Matakuliah
Tahun
Versi
: H0472 / Konsep Sistem Informasi
: 2006
:1
Pertemuan 2
Konsep WCA (Work Concept Analysis)
1
Learning Outcomes
Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa
akan mampu :
• Menerangkan konsep work sistem serta
menyebutkan komponen-komponen-nya.
2
Outline Materi
• Melihat bisnis proses sebagai suatu
sistem
• Work Systems
• Komponen Work Systems
3
The need for frameworks & models
• What is a framework?
• A set of ideas for organizing your thoughts
about a thing or situation...
• What is a model?
• A useful representation of a specific
situation or thing…
4
Framework & model, continued...
• Think about object oriented
programming…
– A framework is like a class definition
– A model is like an instantiated object
5
Frameworks and models in action
• What are some frameworks that we
encounter?
• Now, let’s think about models…examples?
• Let’s turn to the Resumix case to see the
WCA framework in action
6
Resumix Case
• Define the elements of this case using the
WCA framework
• What are the categories?
• They are
– customer, product, business process,
participants, information and technology
7
8
Table 2.1
Processing Résumés Using Resumix
CUSTOMER
Manager who needs to hire an employee
Applicant who receives responses about a job application
Government agency that receives reports about
compliance to equal opportunity guidelines
©1999 Addison Wesley Longman
Slide 1.3
9
Table 2.1
Processing Résumés Using Resumix
PRODUCT
List of applicants who fit the criteria
Selected data items about each applicant
Automatically generated rejection letters
©1999 Addison Wesley Longman
Slide 1.4
10
Table 2.1
Processing Résumés Using Resumix
BUSINESS PROCESS
Major Steps:
•Define the criteria for selecting applicants
•Receive résumés
•Scan résumés and extract data
•Select applicants meeting criteria and forward their résumés to the hiring manager
•Send out rejection letters
•Track the hiring process
•Store applicant data for future searches
Rationale:
Instead of finding appropriate candidates by searching through paper résumés,
extract the information on the résumés and do the search automatically.
©1999 Addison Wesley Longman
Slide 1.5
11
Table 2.1
Processing Résumés Using Resumix
PARTICIPANTS
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
Human resources
employees
Description of job
opening
Résumix software
Manager doing the hiring
Scanned résumés
converted into a
database format
Scanner
Unidentified computers
List of qualified
applicants
©1999 Addison Wesley Longman
Slide 1.6
12
Viewing businesses as systems
• Businesses as systems consisting of
business processes
13
Viewing businesses as systems
• Value Chain
– for a “sit down” restaurant, not fast food...
14
Viewing businesses as systems
• Business processes and functional areas
of businesses
– The silo model
15
Business processes and functional
areas of businesses
• Processes that cross functional areas
• Processes related to a specific functional
area
• Processes occurring in every functional
area
16
Information systems and work
systems
17
Information systems and work
systems
• What kind of system?
– Information system
– Work system
18
Information systems and work
systems
• Where are the boundaries between
information systems and work systems?
– Is this changing?
• Is this a reflection of the changes in the
economy to focus on services?
• Do you think that the trend will continue?
19
Framework for thinking about
systems
The WCA
20
Framework for thinking about
systems
• Customers
– internal
– external
– what’s the difference?
• Product
– the output of the work system
• Business process
– What’s going on in the system
– We’ll model this with flow charts and DFD’s
21
Framework for thinking about
systems
• Participants
– Who’s involved…
• Information
22
Framework for thinking about
systems
• Technology
– This is the part that’s cool, but remember its
place in the puzzle
23
Perspectives for viewing a work
system
24
Perspectives for viewing a work
system
• You can use the WCA and the five
perspectives to gain a better
understanding of the work system
• Sort of a “drill down” approach
• When I ask you to give me a WCA
diagram, I’m looking for the overall
analysis, not all perspectives -- you may
want to do these perspectives as you
develop your model
25
Perspectives for viewing a work system
ARCHITECTURE
•What are the components of the system that performs the work and who uses
the work product?
•How are the components linked?
•How do the components operate together?
PERFORMANCE
•How well do the components operate individually?
•How well does the system operate? (How well is the work performed?)
•How well should the system operate?
INFRASTRUCTURE
•What technical and human infrastructure does the work rely on?
•In what ways does infrastructure present opportunities or obstacles?
CONTEXT
•What are the impacts of the organizational and technical context?
•In what ways does the context present opportunities or obstacles?
RISKS
•What foreseeable things can prevent the work from happening,
can make the work inefficient, or can cause defects in the work product?
•What are the likely responses to these problems?
26
Looking at an IT-enabled system from
a business perspective
27
Looking at an IT-enabled system
from a business perspective
• Steps in systems analysis
– defining the problem
– describing the situation in enough depth
– designing potential improvements
– deciding what to do
28
Looking at an IT-enabled system from a business
perspective
• How the WCA can be used to drill down on
a problem...
29
Looking at an IT-enabled system from a
business perspective
• The WCA method
Table 2.11
The 10 Issues in the Work-Centered Analysis Method
Systems analysis step
Corresponding issues for thinking about a system
1. Define the problem
Issue 1: Problem Definition
2. Describe the current work
system in enough depth
Issue
Issue
Issue
Issue
Issue
Issue
Issue
Issue
and
3. Design potential
improvem ents
4.Decide what to do
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
Improvements
Improvements
Improvements
Improvements
Improvements
Improvements
Improvements
Improvements
from product changes
from process changes
related to work system participants
from better information
from better technology
from shared infrastructure
related to the business context
from risk reduction
Issue 10: Recommendation
©1999 Addison Wesley Longman
Slide 1.51
30
Looking at an IT-enabled system from a business
perspective
• Limitations and issues with the WCA
– architecture
• overemphasis on details
• confusion about roles
– performance
• too often ignored
– infrastructure
• you gotta have it! Don’t forget!
31
Looking at an IT-enabled system from a
business perspective
• Limitations and issues with the WCA
(cont.)
– context
• ignoring incentives/disincentives, organizational
culture, etc.
– risks
• things don’t always go as planned…
• contingency
• disaster recovery
32
CLOSING
WCA CONCEPT
Table 1.1
Amazon.com Provides a New Way to Shop for Books
©1999 Addison Wesle y Longma n
Slide 1.2
33