India Modern History Review Sheet
India Under British Rule
pp. 193-198
Identify/Define:
British East British run company working out of India
India Co.
Monopoly
Company/person complete controls a product/market
Sepoy
Indian troops serving in British army
Zaminder
System
British assigned ownership of the land to the Indians and then charged them
taxes; they had to borrow money to pay and were in a constant state of debt
Sepoy Rebellion
Cause(s) of the Rebellion
Rifle cartridge greased with pork/beef fat
General disrespect of Indian culture

Effect(s) of the Rebellion
British took over India as a colony
Mughal rulers exiled
What changes in S. Asia helped the British conquer India? Mughal empire in decline
Village Life
Before British Rule
Village owned property
No property tax
Self-sufficient
Barter systems
During British Rule
Individuals owned property
Property tax
Need to buy products from outside village
Used cash money
Other Changes Britain Made in India
Better hospitals /health care
Railroads/highways
Tied India to economy of Britain
Schools & British education
Factories
telegraph
Identify
Indian National Congress
Hindu group that wanted
independence; later political party in
India
Independence
Muslim League
Muslim group that wanted
Independence
Independence & separate Pakistan
Goals
1
Road to Freedom
pp. 201-204
Identify/Define:
Civil disobedience (peace protest)
Satyagraha
non-violence
Ahimsa
Civil
Refusal to obey unjust laws
disobedience
Salt March
Gandhi marched to the sea and made salt to protest the law against
making salt
Amritsar
Massacre
Peaceful protesters were attacked by British soldiers
Muhammad
Ali Jinnah
Muslim League; first leader of Pakistan
Jawaharlal
Nehru
Indian National Congress; first leader of India
“Mahatma”
“Great Soul”

What name does Gandhi give to the “Untouchables?” Children of god

What was Gandhi’s early life like? What was his family like? What did he do for a
living? middle class family; studied law in Britain; started fighting for Indian rights
in S. Africa first

What object was used to symbolize Gandhi’s efforts? spinning wheel

How does Gandhi die? Who was responsible? assassinated by a Hindu extremist
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Goals
Independence
Peace between Hindus and
Muslims
Eliminate Untouchable
caste

Mohandas Gandhi
Methods
satyagraha
ahimsa
fasting
Reasons Methods Worked
no way to win with force
Many Indians v. few British
Used moral values of British
British looked like fools
Guilt of the British
People willing to suffer
India gained independence in 1947. Why were the British willing to leave India?
Weak from WWII, British people didn’t support keeping India, Indian nationalism high
Political Challenges
pp. 205-209
Identify/Define:
Sikh
Religion that is a blend of Hinduism and Islam
Indira Gandhi
Prime minister that was assassinated
Rajiv Gandhi
Opened India to foreign investments, increased private ownership
Parliamentary people vote for political parties to represent them in Parliament (like
democracy
Congress)
Coalition
When there is not clear majority in Parliament, some parties join
together to form a majority

What type of government does India have? Federal republic/parliamentary democracy

How has religion created divisions and bonds in the Indian government? The
religions have argued for centuries and continue to do so
 What are some of the goals of Nehru? Self sufficient, modernization, government
guidance of development
Economic Development
pp. 209-213
Identify/Define:
Green
Movement to improve farming techniques
Revolution
Tenant
Farmer rents land from large land owner and pays % of crop as rent
farmer
Land reform When land is redistributed more equally among the people

What is the chief goal of Nehru’s economic planning?
Self-sufficient

How do natural resources help India industrialize?
coal
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Three programs to help farmers
1) irrigation – improved irrigation and damning techniques
2) Green Revolution – improved farming technology
3) land reform – redistributing land to the people so land is more evenly distributed and
production increases
How economic development effects the environment
-Poor soil conditions
-people forced to move due to conditions
-Contaminated water
-erosion and flooding due to poor drainage
-Toxic waste
Changing Patterns of Life
pp. 214-217
Identify/Define:
Cottage
Small business conducted out of the home
industry
Infant
Number of babies that die
mortality

How has the government emphasized education and how has this emphasis caused
problems? Not everyone is receiving the same education

Where do most people live in India: cities, villages or towns? villages
Effect of
modernization
on Indian
families
Infant mortality dropped & nuclear family became more common
Regional and Global Issues
pp. 223-227
Why are India and Pakistan fighting over Kashmir?:
For the Indus river, and fertile soil
How did the Cold War affect India & Pakistan?
 US & USSR gave India money – India maintained non-alignment (picked no side)
 Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan – USSR invaded Afghanistan to “help”it become
communist; Afghans Soviets out.
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