Motivation and Related Work
System Model
Protocol Description
Evaluation
Conclusion and Future Work
Dead Zone Penetration Protocol for Cognitive
Radio Networks
Mohammed Karmoose1 Karim Habak2
Moustafa Youssef4
1 Electrical
Mustafa El-Nainay3
Engineering Dept, Alexandria University
2 Ga-Tech
3 Computer
Science and Engineering Dept, Alexandria University
4 E-JUST
Mohammed Karmoose, Karim Habak, Mustafa El-Nainay, Moustafa Youssef
Dead Zone Penetration Protocol for Cognitive Radio Networks
Alex. Univ.
Motivation and Related Work
System Model
Protocol Description
Evaluation
Conclusion and Future Work
Agenda
1 Motivation and Related Work
2 System Model
Cooperative Comm. Basics
3 Protocol Description
Cooperative Pair Elimination
4 Evaluation
5 Conclusion and Future Work
Mohammed Karmoose, Karim Habak, Mustafa El-Nainay, Moustafa Youssef
Dead Zone Penetration Protocol for Cognitive Radio Networks
Alex. Univ.
Motivation and Related Work
System Model
Protocol Description
Evaluation
Conclusion and Future Work
Motivation and Related Work
Conventional routing approaches are
affected by PU behavior
PU existence limits the number of
possible links
Cooperative communications can
alleviate both problems - not fully
integrated in routing!
Very little consideration of cooperative
communications in routing for CRNs
Mohammed Karmoose, Karim Habak, Mustafa El-Nainay, Moustafa Youssef
Dead Zone Penetration Protocol for Cognitive Radio Networks
DZP Versus
Alternative Based Route
Maintenance
Figure:
Alex. Univ.
Motivation and Related Work
System Model
Protocol Description
Evaluation
Conclusion and Future Work
Motivation and Related Work
Contributions:
A route maintenance scheme for CRNs
which utilizes cooperative
beamforming
Integration with two existing routing
protocols
Evaluation using NS2 experiments
DZP Versus
Alternative Based Route
Maintenance
Figure:
Mohammed Karmoose, Karim Habak, Mustafa El-Nainay, Moustafa Youssef
Dead Zone Penetration Protocol for Cognitive Radio Networks
Alex. Univ.
Motivation and Related Work
System Model
Protocol Description
Evaluation
Conclusion and Future Work
System Model
K Static (stationary) PUs
PUs’ activity pattern: two-state ON-OFF birth-death process
N Static SUs with maximum transmission power PT
Overlay transmission policy
SUs transmit only if
Inactive PUs
Apply cooperative beamforming to null at primary receivers
Multi-path fading channel
Mohammed Karmoose, Karim Habak, Mustafa El-Nainay, Moustafa Youssef
Dead Zone Penetration Protocol for Cognitive Radio Networks
Alex. Univ.
Motivation and Related Work
System Model
Protocol Description
Evaluation
Conclusion and Future Work
System Model: Coop. Comm. Basics
.
3ULPDU\
5HFHLYHUV
y = HWx + n
Wic ∈ Null(H†i ) to ensure
nulling at primary users and
delivering data to node i
:LUHOHVV&KDQQHO
0
0
6HFRQGDU\
7UDQVPLWWHUV
Figure:
1
0
6HFRQGDU\
5HFHLYHUV
Cooperative Beamforming
Basics
Mohammed Karmoose, Karim Habak, Mustafa El-Nainay, Moustafa Youssef
Dead Zone Penetration Protocol for Cognitive Radio Networks
Alex. Univ.
Motivation and Related Work
System Model
Protocol Description
Evaluation
Conclusion and Future Work
System Model: Practical Considerations
Channel estimation error
A cooperative pair transmits in
the presence of a PU
ĥiP = hiP + ∆hi
where ∆hi is the channel
estimation error
PI = khwk2
Average interference for
different estimation error variances
Figure:
Mohammed Karmoose, Karim Habak, Mustafa El-Nainay, Moustafa Youssef
Dead Zone Penetration Protocol for Cognitive Radio Networks
Alex. Univ.
Motivation and Related Work
System Model
Protocol Description
Evaluation
Conclusion and Future Work
Protocol Description
Source / Destination
Active nodes
Inactive nodes
PU
10
5
7
2
9
PU
12
1
3
8
4
6
Mohammed Karmoose, Karim Habak, Mustafa El-Nainay, Moustafa Youssef
Dead Zone Penetration Protocol for Cognitive Radio Networks
Alex. Univ.
Motivation and Related Work
System Model
Protocol Description
Evaluation
Conclusion and Future Work
Protocol Description
Source / Destination
Active nodes
Inactive nodes
PU
10
5
7
2
9
PU
12
1
3
8
4
6
Mohammed Karmoose, Karim Habak, Mustafa El-Nainay, Moustafa Youssef
Dead Zone Penetration Protocol for Cognitive Radio Networks
Alex. Univ.
Motivation and Related Work
System Model
Protocol Description
Evaluation
Conclusion and Future Work
Protocol Description
Source / Destination
Active nodes
Inactive nodes
PU
10
5
7
2
9
PU
12
1
3
8
4
6
Mohammed Karmoose, Karim Habak, Mustafa El-Nainay, Moustafa Youssef
Dead Zone Penetration Protocol for Cognitive Radio Networks
Alex. Univ.
Motivation and Related Work
System Model
Protocol Description
Evaluation
Conclusion and Future Work
Protocol Description
Source / Destination
Active nodes
Inactive nodes
PU
10
5
7
2
9
PU
12
1
3
8
4
6
Mohammed Karmoose, Karim Habak, Mustafa El-Nainay, Moustafa Youssef
Dead Zone Penetration Protocol for Cognitive Radio Networks
Alex. Univ.
Motivation and Related Work
System Model
Protocol Description
Evaluation
Conclusion and Future Work
Protocol Description
Source / Destination
Active nodes
Inactive nodes
PU
10
5
7
2
9
PU
12
1
3
8
4
6
Mohammed Karmoose, Karim Habak, Mustafa El-Nainay, Moustafa Youssef
Dead Zone Penetration Protocol for Cognitive Radio Networks
Alex. Univ.
Motivation and Related Work
System Model
Protocol Description
Evaluation
Conclusion and Future Work
Protocol Description
We need this to act proactively!
Source / Destination
Active nodes
Inactive nodes
PU
10
5
7
2
9
PU
12
1
3
8
4
6
Mohammed Karmoose, Karim Habak, Mustafa El-Nainay, Moustafa Youssef
Dead Zone Penetration Protocol for Cognitive Radio Networks
Alex. Univ.
Motivation and Related Work
System Model
Protocol Description
Evaluation
Conclusion and Future Work
Protocol Description
Definition
Beneficiary Set of a Cooperative Pair: The set of nodes which
can utilize a Cooperative Pair as a next hop.
Definition
Assistance Set of a Cooperative Pair: The set of nodes which
can be utilized by a Cooperative Pair as a next hop.
Mohammed Karmoose, Karim Habak, Mustafa El-Nainay, Moustafa Youssef
Dead Zone Penetration Protocol for Cognitive Radio Networks
Alex. Univ.
Motivation and Related Work
System Model
Protocol Description
Evaluation
Conclusion and Future Work
Protocol Description
1
Any two nodes can form a Cooperative Pair iff they are in the
interference range of the same PU
2
A Cooperative Pair cannot be used in case the nodes
comprising the Cooperative Pair are all in the interference
range of more than one PU
3
Let S1 and S2 be two sets constituting all the neighboring
nodes of respectively the first and second nodes of a
Cooperative Pair. Then: a) A beneficiary set of a Cooperative
Pair consists of all nodes n ∈ S1 ∩ S2 , and b) An assisting set
of a Cooperative Pair consists of all nodes k ∈ S1 ∪ S2
Mohammed Karmoose, Karim Habak, Mustafa El-Nainay, Moustafa Youssef
Dead Zone Penetration Protocol for Cognitive Radio Networks
Alex. Univ.
Motivation and Related Work
System Model
Protocol Description
Evaluation
Conclusion and Future Work
Protocol Description
DZP Table Construction Algorithm
Define x: Node applying the algorithm, Si : set of neighbors of node i ,
Beneficiary Set hi, ji: The set of nodes which can utilize a Cooperative Pair hi , ji as
a next hop, and Assistance Set hi , ji: The set of nodes which can be utilized by a
Cooperative Pair hi , ji as a next hop.
Input x, neighbors of x, neighbors of neighbors of x
Output a set of Cooperative Pairs with their beneficiary and assisting sets
for y: y ∈ Sx do
if y is in the interference range of a PU then
if x is in the interference range of the same PU then
Declare hx, yi as a Cooperative Pair - label Cooperative Pair hx, yi
Add Sx ∪ Sy to Assistance Set hx, yi
Add Sx ∩ Sy to Beneficiary Set hx, yi
end if
end if
end for
Mohammed Karmoose, Karim Habak, Mustafa El-Nainay, Moustafa Youssef
Dead Zone Penetration Protocol for Cognitive Radio Networks
Alex. Univ.
Motivation and Related Work
System Model
Protocol Description
Evaluation
Conclusion and Future Work
Protocol Description: Coop. Pair Elimination
*RRG&3
F
%DG&3
V
G
D
E
Figure:
Cooperative Pair Elimination
Mohammed Karmoose, Karim Habak, Mustafa El-Nainay, Moustafa Youssef
Dead Zone Penetration Protocol for Cognitive Radio Networks
Alex. Univ.
Motivation and Related Work
System Model
Protocol Description
Evaluation
Conclusion and Future Work
Protocol Description: Best Pair Selection
Best Pair Selection Algorithm
Define x: Node applying the algorithm
Input Cooperative Pairs of x, next hop of x
Output Best Cooperative Pair to use
for each Cooperative Pair do
Calculate w̄
Calculate received power at destination
end for
Find Cooperative Pair with maximum received power – Cooperative Pair hbesti
if Received power > PrMIN then
Use Cooperative Pair hbesti
else
Declare “No Cooperative Pair is feasible”
end if
Mohammed Karmoose, Karim Habak, Mustafa El-Nainay, Moustafa Youssef
Dead Zone Penetration Protocol for Cognitive Radio Networks
Alex. Univ.
Motivation and Related Work
System Model
Protocol Description
Evaluation
Conclusion and Future Work
Evaluation
Table:
Experiments parameters.
Parameter
Number of PUs
Number of SUs
SU transmission range (m)
Data rate (Kbps)
Number of connections
Frequency (GHz)
Effective bandwidth (Mbps)
Packet Size (KB)
Area size
τ (sec)
Value range
0-7
100 - 500
125
100, 200, 300, 400
1, 2, 4, 8, 16
2.4
2
1.5
1000m×1000m
1
Mohammed Karmoose, Karim Habak, Mustafa El-Nainay, Moustafa Youssef
Dead Zone Penetration Protocol for Cognitive Radio Networks
Nominal Value(s)
2
200
125
100
2
2.4
2
1.5
1000m×1000m
1
Alex. Univ.
Motivation and Related Work
System Model
Protocol Description
Evaluation
Conclusion and Future Work
Evaluation
We implement our protocol on top of
AODV - PU oblivious protocol
LAUNCH - PU aware protocol
Mohammed Karmoose, Karim Habak, Mustafa El-Nainay, Moustafa Youssef
Dead Zone Penetration Protocol for Cognitive Radio Networks
Alex. Univ.
Motivation and Related Work
System Model
Protocol Description
Evaluation
Conclusion and Future Work
Evaluation
2
LAUNCH
AODV
CoLAUNCH
CoAODV
0.4
0.3
0.2
1
0.5
0.1
0
100
LAUNCH
AODV
CoLAUNCH
CoAODV
1.5
Loss ratio(%)
End-to-End delay (sec)
0.5
200
300
Number of SUs
400
500
0
100
200
300
Number of SUs
400
500
Effect of number of SUs
Mohammed Karmoose, Karim Habak, Mustafa El-Nainay, Moustafa Youssef
Dead Zone Penetration Protocol for Cognitive Radio Networks
Alex. Univ.
Motivation and Related Work
System Model
Protocol Description
Evaluation
Conclusion and Future Work
Evaluation
15
50
LAUNCH
AODV
CoLAUNCH
CoAODV
40
Loss ratio (%)
End-to-End delay (sec)
20
10
5
0
100
LAUNCH
AODV
CoLAUNCH
CoAODV
30
20
10
150
200
250
300
Data rate (Kbps)
350
400
0
100
200
300
Data rate (Kbps)
400
Effect of Data rate
Mohammed Karmoose, Karim Habak, Mustafa El-Nainay, Moustafa Youssef
Dead Zone Penetration Protocol for Cognitive Radio Networks
Alex. Univ.
Motivation and Related Work
System Model
Protocol Description
Evaluation
Conclusion and Future Work
Evaluation
4
20
AODV
LAUNCH
CoAODV
CoLAUNCH
15
Loss ratio (%)
End-to-end delay (sec)
5
3
2
AODV
LAUNCH
CoAODV
CoLAUNCH
10
5
1
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
Number of PUs
6
7
0
1
2
3
4
5
Number of PUs
6
7
Effect of number of PUs
Mohammed Karmoose, Karim Habak, Mustafa El-Nainay, Moustafa Youssef
Dead Zone Penetration Protocol for Cognitive Radio Networks
Alex. Univ.
Motivation and Related Work
System Model
Protocol Description
Evaluation
Conclusion and Future Work
Evaluation
100
AODV
LAUNCH
CoAODV
CoLAUNCH
80
Loss ratio (%)
End-to-end delay (sec)
30
20
10
AODV
LAUNCH
CoAODV
CoLAUNCH
60
40
20
0
0
1
2
4
8
16
Number of active connections
1
2
4
8
16
Number of active connections
Effect of number of connections
Mohammed Karmoose, Karim Habak, Mustafa El-Nainay, Moustafa Youssef
Dead Zone Penetration Protocol for Cognitive Radio Networks
Alex. Univ.
Motivation and Related Work
System Model
Protocol Description
Evaluation
Conclusion and Future Work
Evaluation
Number of routing packets
700
600
500
LAUNCH
AODV
CoLAUNCH
CoAODV
400
300
200
100
0
100
150
200
Figure:
250 300 350
Number of SUs
400
450
500
Overhead of DZP
Mohammed Karmoose, Karim Habak, Mustafa El-Nainay, Moustafa Youssef
Dead Zone Penetration Protocol for Cognitive Radio Networks
Alex. Univ.
Motivation and Related Work
System Model
Protocol Description
Evaluation
Conclusion and Future Work
Conclusion and Future Work
Conclusion:
A route maintenance protocol based on cooperative
communications
Utilizes best selection protocol for optimal solution
Evaluation of our protocol using NS2
Future Work:
Real-time evaluation of DZP using USRPs
Integration of cooperative communication in a fully-functional
routing protocol
Mohammed Karmoose, Karim Habak, Mustafa El-Nainay, Moustafa Youssef
Dead Zone Penetration Protocol for Cognitive Radio Networks
Alex. Univ.
Motivation and Related Work
System Model
Protocol Description
Evaluation
Conclusion and Future Work
Thank you
Questions?
Mohammed Karmoose, Karim Habak, Mustafa El-Nainay, Moustafa Youssef
Dead Zone Penetration Protocol for Cognitive Radio Networks
Alex. Univ.