AMERICA’S 1ST POLITICAL CARTOON TURNING 1754 sent 22 year old George In 1754, POINT: VA governor Washington to protect an Ohio Company claim Washington’s troops were forced to retreat from Fort Duquesne; This clash proved to be the beginning of the French & Indian War FRENCH & INDIAN WAR THE FRENCH & INDIAN WAR The war went bad for England from 1756 to 1758 In 1757, Prime Minister William Pitt took command of the military: Used well-qualified generals Had a “blank check” to fund the war in America, India, & Europe In 1758, the tide of the war turned; England won by 1760 1758-1761 The Tide Turns for England By 1761, Spain became an ally of France TREATY OF PARIS France—lost Canada, most of its empire in India, & claims to lands east of the Mississippi River Spain—got all French lands west of the Miss. River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England England—gained all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to the Caribbean slave trade, & total control of India NORTH AMERIC A AFTER 1763 America in 1750 America in 1763 HOW WAS 1763 A “TURNING POINT” IN THE BRITISHCOLONIAL RELATIONSHIP? PERCEPTIONS OF THE WAR Colonial views: Colonies could be very strong when they worked together Newly gained frontier presented opportunities for wealth & land Colonists learned how to fight English views: Americans were slow to organize & balked at helping raise money even to protect their own lands British-American Tensions Fighting Methods Colonials Indian-style guerilla attacks British Marching in formation British officers in Military Militias led charge of Organization by captains colonials Finances Colonists should Resistant to help pay for their rising taxes own defense EFFECTS OF THE WAR ON BRITAIN? The war increased England’s colonial empire in North America But, the Pitt’s “blank check” greatly enlarged England’s debt Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings As a result, English leaders felt that a major reorganization of its American empire was necessary! EFFECTS OF THE WAR ON AMERICANS? The 1760s were an affluent & optimistic “post-war” period: The French & Indian War united the colonists against a common enemy for the 1st time Most colonists considered themselves proud members of England’s empire with little (if any) thought of independence ERODING BONDS OF THE EMPIRE ERODING THE BONDS OF EMPIRE After the Seven Years War, everyone expected George to remove British army from America (French were no longer a threat) But…this large, expensive army was not removed British citizens were not happy because they had to pay for it Colonists doubted the army’s ability to defend against Indians PONTIAC’S WAR Backcountry natives banded together to repel white frontier settlers during Pontiac’s War: Indian successes exposed the British army’s weakness English colonists flooded across the Attacks revealed desperation of Native Appalachian Mountains: Americans after the withdrawal of their French allies“There’s all this land & no French!!” Colonials took matters into their own hands (Paxton Boys in PA) PONTIAC’S REBELLION, 1763 Fort Detroit Chief Pontiac led the Ottawa & other tribes against colonists due to: The flood of colonists into Ohio Country British “gifts” of smallpox-infected blankets from Fort Pitt Retaliatory attacks by frontier colonists (like the Paxton Boys in Pennsylvania) were common THE PROCLAMATION OF 1763 In response to Pontiac’s War, the British government established the Proclamation Line of 1763: This law forbade colonists from settling across the Appalachian Mountains (for their own protection) Americans viewed the line as an obstruction to their “legitimate economic development” NEW POLITICAL IDEAS All gov’ts are susceptible to corruption, The introduction of Parliamentary sovereignty tyranny, & intrusion upon citizens’ liberty contradicted England’s original policy of salutary neglect The influx of new political ideas of the European Enlightenment began to impact colonial thought of John “Virtuous” citizens(especially must fightthose tyranny Locke) While no colonists were thinking of independence by 1763, many became committed to “natural rights” & opposed to “tyranny” CONCLUSIONS: RULE BRITANNIA? RULE BRITANNIA? Despite the mounting tensions between the English government & American colonists by 1763, most Americans were loyal “brothers” to England due to: a shared British culture dependence upon British consumer goods shared nationalism after British military victories against France
