AND
Background
Clash for Empire in N. America
• Contest b/t England, Spain, France & Indians
• 4 wars b/t 1688-1763
– King William’s War & Queen Anne’s War (Br v Fr)
• 1713, Utrect Peace: Britain gained Acadia
– King George’s War (Br v Sp)
North America in 1750
Outbreak of
French-Indian War
1754  The First Clash
The Ohio ValleyBrits and French
competed for
control
British
Fort Necessity
* George Washington
French
Fort Duquesne
* Delaware &
Shawnee Indians
1754  Albany Plan of Union
Ben Franklin  representatives from New England, NY,
MD, PA
Albany Congress  attempt to keep Iroquois loyal to
British & achieve greater colonial unity for defense
―failed
1755  Britain Decides to Eliminate
French Presence in No. Amer.
Gen. Edward Braddock  tasked w/ evicting the French from
the OH Valley & Canada
Braddock: bullheaded & experienced in European warfare
A
Attacks OH Valley, Mohawk Valley, & Acadia.
Braddock killed &
entire force routed by French
British-American
Colonial Tensions
Colonials
Methods of
Fighting:
British
• Indian-style guerilla • March in formation or
bayonet charge.
tactics.
Military
• Col. militias served
Organization: under own captains.
• Br. officers wanted to
take charge of colonials.
Military
Discipline:
• No mil. deference or
protocols observed.
• Drills & tough
discipline.
Finances:
• Resistance to rising
taxes.
• Colonists should pay
for their own defense.
Demeanor:
• Casual,
non-professionals.
• Prima Donna Br.
officers with servants
& tea settings.
1757  William Pitt Becomes
Foreign Minister
A
He understood colonial concerns & offered compromise:
- Colonial loyalty & military cooperation-->
for British reimbursement
RESULTS?  Colonial morale increased by 1758.
Pitt decided to concentrate on the vitals of Canada
(Quebec and Montreal)
- Quebec falls in 1759 and Montreal in 1760
1758-1761 
Tide Turns for England
* By 1761, Spain become French ally
French & Indian War
In what ways did the French and Indian War
(1754-63) alter the political, economic and
ideological relations between Britain and its
American colonies?
• Read DBQ
• Are there any sources that are unreliable?
– Are there any sources with a strong point of
view?
– Why did this author say this at this time?
Aftermath
French-Indian War
1763  Treaty of Paris
France --> Lost…
• All N. Amer holdings except a few sugar islands
• Most of her empire in India
Spain -->
• Received French lands west of Mississippi
• Lost Florida to England
England --> Received…
• French lands east of Mississippi & in Canada
• Exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade,
• Commercial dominance in India.
North America in 1763
Effects of the War
on Britain?
1. Increased empire in Americas
2. Enlarged England’s debt
3. Contempt & bitter feelings for
American colonists grew
Felt a major reorganization of
American Empire was necessary
Effects of the War on the
American Colonials
1. United colonists against a
common enemy
2. Socializing experience colonists
3. Bitter feelings for British grew
Effects of the War along
Frontier
Most N. Amer fighting b/t British & French
over by 1760
– British occupied forts in Ohio & Great Lakes
– Native Americans dissatisfied – now treated as
conquered people rather than allies
• Ended practice of gift giving; restricted trade of guns
Effects of the War along
Frontier
1763  Pontiac’s Rebellion
Fort Detroit
British “gifts” of smallpox-infected
blankets from Fort Pitt.
Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)
Perhaps
noteworthy:
Most Iroquois
did not rebel
due to standing
alliance w/
British
PONTIAC BACKLASH
1.) British  Proclamation Line of 1763
PONTIAC BACKLASH
2.) Colonials  Paxton Boys (PA)
– Scots-Irish vigilante group from western PA
convinced that gov was not doing enough to protect
(Most Indians in PA were Christian & lived in small village
enclaves interspersed amongst British settlements)
– Paxton boys slaughtered Native villagers & raided jail
to kill more who were under protective custody
Results: Rethinking Their Empire
Imperial Reforms
1. Strengthen position of royal governors
• End bribery of officials w/ Revenue Act of 1762 to collect
trade duties
2. Standing Army
• Reduce threat of French-Canadian or Indian rebellion
• Secure the colonial dependence
3. Raise taxes on colonists to pay off debt
• Avoided higher land taxes paid by gentry
Stage set for American
independence!
Reflect on
French-Indian War Docs & Effects
In what ways did the French and Indian War
(1754-63) alter the political, economic and
ideological relations between Britain and its
American colonies?
• Write a thesis responding to the prompt based on
the documents & Chapter 6.