Advancing the Social Science of Tourism
University of Surrey 2011
Analysing Tourism Policy
From an industrial towards a
knowledge-economy paradigm
1. Introduction: Tourism, knowledge economy
and public policy
2. Re-conceptualising tourism policy
3. Public policy and knowledge dynamics:
Tourism and the rest
4. Towards knowledge-based tourism
development strategies
Henrik Halkier, Aalborg University, halkier@cgs.aau.dk
Tourism, knowledge
economy and public policy
Analytical concerns
• generational approach (e.g. Fayos-Solá, Hall)
– boosterism, economic, community, sustainable
• multi-dimensional ideal-types
• applied in discursive ‘game of labels’
• over-looking variation and contradictions
Policy concerns
• EU Lisbon strategy in practice: high-tech, big
science, manufacturing clusters ?
• Tourism and other services sidelined?
Henrik Halkier, Aalborg University, halkier@cgs.aau.dk
RE-CONCEPTUALISING
TOURISM POLICY
Points of departure
• new institutionalism (North)
• network theory (Rhodes)
• discourse analysis (Åkerstrøm Andersen)
• policy analysis (Hogwood, Hood)
Point of reference
• institutionalist approach to regional policy
– H Halkier: Institutions, Discourse and Regional
Development, Peter Lang 2006
Henrik Halkier, Aalborg University, halkier@cgs.aau.dk
RE-CONCEPTUALISING
TOURISM POLICY
Socioeconomic
context
State/region
Tourists
Competitors
Destination
Sponsoring
Strategy
Resources
DMO
Organisation
Aims
Instruments
Knowledge
Targets
Focus on three central relations
• the destination and its political, social, economic contexts
• the destination and its destination management
organisation (DMO)
• the DMO and it targets among firms, workforce, tourists,
institutions
Henrik Halkier, Aalborg University, halkier@cgs.aau.dk
Public policy and
knowledge dynamics
EURODITE methods
• focus on seven selected sectors, including tourism
• territorial / sectoral knowledge dynamics
• firm-level case studies
• policies that make a difference
EURODITE tourism
case studies
Organisation
Attraction
Cultural
Natural
Individual
Ruhr heritage
Skaane film
Antalya branding
North DK museums
Achterhoek rural
North DK coastal
Collective
Antalya football
Antalya coastal
Henrik Halkier, Aalborg University, halkier@cgs.aau.dk
Public policy and
knowledge dynamics / 1
Strategy:
average (cool KIBS?)
Relative importance of
development strategies
Expansion
Duplication
Modernisation
Creativity
Auto
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Henrik Halkier, Aalborg University, halkier@cgs.aau.dk
Public policy and
knowledge dynamics / 2
Strategy:
average (cool KIBS?)
Targets:
average (brainy KIBS)
Relative importance of
policy targets
Hardware
Software
Orgware
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Auto
ICT
Henrik Halkier, Aalborg University, halkier@cgs.aau.dk
Public policy and
knowledge dynamics / 3
Strategy:
average (cool KIBS?)
Targets:
average (brainy KIBS)
Instruments:
Information > finance
(culture funding?)
Relative importance of
policy instruments
Authority
InforOrganimation Finance sation
Auto
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Henrik Halkier, Aalborg University, halkier@cgs.aau.dk
Public policy and
knowledge dynamics / 4
Strategy:
average (cool KIBS?)
Targets:
average (brainy KIBS)
Instruments:
Information > finance
(culture funding?)
Governance:
average (multi-level
media)
Relative importance of
policy governance
Regional/
EU Nat
local
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All cases
Henrik Halkier, Aalborg University, halkier@cgs.aau.dk
Public policy and
knowledge dynamics / 5
Strategy:
average (cool KIBS?)
Targets:
average (brainy KIBS)
Instruments:
Information > finance
(culture funding?)
Governance:
average (multi-level
media)
Knowledge types:
symbolic (media science)
Relative importance of
knowledge types
AnalySyntical
thetic
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Henrik Halkier, Aalborg University, halkier@cgs.aau.dk
Towards knowledge-based
tourism policies
Existing policies key features: Across sectors
• instruments/networks knowledge intensive
– growing importance of knowledge input/competences
• under-utilised combinatorial knowledge
Room for knowledge-oriented tourism policies
• networked DMOs
– with local SMEs and extra-regional/sectoral links
• creative generation of market/trend intelligence
– private partners and public knowledge institutions
Henrik Halkier, Aalborg University, halkier@cgs.aau.dk
Analysing Tourism Policy
From an industrial towards a
knowledge-economy paradigm
For draft written paper and full report:
halkier@cgs.aau.dk
Read more about EURODITE:
www.eurodite.bham.ac.uk
Henrik Halkier, Aalborg University, halkier@cgs.aau.dk