Current Research Journal of Social Sciences 1(3): 93-110, 2009
ISSN: 2041-3246
© M axwell Scientific Organization, 2009
Submitted Date: September 02, 2009
Accepted Date: September 14, 2009
Published Date: October 30, 2009
Corporate Social Responsibility: A Case Study on Quality of Life of People Around
Bargarh Cement Works of Orissa (India)
1
P.C.Mishra, 2 Braja Kishori Mishra , 3 P.K.Tripathy, 4 Kumarmani Meher and 5 M.K.Pradhan
1
P.G. Departm ent of Environmental Sciences, Sam balpur University,
Jyoti Vihar -768 019, Orissa, India
2
Departm ent of Home Science, Sam balpur University, Jy oti Vihar -768 019, O rissa, India
3
Departm ent of Eco nom ics, Sambalpur University , Jyoti Vihar -768 019, Orissa, India
4
Rajib Gandhi National Fellow, P.G.Departm ent of Environmental Sciences,
Sam balpur University, Jy oti Vihar -768 019, O rissa, India
5
Departm ent of factory and Boilers, G overnment of Orissa, Bhub aneswar, Orissa, India
Abstract: A detailed field survey w as undertak en in 20 villages w ithin 05 Km ’s radius of Bargarh Cement
W orks to assess the socio-economy profile, health and n utrition status and quality of life of peo ple in order to
assess the contribution of BCW on their responsibility towards the comm unity. T he survey was organized to
collect inform ation on socio-eco nom ic variables at the village level from census data of the governmen t as well
as household level data through questionnaire method. The study focused primarily the village level an alysis
and variations across social groups as well covering three aspects viz., Socio-economic profile of the region
and the people, health status of people and assessment of Quality of life of the people and the villages. As
regards the socio-economic profile the study attempts to present village wise analysis of de mog raphic
characteristics, caste distribution, occupational structure, availability of social amenities on the basis of
second ary data. Village-wise malnutrition status in terms of weight for age and Body Mass Index of the sample
belonging to < 5 years, 5-16 years and >16 years of age were calculated. When scores were assigned on per
cent of normal population at each age-group in each village, Patikarpali, Chandipali Halanda and Deultunda
scored more than 80%, Gudesira, Turunga, Baulsimgha, Haldipali, Nuagudesira scored between 60-80% and
rest <60%. T he villag es like B isalpali, T ukurla Gh upali, Khaliapali, Murum kel, A mba pali, Deogaon, Bard ol,
Padhanpali, Katapali, Piplipali requires immediate intervention to meet their nutritional requirem ents through
awareness campaign and training. Prevalence of higher proportion of normal children in almost all villages
might be attribu ted to lon ger du ration of breast feeding in the locality. In all the age groups, proportion of
females with malnutrition has been more than the males. The percentage of females with normal nutritional
status were 9, 14 and 76.3 % in 0-5, > 5-16 and > 16 years catego ry respectively in compa rison to 20.5, 29.9 and
76.3% in male category. Table 32 reveals that around 21% from male child category (0-<5 yrs) and 30% from
age-group of >5-16 yrs were norm al in nutritional statu s. The percentage of norm al female children w ere still
less, i.e only 9% and 14 % respectively. The children suffering from severe malnutrition was 25% in the agegroup of >5-16 years w here as it was 9.7% in 0-<5 yrs ag e-group. Less proportion of children b elong ing to
malnourished group (Fig. 2) may be d ue to prolonged breast-feeding prac tices prevalen t in the area. A slightly
higher proportion of the population belonging to age –group 5-16 years showed poor nutritional status (severe
malnutrition) in comparison to <5 years as well as >16 yea rs. This perha ps indicates that this sec tion of people
was not able to meet the nutritional needs as per the requirement for the growing period. On the basis of the
value function base d on 14 indicators wh ich also include the socio-economic p rofile , the QOL (Quality of Life
Index) of different households were computed for the different villages . It is observ ed that for the over all
sample households the quality of index stands at 4.19, which is considered to be “Average” in the value
function. Village- wise it is noticed that the villages with slightly improved position were Gudesira, Turunga,
Deogaon, B ardol, Katapali, C handipali and Nuagudesira, where the status is considered “Fair”. On the other
hand villages wh ich witness low est quality of life and recorde d as “Poo r” were Bisalpali, Piplipali, Tuku rla
and Halanda. Rest of the 9 villages are considered having “Average” quality of life. Highest quality index was
registered by ge neral caste followed by OB C and the lowest index is noted for SC followed by ST. However
only general caste recorded a “fair” quality of life compared to all other groups identified as having “Average”
quality of life.Occupation wise it is noticed that highest index was registered by service class followed by
business and household industry (with a “fair” quality of life) and the lowest was noted in case of persons
dependent on forestry (with a “poor” quality of life) followed by non- agricultural labour, artisans and
agricultural labour, with “A verage” quality of life. Cultivators were found to be hav ing a “A verag e” qu ality
of life as w ell.
Key w ords: Cem ent industry, people, socio-ecolog ical, health and nu tritional status and quality of life
Corresponding Author: P.C. Mishra, P.G. Department of Environmental Sciences, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar -768 019,
Orissa, India
93
Curr. Res. J. Soc. Sci., 1(3): 93-110, 2009
of med ical assistance to nearby villages, this is usually
minimal and restricted to organizing occasional medical
camps for conducting cataract, family planning related
operations and pulse polio programme. As a rule most
cement companies do not allow local communities access
to the hospital they set up for the staff. Some companies
support local schools or install tube we lls for farmers,
create reservoirs to store water in the mine lease areas but
rarely local comm unities have ac cess to it. How ever, there
are industries who have contributed positively for the
com mun ity development. J K Lakshmi Cement Limited
and Prison Cement Limited provide free medical
assistance in their hospitals to the local people. Cement
Division of Sanghi Industries Limited located in a waterscarce area on the coastal belt, has set up a desalination
plant, which is a major source of water for the local
community. Hirmi Cement Works of the Ultratech Group
has floated an NGO, Grihini, which is involved in helping
local women to produce and market items like papads and
hand made pickles. Som e com panies hav e tried to train
villagers and import them with certain skills so that they
become drivers, masons, engine mechanics and
electricians (CSE , 2005).
Studies on Socioe conomic profile have been made by
Kumar (1996) for West Bokaro M ining Complex and
Prusti (1996) for Jharia Coalfields. Work on the concept
of quality of life grew ou t of the social indicators
movement of the 1960s (Day and Jankey, 1996) and
investigators started u sing a social indicator appro ach to
define what QO L meant to them. H owe ver, subsequently
many researchers adopted both subjective and objective
approaches to assess QOL available on wide literature on
the subject (Echevarria-Ush er, 1999; Singh 1989, 1999;
Forget and Lebel, 2001; Noronha and Nairy, 2005;
Sheykhi 2006). Sheykhi (2006) made an extensive
sociological study of Quality of Life by examining the
fertility behaviour from a multidimensional perspective.
Echevarria-Usher (1999) equated health, in its fullest and
multicultural connotation, with we ll-being or quality of
life. Understanding of QOL needs exploration of
relationship between various components-economic,
biophysical, socio-cultural and political- to arrive at the
priority determinan ts of health and wellbeing (Saxena et
el., 1998 ; Forget and Lebel, 2001). Noronha and N airy
(2005) adopted participation process, case histories,
biomedical health analysis and spatial and environmental
analy sis in develop ing a Q uality of Life too l.
Against this background, a detailed field survey was
undertaken in 20 villages within 05 Km’s radius of
Bargarh Cement W orks to assess the socio-economy
profile, health and nutrition status and quality of life of
people in order to assess the contribution of BCW on
their responsibility towards the community.
INTRODUCTION
Cement plants have both environmental and social
obligations to fulfil. Cemen t making op erations exert a
major impact on local environment as they involve
several pollution generating activities like mining,
incineration, power generation, grinding and handling of
final product before transportation to the market. It is
important to kno w how it carries out its social obligations
and provides benefit to the local communities where it is
located through the profit it makes. Even the most
efficient manufacturing plant will have a high impact on
the environment and on the people working in and living
near it. This industry uses resources that are nonrenew able (raw material and energ y), changes the land
use and local ecology forever due to its mining activities
and manufactures a product that is not recyclable.
Nevertheless, if cement is a product that modern society
desp erately needs, then society and local commu nity must
be prepared for some adverse impacts. It is thus important
to define the meaning of an “acceptable trade-off and
benchm ark pe rformance ” of compa nies ag ainst it.
Under ideal circumstances, cement plants should not
be located near human ha bitations. But in India, most of
the cemen t plants are in the vicinity of v illages and sm all
towns. In some cases towns have come up around plants.
There are several exa mples in India including Orissa
Cement Limited, Rajgangp ur, Jharsuguda Cement Works
of Ultratech Cement and Bargarh Cement Works of ACC
Ltd. As a result, these habitations more often than not
bear the brunt of dust generated from the plants. Strong
winds carry this dust over a long distance and blanket the
surrounding villages with it. A n ave rage ceme nt mill
transports thousands of tons of raw materials and cements
every day leading to dust emissions during movement of
trucks on Kuccha village roads. The emissions from the
plants have also led to deterioration in air quality and soil
productivity, although the plants in most of the cases meet
the regulatory standards.
Local communities have several expectations from
industry. There is reason for this. W hen industry starts
setting up a manufacturing plant and acquires land for
mining, it makes all kinds of tall promises to the local
people for the development of the area and job
opportunities. However, it is now clear that the capacity
of large-scale cement plants to provide formal
employment is truly limited. When these prom ises are not
satisfactorily fulfilled, conflict with local communities
follows. The expectations of the local communities
increase when the industry is seen to impact the local
environment adversely. They rightfully feel that the
impact of industry on the ir life support system, like water
and air, shou ld be adequately com pensated.
There are many areas availab le for the authority of a
cement industry to provide basic needs of the local
community. In India, cement plants are often located in
areas where the health infrastructure is poor or nonexistence. W hile most of the indu stries provide som e form
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study was designed to cover general
aspects, aspects of ed ucation, availability and access to
94
Curr. Res. J. Soc. Sci., 1(3): 93-110, 2009
Table 1: Parame ters used for the computation of the Quality of Lif e
index.
C
Housing (Type & Number of room)
C
Source of Water used
C
San itary fa cilities A vaila ble
C
Food and nutrition intake
C
Health and safety status
C
Educational status
C
Medical facilities
C
Transport and communication facilities
C
Fu el an d en ergy ava ilability
C
Assets possessed
C
Own transportation means
C
Per-capita income
C
Recreational facilities
C
Malnourishment
The minimum desired level of score for the abov e param eters for a fair
living condition was defined with a value of 0.5 on a scale of 0 to 01.
All the parameters have been given an equal weightage and the total
score of Q OL Ind ex is 1 4. The classification o n the b asis of total sc ore
used for analysis is as follows:
<3 - Poor, 2. >3-5-A vera ge, 3. >5-7-Fair/Satisfactory, 4. >7-10-Good,
5. >10-14-Very good
various facilities, asset position, occ upational structure,
income gene ration and health status. The survey was
organized to collect inform ation on socio-eco nom ic
variables at the village level as well as hou seho ld level.
The village level data were collected from revenue
offices, panchayat office, censuses while the house hold
level data we re collected through a questionnaire method.
The sample survey were conducted covering about 20
households from each village belonging to different caste
groups, occupation groups and land size groups to make
it approximate to a stratified sampling method. The study
focused primarily the village level analysis and variations
across social groups as we ll covering three aspects viz.,
Socio-eco nom ic profile of the region and the people,
health status of peop le and assessment of Quality of life
of the people and the villages. As regards the socioecon omic profile the study attempts to present village
wise analysis of de mog raphic characteristics, caste
distribution, occupational structure, availability of social
amenities on the basis of secondary data. The sample
survey data have been used to present the socio-economic
status with regard to demographic features, educational
status, occupational structure, facilities and living
conditions, food intake pattern, asset ownership structure,
and income distribution.
Following data on soc ioecono mic profile were
collected at village-lev el.
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
Severe underw eight = < 16.0 , Moderate = 16.0- 17.0,
Mild= 17.0- 18 .5 , No rmal= >18.5
W eight for Age (WFA) was calculated as (Actual
W eight/ Standard weight) X 100. The Gomez
classification used to classify the weight status is as
follows.(Park and Park 1991).
Grade -III= < 60% , Grade-II= 61% - 75% ,Grade-II=
76%- 90%, Normal= > 90%
Male,
Fem ales,
Sex Ratio,
Average family size,
% L iteracy,
Caste Co mpo sition,
Health care facilities available,
W ater availability and sanitation facilities,
Edu cational facility,
Craft facility,
Land use Pattern,
Comm unica tion facilities (transport),
Recreational facilities,
Fuel and E nergy facilities,
Income p attern and O ccup ational structure.
The Quality of life index (QOL) has been computed
for different villages with broadly the methodology
adopted in a study “Quality of Life index of the Mining
Areas” by Saxen a, et al. (1988) with modification by
Mishra et al. (2008, 200 9).
The parameters in Table 1 are included for the
computation of Qua lity of Life Index. Scaling of different
indicators were made to calculate the Q uality of Life
Index (Table 2).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Socio-economic Profile:
General particulars of the Region: Out of the 20
villages from which sample households have been
selected, 15 villages are revenue villages for which
Census information are available in Town & Village
Directory (Primary Census Abstract during 1991 and
2001). On the basis of the information a general profile of
the region ha s been presented in Tab le 3.
The total number of households in the 15 villages is
5722 as per 2001 census with an increase of 21.4% over
1991 census. During the same period total population
increased by 15 .46% . One also notices v ariations in
grow th of population in different villages. All the villages
registere d growth of pop ulation excepting M urum kel.
Villages which registered significant rise in population
are Padhanpali, Bardol, Chandipali and Halanda. The sex
ratio for the total of all villages has marginally decreased
Health status of the people were assessed pertaining
to frequency of occurrence of various diseases and level
of malnourishment through anthropometric study. The
study sought to examine the incidence of various types of
common ailments as well as chronic diseases v iz., air
borne diseases, water born e disea ses an d para sitic
infections. The anthropometric study analysed the weight
and height measurements of each me mbe r of the sa mple
households and indices such as Body mass Index for
persons above 16 years and Weight for age (WFA ) for
children less than 16 years both for M ale and fem ale
separately w ere calculated .
Body Mass Index (BMI) was computed as
weight/(height in mt) 2 . The classifica tion used to classify
the health status is as follow s.(Park and P ark 1991 ).
95
Curr. Res. J. Soc. Sci., 1(3): 93-110, 2009
Table 2: Method used for the assessment of quality of life index
Parameters considered
Values assigned
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------C Housing
Pucca –3 rooms
00 .5
Mixed –>5 rooms
00 .5
Kachha - > 10 rooms
00 .5
Lower and higher values are assigned according to availability of rooms
C Sanitary facilities
No facility
0
Pro per fa cility
0.5
For additional facilities higher values are assigned
C Roads and Transport Facilities
Good roads, bus and railway service
Good roads and proper bus facilities
Only railways and bus facilities
C Prevalence of Common D iseases
Suffering from Co mmon d iseases
Suffering from No major diseases
No diseases
Do cto r + s pe cial izat ion 0.8
C Fuel and Energy used
Coal + electricity + Gas
Co al + e lectricity
Coal
Wo od + coal
Wood
C Assets possessed amounting to
Rs.< 10,000
Rs.10,000-30,000
Rs.30,000-50,000
Rs.50,000-1 lakh
Rs > 1 lakh
C Per C apita Inco me p er m onth
Rs. < 1000
Rs. 1000-1400
1400-1800
1400-1800
1800-2300
2300-5000
5000-10000
10000-20000
20000 above
Table 3: General profile of villages of the region
Village
No. of Hhs
--------------------------1991
2001
Ka tapa li
1150
1267
Pad han pali
378
536
Deogaon
261
299
Turunga
244
259
Bardol
931
1274
Ch and ipali
76
100
Ha ldipa li
100
120
Piplip ali
161
236
Gu desira
712
787
Baulsingha
105
140
Deultunda
107
155
Murum kel
97
92
Bia salpa li
122
112
Halanda
75
125
Tu kur la
193
220
G.Total
4712
5722
1.0
0.75
0.5
0.3
0.5
1.0
Parameters considered
Values assigned
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------C Source of Water
Tu be w ells or o wn we lls
0.5
Villa ge w ell
0.3
For additional own source of water higher value is assigned
C Food type
Good (Rice+Pulses+curry)
0.5
M o d er at e ( Ri ce +p u ls es + G L V )
0.3
P o or (R ic e+ O n io n +G L V )
0.1
Higher values area assigned as per availability of non-vegetarian
foo ds a nd oth er p rote in fo od s.
C Vehicles Possessed
Cy cle
0.3
Scooter/ motor cycles
0.5
Four wheelers>
0.7
C Me dical Treatment Facilities
No availability of medical facilities
0
Doctor
0.2
Dispensaries
0.5
Do ctor + D ispensa ry
C Entertainment
Only TV
TV + Cinema
Cinema + Community recreations
TV + C inem a+ C om mu nity
1.0
0.75
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.35
0.5
0.75
1.0
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
C Educational Qualification
Illiterate
< M atricu late
M atricu late
Higher education
0
0.3
0.5
0.7
C Malnourishment
>80%-Normal Population
60 - < 80 % - Normal Population
40 - < 60 % - Normal Population
20 - < 40 % - Normal Population
<20%-Normal Population
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Population
-----------------------------------------1991
2001
%increase
5618
5853
4.18
1969
2672
35.70
1304
1326
1.69
1169
1247
6.67
4342
6039
39.08
376
492
30.85
537
573
6.70
899
994
10.57
3291
3543
7.66
605
651
7.60
670
758
13.13
437
416
-4.81
445
486
9.21
482
581
20.54
1042
1139
9.31
23186
26770
15.46
from 960 in 1991 to 956 in 2001. H igher sex ratio of a
village being an index for higher importance of women,
it is noticed that the villages witnessing significant decline
1.0
S ex ra tio %
------------------------1991
2001
928
980
925
940
1003
988
1058
976
941
939
1032
922
960
956
929
919
954
920
958
876
1030
1038
1042
990
1139
1122
984
1097
985
921
960
956
literates
--------------------------1991
2001
48 .1
62 .7
43 .7
54 .4
41 .7
62 .4
46 .5
60 .3
45 .7
56 .2
26 .3
48 .0
38 .4
57 .2
35 .5
56 .7
41 .3
55 .8
38 .5
45 .3
36 .1
44 .2
40 .0
43 .8
39 .1
42 .8
29 .7
24 .8
47 .8
56 .4
43 .5
56 .1
of sex ratio over time were Deogaon, Turunga,
Baulsingha, and Murumkel. Regarding spread of
education in the locality it is observed that the rate of
96
Curr. Res. J. Soc. Sci., 1(3): 93-110, 2009
Table 4: Caste distribution of people in the villages
Village
%SC in Population
------------------------------------1991
2001
Ka tapa li
16.63
19.85
Pad han pali
31.89
29.75
Deogaon
16.18
18.17
Turunga
20.02
18.52
Bardol
26.62
32.79
Ch and ipali
36.17
33.74
Ha ldipa li
14.15
26.53
Piplip ali
0.67
1.41
Gu desira
25.58
30.06
Baulsingha
28.93
30.72
Deultunda
16.12
30.74
Murum kel
8.92
10.58
Bia salpa li
14.83
12.14
Halanda
28.84
31.33
Tu kur la
15.55
15.28
G. Total
21.19
25.02
%ST in Population
-------------------------------------1991
2001
3.38
2.97
5.33
7.15
21.86
20.66
22.58
28.79
13.40
11.77
11.44
16.26
7.64
8.73
3.11
2.72
9.66
8.66
29.92
29.19
29.85
29.16
46.68
49.52
25.84
27.78
10.17
8.43
17.37
17.73
12.02
11.86
Table 5: Occupational distribution of the people in the region
Village
% W ork ers to
% cultiv ators to
population
M ain w orkers
---------------------------------------------------------------1991
2001
1991
2001
Ka tapa li
32.98
38.56
16.32
13.40
Pad han pali
34.94
35.52
18.37
14.74
Deogaon
26.61
39.97
37.18
48.26
Turunga
35.67
32.64
13.67
19.25
Bardol
38.90
38.75
20.84
12.04
Ch and ipali
26.60
49.59
53.00
30.99
Ha ldipa li
54.56
44.50
22.73
29.91
Piplip ali
32.59
56.34
90.24
58.48
Gu desira
44.24
46.99
25.62
20.41
Baulsingha
46.61
39.63
44.06
45.64
Deultunda
48.51
52.64
61.64
23.88
Murum kel
53.55
50.96
59.63
54.64
Bia salpa li
54.16
34.98
38.69
43.18
Halanda
64.11
46.82
65.67
40.00
Tu kur la
33.11
47.85
54.81
46.90
G.Total
38.26
41.33
29.45
21.82
literacy for all the villages taken together increased from
43.5% in 199 1 to 56 .1% in 200 1. W hile all the villages
have registered increase in the rate of literacy over time
excepting Halanda , the villages registering very high
grow th in literacy w ere G udesira, Haldipali, Chandipa li,
Deogaon an d Katapali.
% Ag ril labo ur to
M ain w orkers
---------------------------------1991
2001
22.68
21.85
15.89
7.06
37.46
1.16
34.77
24.06
32.62
10.73
41.00
33.80
69.55
31.78
2.09
29.53
42.05
34.13
50.57
45.64
19.40
39.40
29.19
34.02
47.62
31.82
24.38
40.00
26.24
28.68
30.95
21.87
% SC & ST in Population
------------------------------------1991
2001
20.01
22.83
37.23
36.90
38.04
38.84
42.60
47.31
40.03
44.56
47.61
50.00
21.79
35.25
3.78
4.12
35.25
38.72
58.84
59.91
45.97
59.89
55.61
60.10
40.67
39.92
39.00
39.76
32.92
33.01
33.20
36.88
% M argin al w ork ers to
Total w orkers
------------------------------------1991
2001
10.04
23.97
0.29
13.49
0.00
51.13
0.00
8.11
5.98
28.29
0.00
41.80
24.91
58.04
2.05
38.93
10.99
27.33
7.45
42.25
28.62
16.04
31.20
54.25
30.29
48.24
34.95
59.56
0.58
52.66
10.12
30.53
Occupational distribution: The occupational distribution
of local population can be examined from Table 5
presented below. Occupational distribution has been
presented at two p oints of time viz., 1991 and 2001. It is
observed that in total of all the villages work participation
rate has increased from 38.26 % in 1991 to 4 1.33% in
2001. Among the villages, work participation rate
declined in Turunga, Ha ldipali, B aulsingha, Murmukel,
Bisalpali, and H alanda. Fu rther in 2001 relatively low
participation rate was observed in Padhanpali, Turunga
and Bisalpali. Among the main workers, one notices
declining depe ndence o n agriculture. In the total of all
villages, the dependence declined from 60.40% of the
main workers (engaged as cultivators & agricultural
labour) in 1991 to nearly 43.69% in 2001. The decline
was found both in case of agricultural labour from 30.95%
to nearly 21.87 % and of cultivato rs in total m ain worke rs
declined from 29.45 % in 1991 to 22 1.87% in 2001.
Village wise relatively higher dependence on
agriculture was noticed in Chandipali, Haldipali, Piplipali,
Baulsingha, Deultund a, M urum kel, Bisapali, and
Halanda. Relatively high proportion of main workers
engaged as agricultural labour is still found in Ch andipali,
Caste distribution: Caste distribution of the people in the
region can be examined from Table 4. It is observed that
SC & ST constituted about 33.20% of the total
population in the total of all villages. Of these backwa rd
populations, SC constituted 21.19% and ST 12.02%. The
villages with relatively h igher SC population w ere
Padhanpali, Bardol, Chandipali,,Gudesira, Baulsingha,
Deultunda and Halanda. The villages with higher ST
population were Deogaon, Turu nga, Baulsignha,
Deultunda, Murm ukel and Bisalpali. The increase in SC
population is relatively very high in the villages of
Haldipali and Deultunda. On the other hand one notices
marginal decline of ST population in most of the villages.
There was marginal increase of ST population only in
Padhanpali, Chandipali an d Bisalpali.
97
Curr. Res. J. Soc. Sci., 1(3): 93-110, 2009
Table 6: Social amenities in the region
Village
Education
Medical
Ka tapa li
P,M .H,C
P,H ,C
Pad han pali
P,M
5-10
Deogaon
P ,M H
MCW
Turunga
P,M
CHW
Bardol
P,M
5
Ch and ipali
P
5
Ha ldipa li
P
CHW
Piplip ali
P
10
Gu desira
P,M ,H
CHW
Baulsingha
P
10
Deultunda
P
5
Murum kel
P,M ,H
CHW
Bia salpa li
P
CHW
Halanda
P
5
Tu kur la
P,M
CHW
Drinking water
W,TW
W,TK,TW
TWRC
TK,TW
TK,TW
TK,TW
W,TK,TW
W,TK,TW
W,TK,TW
W,TK,TW
W ,TK ,TW ,R
W ,TK ,TW ,R
W,TK,TW
W .TK ,TW ,R
W ,T,K ,TW ,R
Table 7: Social amenities in the villages under study
Village
Education
Medical
Sources of water
Murum kel
PH
NO
Bardol
APH
PP
Kh aliap ali
APH
NO
Gh ulipa li
NO
NO
Pad han pali
P
NO
Piplip ali
P
NO
Ch and ipali
NO
NO
Deogaon
P,H
DIS
Turunga
P,H
NO
Patik arpa li
P
NO
Ha ldipa li
P
NO
Am bap ali
A,P ,H
DIS
Gu resira
P,H
NO
Nu agure sira
P
NO
Ka tapa li
APHC
D IS ,F A C
Bisa lpali
P
NO
Halanda
P
NO
Tu kur la
NO
NO
Deultunda
NO
NO
Baulsingha
NO
NO
Co l.1- P -Pri ma ry, H -H igh Sc ho ol, C -C olle ge ,
Co l.3- W -W ell, T k- T an k, T w- Tu be we ll, R -R ive r,
Co l-5 E D- Ele ctrif ied ,
P,W,T,TW
P (B )
P,W,T,C,TW
P (B )
P,W,TW
K(B)
P,W ,TW ,C
K(B)
P,W ,TW ,C
K(B)
P,W ,TW ,C
K(B)
P,W ,TW ,C
P (G )
P,W ,PW S,T W ,C
P (G )
P,W ,TW ,C
K(B)
P,C
K(B)
P,W ,C
K(B)
P,W ,TW ,PW S,C
P (B )
P,W ,TW ,C
P (B )
P,W ,TW ,C
K(B)
P,W ,T,T W ,C
P (B )
P,W ,TW ,C
K(B)
P,W,T,TW
K(B)
P,W,TW
K(B)
P,W ,T,T W ,C
K(B)
P,W ,TW ,C
K(B)
Co l.2- P P- P riva te P rac tition er, H -H osp ital, F AC - Fir st
Co l.4- P - Pa cca , K- Ka ch ha ,
Col-6 BS- Bus service.
Gudesira, Baulsingha, Deultunda, Murumkel, and
Halanda. It is how ever interesting to notice that
proportion of marginal w orkers in total workers has
increased from 10.12% in 1991 to 30.53% in 2001 for the
total of all villages. Village wise relatively higher increase
of marginal workers is found in Deogaon, B ardol,
Chandipali, Haldipali, Piplipali, Baulsimgha and
Tuk urla.A a decline in the proportion of ma rginal work ers
was noticed only in Deultunda village . The general
declining dependence on agriculture may be due to the
mining and industrial activities in the region. However,
the increasing number of marginal worke rs indicates lack
of employment opportunity in the region.
Po st & Tel.
PO
5
PO
5
PO
5
5
5
PO
5
5
5
5
5
PO
Nature of Road
Elec tricity
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
ED
EA
ED
EA
ED
ED
ED
ED
ED
ED
Elec tricity
ED
ED
ED
ED
NO
ED
ED
ED
ED
ED
ED
ED
ED
ED
ED
ED
ED
ED
ED
ED
A id C en tre,
Communication
BS
5
5
5
BS
5
BS
5
5
BS
5-10
10
10
5
5
Communication
Bus service
NO
BS
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
BS
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
had only Primary school. Only 8 villages (Katapali,
Turnga, Deogaon, H aldipali, Gud esira, M urum kel,
Bisalpali and Tukurla) had some medical facility in the
village but in the rest 7 villages medical facilities were
available at a distance of 5 kms or more. The source of
drinking water had been Wells, Tanks and Tubewells in
10 villages , W ell and Tubewell has been reported as
source of water in Katapali and Tank & T ubewell in
villages of Bardol, Chandipali and Turunga. River was
also a source of water in 5 villages. It was noticed that
only 5 villages (Katapali, Deogaon, Bardol, Gudesira and
Tukurla) had post offices while for rest 10 villages postal
services were available at a distance of 5 kms or more . All
the villages were electrified with 8 villages having
electrification for domestic consumption. Regarding
communication facilities Bus services were available in 4
villages (Katapali). For the rest of the villages
communication services were available at a distance of 5
kms or mo re.
The village survey results regarding social amenities
during the current period of survey are presented in
Social amen ities: The social amenities in the region as
per 1991 census is presented in Table 6 .It is observed
that of the 15 villages 1 village (Katapali) had Primary,
Middle, High schools and College, 3 villages (Deogaon,
Gud esira and Murumkel) had Primary, Middle, and High
schools, 4 villages (Padhanpali, Turunga, Bardol, Kuturla)
had Primary an d M iddle schoo ls and the rest 7 villages
98
Curr. Res. J. Soc. Sci., 1(3): 93-110, 2009
Table 8: Th e list of villages with respective sam ple sizes
Bargarh Block
No. of
Bhatli Block
No. of
Households
Households
01. K atap ali
20
11. P atika rpali
20
02. P adh anp ali
20
12. A mb apa li
20
03. Deogaon
20
13. N uagu resira
20
04. Turunga
20
14. K halia pali
20
05. Bardol
20
15. Baulsingha
20
06. C han dipa li
20
16. Deultunda
20
07. H aldip ali
20
17. Murumkel
20
08. P iplipa li
20
18. B isalpa li
20
09. G udes ira
20
19. Halanda
20
10. G hulip ali
20
20. T uku rla
20
Total
200
Total
200
Grand Total
400
Table 7. No educational facilities were found in 5 villages
(Gh ulipali, Chandipali, Tukurla, Deultunda and
Baulsimgha). Only Primary schools were found in 7
villages (Padhanpali, Piplipali, Patikarpali, Haldipali,
Nuaguresira, Bisalpali and Halanda). Primary schools and
High schools w ere fou nd in 7 villages (Murum kel,
Bardol, Khaliapali, Deogaon, Turunga, Am bapali and
Guresira). Medical facilities in some form were available
only in 4 villages (Bardol, Deogaon, Ambapali and
Katapali). The sources of water in most of the villages
have been Ponds, w ells and tube w ells and Can al. W hile
roads to the villages were good in 2 villag es (Chandipali
and Deogaon ), pucca roads were found in 7 villages.
There was provision of electricity in 19 villages. Bus
services were availab le only in 2 villag es. A college was
located in on ly one village, K atapali.
Caste distribution: The caste d istribution of the sa mple
households (Table 11) reveals a predominance of OBC
category (47.25%) followed by SC (35.25%), G eneral
(9.25%) and ST (8.25% ) .
General particulars of the sample households: The
sample survey was conducted by canvassing a structured
questionnaire amo ng the sample resp ondents to e licit
information on ge neral particulars, occupation, education,
mode rn facilities, nature of dwelling, source s of water,
mode of fuel used, nature of food-intake, asset position,
source of income, indebtedness, land ownership,
production of crop s, labour disposition, physical status,
health cond itions and ailments and nature of medical
assistance received. In the present report attempt has been
made to assess the aggregative analysis of the 400
households selecting 20 households each randomly from
the 20 villages,15 villages mentioned in the preceding
section and additional 5 villages- Khaliapali, Patikarp ali,
Am bapali, Ghulipali, N uaguresira (Table 8).
Education: The educational status of family members of
sample respondents village-wise is presented in
Table 12.The level of literacy was found to be
33.2%among the respondents.Female literacy was found
to be significantly higher compared to males. There exist
variations among the villages in the educational status.
Highest male illiteracy was found in Deulatunda village
(61.76% ). Highest female illiteracy (> 60%) w as found in
Patikarpa li, Murumkel, Ambapali, Deultunda, Halanda,
Nua gudesira and Turunga. One observes that the level of
education of bulk of the population (53.16%) w as up to
Primary or middle sch ool level with about 9.30% having
education up to secondary school and only 4.34% as
college educated. Villages having higher proportion of
persons with primary or middle school edu cation were
Gudesira, Deogaon, Bardol, Baulsingha, Haldipali and
Tukurla. In all the villages, lev el of prim ary & midd le
education was foun d high er for males co mpa red to
females excepting in Khaliapali, Bardol, Baulsingha,
Haldipali and C handipali. Higher level of secondary
education for males compared to females was found in all
the villages excepting Ghupali, Murumkel, Katapali and
Nuaguresira. Villages with relatively higher level of
secondary educ ation w ere K atapali, Chandipa li and
Haldipali. Similarly in case of college education all the
villages registered higher male college educated excepting
in Murumkel, Ambapali and Baulsingha. Relatively
higher level of college edu cation wasfoun d in G hupali,
Haldipali an d Chandipali.
Age and Sex: The age and sex distribution of the sample
respo ndents are presented in Table 9. Of the total sam ple
respo ndents almost all were males with only one female.
Majority of the respondents (76.5%) were in the age
groups of 30-60 years.
The age and sex composition of the total fam ily
members of the sample respondents can be examined
from Table 10. The sex-ratio was found to be low (721)
for the total respondents. Highest sex-ratio is found in the
village Katapa li (1024). Relatively higher ratios were
found in the villages of Piplipali (897), D eultunda (88 2),
Haldipali (868) and Nuaguresira (838) and lower ratios in
Chandipali (346), Bisalpali (592), Murumkel (617) and
Turunga (643). The age-wise distribution of population of
sample households in different villages reveals that about
46.78% of the population belonged to the age group of
less than 30 years or the young population. The villages
with relatively more young population (more than 55%)
were Khaliapali, Gudesira, Deogaon, Bardol and
Padhanpali. Low level of young population is found in the
villages of Deultun da, K haliapali, Baulsingha, Halanda
and Turunga.
Occupation: The oc cupational structure of the samp le
respo ndents presented in Table 13 reveals that about
38.25% of the total responden ts depend ed on ag riculture
as primary occupation. Nearly 24.75% were daily wage
labour (agricultural as well as non-agricultural). About
17.25% were dependent on forests or were artisans
followed by 10.75% of the respondents being service
holders, while 1.5% were engaged in Business or trade,
7.5% were dep endent on other occup ations.
99
Curr. Res. J. Soc. Sci., 1(3): 93-110, 2009
Tab le 9: A ge a nd s ex d istribu tion o f sam ple re spo nde nts
Sex
------------------------------------------Village
M ale
Fem ale
Total
Gh upa li
100
100
Kh aliap ali
100
100
Patik arpa li
100
100
Murum kel
95
5
100
Gu desira
100
100
Am bap ali
100
100
Turunga
100
100
Deogaon
100
100
Bardol
100
100
Pad han pali
100
100
Ka tapa li
100
100
Baulsimgha
100
100
Bisa lpali
100
100
Piplip ali
100
100
Ha ldipa li
100
100
Ch and ipali
100
100
Tu kur la
100
100
Halanda
100
100
Deultunda
100
100
Nu agud esira
100
100
Total
99.75
1
100
Age groups
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<20
20-<30
30-<40
40-<50
50-<60
60 & above
Total
10
50
10
30
100
10
40
40
10
100
20
15
30
25
10
100
25
45
10
20
100
5
35
25
15
20
100
15
30
20
30
5
100
5
35
50
10
100
5
30
35
25
5
100
10
35
45
10
100
10
15
45
30
100
10
30
30
20
10
100
10
5
25
40
20
100
10
40
20
20
10
100
10
10
45
25
10
100
5
40
5
30
20
100
5
15
20
5
30
25
100
15
5
25
35
20
100
5
40
35
20
100
30
40
30
100
30
30
35
5
100
0.25
7.25
25
25
26 .5
13 .5
400
Tab le 10: Age and sex comp osition of family members of sam ple
resp ond ents
Village
M ale
Fem ale
Sex -ratio
Population
below 30 ye ars
Gh upa li
42
28
667
41.43
Kh aliap ali
51
40
784
56.04
Patik arpa li
31
22
710
33.96
Murum kel
47
29
617
51.32
Gu desira
56
32
571
55.68
Am bap ali
34
25
735
38.98
Turunga
42
27
643
37.68
Deogaon
48
36
750
57.14
Bardol
46
38
826
59.52
Pad han pali
40
32
800
56.94
Ka tapa li
42
43
1024
47.06
Baulsimgha
55
33
600
34.09
Bisa lpali
49
29
592
50.00
Piplip ali
39
35
897
50.00
Ha ldipa li
38
33
868
46.48
Ch and ipali
52
18
346
47.14
Tu kur la
35
27
771
48.39
Halanda
38
29
763
37.31
Deultunda
34
30
882
29.69
Nu agud esira 37
31
838
42.65
Total
856
617
721
46.78
Table 11: Caste distribution of sample households
Caste groups
-----------------------------------------------------------------Village
SC
ST
OBC
General
Othe rs
Total
Gh upa li
50
50
100
Kh aliap ali
100
100
Patik arpa li
100
100
Murum kel
40
35
25
100
Gu desira
40
60
100
Am bap ali
50
10
40
100
Turunga
20
10
70
100
Deogaon
15
10
65
10
100
Bardol
5
15
75
5
100
Pad han pali
25
75
100
Ka tapa li
100
100
Baulsimgha
30
40
30
100
Bisa lpali
65
5
30
100
Piplip ali
60
30
10
100
Ha ldipa li
5
10
85
100
Ch and ipali
100
100
Tu kur la
85
15
100
Halanda
60
40
100
Deultunda
85
15
100
Nu agud esira 10
90
100
Total
35.25 8.25 47.25
9.25
100
The occu pation al structure of m emb ers of sa mple
households (Table 14) shows a work participation rate of
43.79% of total respondents. The dependence on
agriculture was limited to 65.89% (31.63% as cultivator
and 34.26% as agricultural labour) of the total workers.
Nearly 13.64% were engaged as non-agricultural labour,
9.61% as service holders, 2.79% in business and 1.24% in
other occupations.
While one observes not much
variation in work participation rate among the villages
excepting in case of Patikarpali, Deultunda, Nuagudesira
and Halanda. Villages with higher proportion of
cultivators were Khaliapali, Murumkel, Gudesira,
Katapali, Baulsingha, Haldipali and Nuagudesira. The
share of agricultural labour in total workers was relatively
high in Patikarpali, Turunga, Halanda and Deultunda.
Proportion of non-agricultural labour
population
was relatively high in Deo gaon, Bardol and Tukurla.
Relatively higher proportion of service holders was found
in Bard ol, Bisa lpali, Piplipali, Haldipali and Chandipali.
Similarly relatively more people were engaged in business
in Bisalpali and Tukurla. Other occupations we re
relatively more impo rtant in A mba pali.
Given the occup ational structure w ith significantly
higher engagement of workers in non-agricultural
activities for the sample households, it will be interesting
to analyze the level of employm ent of family members of
the sample households from Table 15. The average mandays employed for total of all sample households was 215
days. However, relatively higher level of employment was
found in Ghupali, Khaliapali, Murumkel, Gudesira,
Deogaon, Bard ol, Pad hanpali, Baulsingha, Piplipali,
Haldipali, Chandipali, Chandipali and Tukurla. The
villages with relatively low er level of emp loymen t were
Patikarpali, Deultunda and Turunga.
100
Curr. Res. J. Soc. Sci., 1(3): 93-110, 2009
Tab le 12 : Ed uca tiona l status of fa mily m emb ers o f sam ple re spo nde nts
Village
Illiterate
Prim ary & M iddle
-------------------------------------------------------------------M
F
T
M
F
T
Gh upa li
9.52
46.43
24.29
64.29
32.14
51.43
Kh aliap ali
25.49
37.50
30.77
50.98
55.00
52.75
Patik arpa li
58.06
72.73
64.15
41.94
27.27
35.85
Murum kel
48.94
68.97
56.58
42.55
17.24
32.89
Gu desira
25.00
56.25
36.36
71.43
43.75
61.36
Am bap ali
50.00
68.00
57.63
47.06
28.00
38.98
Turunga4
7.62
77.78
59.42
50.00
22.22
39.13
Deogaon
16.67
19.44
17.86
68.75
66.67
67.86
Bardol
8.70
13.16
10.71
73.91
76.32
75.00
Pad han pali
32.50
59.38
44.44
67.50
40.63
55.56
Ka tapa li
16.67
34.88
25.88
52.38
39.53
45.88
Baulsimgha
5.45
6.06
5.68
70.91
87.88
77.27
Bisa lpali
24.49
41.38
30.77
59.18
55.17
57.69
Piplip ali1
5.38
37.14
25.68
58.97
57.14
58.11
Ha ldipa li
7.89
3.03
5.63
44.74
78.79
60.56
Ch and ipali
7.69
22.22
11.43
25.00
44.44
30.00
Tukurla1
1.433
3.33
20.97
77.14
66.67
72.58
Halanda
42.11
72.41
55.22
55.26
27.59
43.28
Deultunda
61.76
63.33
62.50
38.24
36.67
37.50
Nu agud esira 35.14
61.29
47.06
62.16
35.48
50.00
Total
26.05
43.11
33.20
56.54
48.46
53.16
Tab le 13 : Oc cup ation al struc ture o f sam ple re spo nde nts
Village
Cultivator
Daily wage
Business
Gh upa li
20
55
Kh aliap ali
60
Patik arpa li
Murum kel
75
20
Gu desira
55
20
Am bap ali
40
10
Turunga
30
5
Deogaon
50
20
5
Bardol
75
Pad han pali
80
Ka tapa li
30
35
10
Baulsimgha
40
60
Bisa lpali
5
75
Piplip ali
10
85
Ha ldipa li
70
20
5
Ch and ipali
90
Tu kur la
10
Halanda
30
Deultunda
35
Nu agud esira
60
Total
38.25
24.75
1.5
Seco ndary
---------------------------------M
F
T
11.90
14.29
12.86
15.69
5.00
12.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.13
6.90
3.95
1.79
0.00
1.14
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.38
0.00
1.45
14.58
13.89
14.29
10.87
10.53
10.71
0.00
0.00
0.00
19.05
23.26
21.18
21.82
3.03
14.77
8.16
3.45
6.41
23.08
5.71
14.86
18.42
18.18
18.31
38.46
33.33
37.14
5.71
0.00
3.23
2.63
0.00
1.49
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.70
3.23
2.94
10.86
7.13
9.30
Service
5
10
15
25
65
25
20
5
25
10
5
5
10.75
Tab le 14 : Oc cup ation al struc ture o f fam ily me mb ers o f sam ple re spo nde nts
Village
Cultivator
Agril labour
Non-agr labour
Service
Gh upa li
75
0
0
25
Kh aliap ali
69.57
4.35
8.70
13.04
Patik arpa li
0.00
94.23
5.77
0.00
Murum kel
60.00
0.00
16.00
4.00
Gu desira
63.64
9.09
4.55
4.55
Am bap ali
37.93
20.69
3.45
3.45
Turunga
11.54
82.69
0.00
3.85
Deogaon
30.77
0.00
57.69
11.54
Bardol
0.00
0.00
69.23
19.23
Pad han pali
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Ka tapa li
69.57
4.35
26.09
0.00
Baulsimgha
76.19
0.00
16.67
7.14
Bisa lpali
39.29
28.57
0.00
21.43
Piplip ali
26.47
11.76
14.71
23.53
Ha ldipa li
52.17
4.35
13.04
21.74
Ch and ipali
31.03
0.00
6.90
48.28
Tu kur la
0.00
0.00
70.37
7.41
Halanda
10.26
84 .6
20.00
5.13
Deultunda
0.00
100.00
0.00
0.00
Nu agud esira
63.41
29.27
4.88
2.44
Total
31.63
34.26
13.64
9.61
101
Forest/Artisan
5
5
100
5
5
85
60
55
25
17.25
Business
0
4.35
0.00
0.00
9.09
0.00
1.92
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
10.71
8.82
4.35
3.45
22.22
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.79
Othe rs
0
0.00
0.00
4.00
0.00
24.14
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.24
College
------------------------------------M
F
T
14.29
7.14
11.43
5.88
2.50
4.40
0.00
0.00
0.00
6.38
6.90
6.58
1.79
0.00
1.14
2.94
4.00
3.39
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
6.52
0.00
3.57
0.00
0.00
0.00
11.90
2.33
7.06
1.82
3.03
2.27
8.16
0.00
5.13
2.56
0.00
1.35
28.95
0.00
15.49
28.85
0.00
21.43
5.71
0.00
3.23
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
6.54
1.30
4.34
Othe rs
15
25
5
10
20
5
15
10
5
5
5
10
15
7.5
Total
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Total
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
% share in population
28.57
25.27
98.11
32.89
25.00
49.15
75.36
30.95
30.95
31.94
27.06
47.73
35.90
45.95
32.39
41.43
43.55
58.21
95.31
60.29
43.79
Curr. Res. J. Soc. Sci., 1(3): 93-110, 2009
Tab le 15 : Em ploy men t of fa mily m emb ers o f sam ple re spo nde nts
Village
No. of persons engaged
Average man-days
in gainful employment
employed
Gh upa li
20.00
297
Kh aliap ali
23.00
300
Patik arpa li
52.00
91
Murum kel
25.00
302
Gu desira
22.00
293
Am bap ali
29.00
118
Turunga
52.00
99
Deogaon
26.00
309
Bardol
26.00
304
Pad han pali
23.00
300
Ka tapa li
23.00
228
Baulsimgha
42.00
305
Bisa lpali
28.00
292
Piplip ali
34.00
322
Ha ldipa li
23.00
313
Ch and ipali
29.00
307
Tu kur la
27.00
311
Halanda
39.00
102
Deultunda
61.00
92
Nu agud esira
41.00
138
Total
645.00
215
and dinner (Table 20a, b). About 39.5% of the households
took puffed rice (local name , Mudhi) and tea in the
break fast, 37.75%
watered rice (Pakhal)
in the
break fast. In the lunch 39.0% of the respondents revealed
to be taking predominantly only one item (dal/curry) with
rice and about 1.75% used to manage eating rice only
with onion or sag (e dible lea f ). While 57.75% u sed to
take rice, dal and curry, only 1.5% reported taking
additionally non-vegetarian item. Regarding evening
eating habit one finds that about 55.25% of the
respo ndents revealed of not taking anything and 29.5%
reportedly took Mudhi/Chuda(flattened rice) with tea.
During dinne r while 52.0% reported taking rice with dal
or curry and 1.75% rice with onion or sag, about 45.75%
used to take rice, dal and cu rry.
Asset ownership: The asset ownership position of the
different households is presented in Table 21. Most
com mon ly owned item was found to be cycle (72.5%)
followed by watch/ clock (72.25%). Next in importance
were television (50% ), and rad io (48.2 5% ). While only
20.75% of the respondents reported having tape recorder,
10.5% owned two wheelers; barely 0.5% possessed four
wheelers. None of the households owned tractor. There
was relatively low level of ownership of variou s assets
among the sam ple househo lds. In term s of value of assets
most important items were two wheelers, television,
cycles and four wheelers. The per household average
value of all assets was found to be Rs. 4673/- among all
respo ndents (Ta ble 22 ).
TV was ow ned by a sizeable portion of the
respo ndents in all the villages excep ting Pa tikarpali.
Deogaon, Bisalpali, Piplipali, Tukirla, Halanda and
De ultunda. Ow nersh ip of radio was high in M urum kel,
B ardo l, Baulsingha, Chandipali, Tukurla and
Nuagudesira.. Ow nership of four wheelers was found only
in Katapali and Tukurla. Tape recorder was an important
possession in Bardol, H alanda and Nuaguresira. Two
wheelers were found relatively more in Gudesira,
Turunga, Deogaon and Haldipali. The
items found
exten sively were bicycle and watch.
It is also observ ed that there ex ists variation across
the villages in terms of average asset value of the different
sample househo lds. Highest asset value w as observed in
the villages of Turun ga (Rs.13308/-), Gud esira
(Rs.124 48/-) and Nuagudesira (Rs.12123/-). Lowest
average asset value was found in the villages of Halanda
(Rs.185 6/-), Ambapali (Rs.1750/-) and
Patikarpali
(Rs.533/-).Given the nature of ow nersh ip pattern of asse ts
as outlined above it is relevant to examine the
interrelationship between caste and occu pation with
ownersh ip of assets from Table 23 and 24.
It is important to observe that the SC & ST
respo ndents were located in the lowest asset size group
of below Rs.10,000/-., while a sizea ble portion of general
caste groups (45.9% ) were located in high asset size
groups. However, persons belonging to highest asset
group (more than 1 lakh) belong ed to OBC category.
Facilities and living conditions of sample responden ts:
Housing: The facilities available in the houses of sam ple
househo lds can be observed from Table 16. Of the total
respo ndents abou t 52.5% of the respon dents live in
kaccha houses, 19 .25% lived in pucca houses and
28.25% in mixed houses. The houses were found to be
electrified in case of 60.0% households. Only 15.0% of
the houses had less than 3 room s, while 70.25% of the
households did not have their own toilet facility.About
73.0% of the households did not have their own drainage
system .
Sources of water: Nearly 57.75% of the households
depended on Tube well for drinking wa ter (Table 17).
About 1.25% depends on their own well. An important
source of drinking water has been Village wells. Village
wise the dependence on Village wells was high in
Baulsingha, Bisalpali, Piplipali and Haldipali. There is
piped water supp ly only in the village D eogaon. Only
three villages, Tukurla, Halanda and Deultunda reported
multiple sources for drink ing w ater.
The most important source of water (Table 18) for
washing and b athing was river (54%), village pond
(25.5%) and m ultiple sources (20.25 %). V illages w ith
multiple water sources w ere
Tu kurla, H alanda and
Deultunda.
Source of fuel: The m ost important source of fuel for
cooking was firewood (36.5%), electric heater (12.25%)
while the bulk of the households used mu ltiple sources
(51.0% ). Use of firewood was extensive in the villages of
Murumk el, Baulsinga, Bisalpali, Piplipali, Tukurla,
Halanda and Deultunda. Similarly, use of electric heater
was very high in G hupali, Gudesira and K atapali
(Table 19 ).
Food intake: The food intake of the sample resp ondents
were recorded for breakfast, lunch, evening tiffin/snacks
102
Curr. Res. J. Soc. Sci., 1(3): 93-110, 2009
Tab le 16 : Fac ilities an d livin g co nditio ns o f sam ple re spo nde nts
Village
Kaccha
Pucca
Mixed
Total
Electr-ified
Gh upa li
50
10
40
100
100
Kh aliap ali
55
10
35
100
40
Patik arpa li
100
100
Murum kel
100
100
80
Gu desira
15
45
40
100
100
Am bap ali
65
35
100
90
Turunga
10
65
25
100
90
Deogaon
25
45
30
100
75
Bardol
60
40
100
100
Pad han pali
5
20
75
100
95
Ka tapa li
35
60
5
100
100
Baulsimgha
75
25
100
Bisa lpali
75
25
100
25
Piplip ali
90
10
100
30
Ha ldipa li
45
15
40
100
80
Ch and ipali
25
10
65
100
70
Tu kur la
85
15
100
Halanda
95
5
100
5
Deultunda
80
20
100
20
Nu agud esira 20
40
40
100
100
Total
52 .5
19 .3
28 .3
100
60
<3
10
50
50
20
10
15
5
10
35
5
35
10
10
20
15
15
3-5
90
50
50
80
65
85
15
65
30
65
55
95
65
90
75
45
90
80
85
55
66 .5
>5
25
85
35
65
25
10
25
55
45
18 .5
Total
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Ow n toilet Facility
10
50
75
65
100
20
65
5
10
85
10
100
29 .8
Wastage drainage
10
50
25
85
100
70
100
100
27
Table 17: Sources of water for drinking
Village
Source of water for drinking
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Pu blic su pply
Ow n w ell
Villa ge w ell
Village pond
River
Tu be w ell
Multi source
Total
Gh upa li
100
100
Kh aliap ali
100
100
Patik arpa li
100
100
Murum kel
100
Gu desira
100
100
Am bap ali
100
100
Turunga
25
10
60
5
100
Deogaon
100
100
Bardol
100
100
Pad han pali
95
5
100
Ka tapa li
100
100
Baulsimgha
100
100
Bisa lpali
100
100
Piplip ali
100
100
Ha ldipa li
100
100
Ch and ipali
100
100
Tu kur la
100
100
Halanda
100
100
Deultunda
100
100
Nu agud esira
100
100
Total
5
1.25
20 .5
57.75
15 .5
100
Table 18: Sources of Water for Bathing
Village
Source of water for Bathing
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Pu blic su pply
Ow n w ell
Villa ge w ell
Village pond
River
Tu be w ell
Multi source
Total
Gh upa li
100
100
Kh aliap ali
100
100
Patik arpa li
15
80
5
100
Murum kel
100
100
Gu desira
90
10
100
Am bap ali
100
100
Turunga
80
20
100
Deogaon
100
100
Bardol
100
100
Pad han pali
100
100
Ka tapa li
100
100
Baulsimgha
100
100
Bisa lpali
95
5
100
Piplip ali
100
100
Ha ldipa li
100
100
Ch and ipali
95
5
100
Tu kur la
100
100
Halanda
100
100
Deultunda
100
100
Nu agud esira
35
65
100
Total
25 .5
54
0.25
20.25
100
103
Curr. Res. J. Soc. Sci., 1(3): 93-110, 2009
Table 19: Source of fuel for Cooking
Village
Fire wood
Gh upa li
Kh aliap ali
35
Patik arpa li
Murum kel
100
Gu desira
Am bap ali
5
Turunga
Deogaon
Bardol
Pad han pali
Ka tapa li
Baulsimgha
95
Bisa lpali
100
Piplip ali
100
Ha ldipa li
Ch and ipali
Tu kur la
100
Halanda
95
Deultunda
100
Nu agud esira
Total
36 .5
Cow dung
5
0.25
Coal
-
Heater
50
90
15
10
5
10
60
5
12.25
Similarly, occupation wise one observes that while
persons in most occupations were mainly located in the
low asset size group of be low Rs.10,000/-, relatively
higher num ber of p erson s located in high asset size groups
belon ged to service class and other occup ation groups.
Gas
-
Kerosene
-
M ultiple
50
65
100
10
80
90
95
100
90
40
5
95
100
5
95
51
Total
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
was Rs.1395/- only. Village wise also one observes
variations. Villages w ith relatively high er per house hold
income were Gudesira, Turunga, Bardol, Pa dhanpali,
Katapali, Haldiplai, Chandipali, and Nuaguresira. Villages
with highest per capita monthly income were Gudesira,
Turunga, Padhanpali, Haldipali, Chandipali and
Nuaguresira.
The interrelationship between caste and occupation
with income pattern can be examined from Table 25 and
26. The lowest per household monthly income was by
SC & ST and highest by general caste followed by OBC.
Occupation wise it is found that highest per househo ld
mon thly income was recorded by service class followed
by household industry and cultivation and the lowest
income was found in case of wage-earners, artisans and
persons dependent on forestry.
Source of income: It is observed that 48.75% of the
households reported earning incom e from agriculture
followed by slightly higher proportion (54.75%) earning
income through wage labour. While 12.25% reported
earning income through service, 8.75% earned income
through shop /business. A bout 51% of the respon dents
revealed earning inc ome throug h othe r sources. It is
however interesting to no tice that about 51.36% of the
total income earned was contributed by agriculture
followed by 19.56% by wage-earners, 12.71% by service
and only 4 .71% by bu siness and trade. Other sources of
income contributed nearly 11.67% of the total income.
This indicates that a large segment of the population was
engaged in cultivation and wage labour, and this
occupation was the primary source of living for the people
in the region. V illage-wise also one notices some
variations. Cultivation w as relatively more impo rtant in
Murum kel, Gudesira, Padhanpali and Chandipali. Wage
labour was an im portan t source of income in Khaliapali,
Am bapali, Bisalpali, Piplipali and Deultunda, where as
service is an importan t source in Tu runga, Bardol,
Padhanpali and Haldipali. Simialrly Business was an
impo rtant source in Ambapali, Deultunda and
Nuaguresira. Other occupations w ere relatively more
impo rtant in Patikarpali, Piplipali and H aldipali.
The level of income of the sample respondents was
found to be very low as can be seen from the per
househo ld income as well as the per capita income of the
sample households. The per-household monthly income
stands at Rs. 5136/-, while the per capita monthly income
Hea lth and Nutrition Status: The health status of peo ple
of the different villages (Table 27) reveals the common
ailments to be cough & cold and headache amon g the
villagers.. People of four villages (all 100%) reported that
they are not suffering from any common alim ents
frequently.. Out of the 20 villages, cent percent househo ld
of 13 villages reported that they are treated by the do ctors
whenever they suffer from any h ealth problem. T hey visit
hosp itals to seek help from the doc tors.
The common chronic diseases in terms of air borne
diseases were Tuberculosis, respiratory infections, Pox,
asthma and others. The water borne diseases were
dysentery, diarrhea, jaundice and other diseases and
parasitic infections. Incidences of such chronic diseases
were reportedly much less among the sam ple households.
Nutritional Status: A total of 1473 person belon ging to
different age and sex groups in twenty villages were the
sample respondents for the assessment of nutritional
status (Table 29 ).
104
Curr. Res. J. Soc. Sci., 1(3): 93-110, 2009
Table 20a: Food intake pattern of sample households
Village
Breakfast
-------------------------------------------------------------------------Mud hi & tea
Rice/ Pakahal Other
No
Total
Lunch
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Rice, Onion
Rice, Dal
Ric e, D al,
Ri ce, d al,
Total
/Sag
/ Curry
Cu rry
Curry, N.Veg
Gh upa li
Kh aliap ali
Patik arpa li
Murum kel
Gu desira
Am bap ali
Turunga
Deogaon
Bardol
Pad han pali
Ka tapa li
Baulsimgha
Bisa lpali
Piplip ali
Ha ldipa li
Ch and ipali
Tu kur la
Halanda
Deultunda
Nu agud esira
90
100
85
30
60
80
15
5
70
70
20
100
30
5
30
100
10
10
40
20
100
75
100
100
95
100
56
10
5
60
20
85
95
10
30
5
70
5
-
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
25
10
-
15
59
80
30
35
55
90
75
90
25
90
90
100
-
85
5
20
70
100
65
100
100
100
90
40
10
10
75
100
95
10
51
10
5
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
00
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Total
39 .5
37.75
22 .8
-
100
1.75
39
57.75
1.5
100
Table 20b: Food intake pattern of sample households
Village
Evening
---------------------------------------------------------------------------Muri &tea
Rice/ Pakahal Other
No
Total
Dinner
---------------------------------------------------------------------------Rice, Onion/ Rice, Dal
Ri ce, D al, Ri ce, d al,
Total
Sag
/ Curry
Cu rry
Curry N.Veg
Gh upa li
Kh aliap ali
Patik arpa li
Murum kel
Gu desira
Am bap ali
Turunga
Deogaon
Bardol
Pad han pali
Ka tapa li
Baulsimgha
Bisa lpali
Piplip ali
Ha ldipa li
Ch and ipali
Tu kur la
Halanda
Deultunda
Nu agud esira
5
5
20
30
10
55
50
20
45
60
30
58
100
45
10
54
95
5
5
20
5
50
5
-
45
15
20
10
5
-
95
95
100
80
70
90
45
75
100
40
70
100
90
50
5
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
30
59
-
55
59
85
55
15
65
59
95
60
100
70
100
5
100
100
35
45
5
15
35
85
35
5
5
100
100
40
100
100
65
10
-
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Total
29 .5
10 .5
4.75
55 .3
100
1.75
52
45.75
0.5
100
Tab le 21 : As set ow ners hip p ositio n of sam ple re spo nde nts
Item
No. of Hhs
% H hs
< 5 years, 5-16 years and >16 years of age weree
calculated. The consolidated list of villages showing
proportion of population in different age–group having
normal nutritional status has been p resented in Tables 3032. W hen scores were assigned on per cent of normal
population at each age -group in eac h village (Table 30),
Patikarpali, Chandipali Halanda and Deultunda scored
more than 80% , Gudesira, Turunga, Baulsimgha,
Haldipali, Nuagudesira scored between 60-80% and rest
<60%. The villages like Bisalpali, Tukurla Ghupali,
Khaliapali, Murumkel, Ambapali, Deogaon, B ardol,
Padhanpali, Katapali, Piplipali requires imm ediate
%share in total value
Television
Ra dio
Tape recorder
Four wheeler
Cycles
Two w heeler
Tractor
Watch/clock
200
193
83
2
290
42
289
50 .0
48.25
20.75
0.5
72 .5
10 .5
72.25
20.39
2.83
2.33
14.61
17.57
38.96
3.30
Total
400
10 0.0
100
Village-wise malnutrition status in terms of weight
for age and Body Mass Index of the sa mple belon ging to
105
Curr. Res. J. Soc. Sci., 1(3): 93-110, 2009
Tab le 22 : Average asset value of sample households in different
villages
Village
Averag e Asset V alue(Rupee s)
Gh upa li
4059
Kh aliap ali
2016
Patik arpa li
533
Murum kel
2266
Gu desira
12448
Am bap ali
1750
Turunga
13308
Deogaon
6460
Bardol
5370
Pad han pali
3338
Ka tapa li
3983
Baulsimgha
2492
Bisa lpali
2342
Piplip ali
2036
Ha ldipa li
9268
Ch and ipali
3586
Tu kur la
2033
Halanda
1856
Deultunda
2190
Nu agud esira
12123
Total
4673
Tab le 25 : Ho use hold monthly income (Rs) of caste groups of sa mp le
households
Ca ste
Total
SC
ST
OBC
GEN
Total
2592
4262
5961
11538
5136
Tab le 26 : Ho use hold mo nthly incom e (R s.) of o ccu pati on groups of
sample households
Occupation
Total
Cultivation
Agril labour
Non-agril. Lab
Service.
Business
Forest
Artisan
HH -industry
Othe rs
6712
2843
2234
10715
5403
1242
2855
8083
5363
Total
5136
Table 23: Assets owned by different caste groups
Ca ste
<10000
SC
ST
OBC
GEN
135 (95.7)
31 (93.9)
165 (87.3)
17 (45.9)
10000-30000
5 (3.55)
2 (6.06)
18 (9.52)
13 (35.1)
30000-50000
1 (0.71)
0.00
3 (1.59)
5 (13.5)
50000-1 lakh
0.00
0.00
1 (0.53)
2 (8.11)
>1 lakh
0.00
0.00
2 (1.06)
0.00
Total
141
33
189
37
Total
348 (87.0)
38 (9.50)
9 (2.25)
3 (0.75)
2 (0.50)
400
Table 24: Assets owned by different occupation groups
Occupation
<10000
> 1 lakh
Total
Cu lt
Agril. Lab
Non-ag. La
Service
Business
Forest
Artisans
HH ind.
Othe rs
123 (80.39)
24 (96)
73 (98.65)
30 (69.77)
6 (100)
38 (100)
29 (93.55)
2 (100)
23 (82.14)
10000-30000
24 (15.7)
1 (4)
1 (1.35)
9 (20.93)
0
0
0
0
3 (10.71)
30000-50000
5 (3.3)
0
0
3 (6.98)
0
0
0
0
1 (3.57)
0.00
0
0
0.00
0
0
2 (6.45)
0
1 (3.57)
1 (0.65)
0
0
1 (2.33)
0
0
0
0
0
153
25
74
43
6
38
31
2
28
Total
348 (87.0)
38 (9.50)
9 (2.25)
3 (0.75)
2 (0.50)
400
Table 27: Common ailments of sample households
Co ugh & c old
Headache
50000-1 lakh
Table 28: Treating physician and place of treatment
No
Doctor
No respo nse
Gh upa li
Kh aliap ali
Patik arpa li
Murum kel
Gu desira
Am bap ali
Turunga
Deogaon
Bardol
Pad han pali
Ka tapa li
Baulsimgha
Bisa lpali
Piplip ali
Ha ldipa li
Ch and ipali
Tu kur la
Halanda
Deultunda
Nu agud esira
100
100
100
100
98 .9
100
97 .6
85 .7
100
100
100
100
87 .8
87 .3
98 .6
82 .3
-
2.4
1.2
1.4
-
0.1
100
13 .1
10 .8
12 .7
17 .7
100
100
100
Gh upa li
Kh aliap ali
Patik arpa li
Murum kel
Gu desira
Am bap ali
Turunga
Deogaon
Bardol
Pad han pali
Ka tapa li
Baulsimgha
Bisa lpali
Piplip ali
Ha ldipa li
Ch and ipali
Tu kur la
Halanda
Deultunda
Nu agud esira
100
100
100
100
98 .9
100
100
91 .7
100
100
100
100
100
97 .2
82 .9
3.2
92 .5
100
76 .5
1.1
100
8.3
2.8
17 .1
96 .8
7.59
23 .5
100
100
100
100
98 .9
100
100
92 .9
100
100
100
100
100
97 .2
94 .3
82 .3
8.5
100
100
1.1
100
7.1
2.8
5.7
17 .7
1.5
-
Total
78 .8
0.8
20 .4
Total
88 .3
11 .7
93 .6
6.4
106
Hospital
No respo nse
Curr. Res. J. Soc. Sci., 1(3): 93-110, 2009
Table 29: Age-Group w ise sample distribution in the study area
Sam ple fa mily
Age Group
M ale
Fem ale
Total
mem bers
in years
0-5
39
33
72
>5-16
127
90
217
>16
691
493
1184
Grand Total
856
617
1473
intervention to meet their nu tritional requirements through
awareness campaign and training. Prevalence of higher
proportion of normal children in almost all villages might
be attributed to longer duration of breast feeding in the
locality.
Table 31 presents the level of malnutrition among the
various age-g roups. In all the age groups, proportion of
females with malnutrition has been more than the males.
The percentage of females with normal nutritional status
were 9, 14 and 76.3 % in 0-5, >5-16 and >16 years
category respectively in comparison to 20.5, 29.9 and
76.3% in male categ ory. Table 32 reve als that around
21% from male child category (0-<5 yrs) and 30% from
age-group of >5-16 yrs were normal in nutritional status.
The percentage of norm al female children were still less,
i.e only 9% and 14 % respectively. The children suffering
from severe malnutrition was 25% in the age-group of >516 years where as it was 9.7% in 0-<5 yrs age-group. Less
proportion of children belonging to malnourished group
(Fig. 2) may be due to prolonged breast-feeding practices
prevalent in the area.
Fig. 1 and 2 reveal that a slightly higher proportion of
the population belonging to age – group 5-16 years
showed poor nutritional status (sev ere malnutrition ) in
comparison to <5 years as well as >16 years. This perhaps
indicates that this section of people was not able to meet
the nutritional needs as per the requirement for the
grow ing pe riod.
In Orissa more than half (54%) of the children under
three years are undernourished (IIPS 2001) and the
proportion of children who are severely malnourished
stand at 18-21%. In the present observation the percentage
of severely malnourished was observed to be higher in the
age group of 5-1 6 in both th e sex group (Fig. 3). When
mean height of Boys and girls within the age group of 16
Tab le 30 : Co nso lidated list of v illage- wis e distrib ution of N orm al (N on- maln our ished ) sam ple
SN
Name of the Village
0-5 yrs
>5-1 6 yrs
>16 yrs
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total no
No rma l %
Total no
No rma l %
Total no
No rma l %
of samples
of samples
of samples
1
Gh upa li
7
0
23
76
2
Kh aliap ali
4
0
25
28
62
82
3
Patik arpa li
1
100
3
100
49
92
4
Murum kel
9
22
10
0
57
84
5
Gu desira
4
50
19
26
65
92
6
Am bap ali
1
0
10
50
48
77
7
Turunga
5
60
64
77
8
Deogaon
5
0
20
20
59
97
9
Bardol
7
14
21
10
56
95
10
Pad han pali
6
17
21
14
45
82
11
Ka tapa li
5
0
10
30
70
89
12
Baulsimgha
2
50
6
17
80
98
13
Bisa lpali
6
0
10
0
62
90
14
Piplip ali
6
0
7
14
61
90
15
Ha ldipa li
5
20
15
20
51
92
16
Ch and ipali
7
43
63
94
17
Tu kur la
8
0
4
0
50
86
18
Halanda
5
60
62
81
19
Deultunda
2
100
62
77
20
Nu agud esira
3
67
10
40
55
73
Tab le 31: M alnutrition statu s based on n utritional anth ropo metry
Age-G roup(years)
Weight for Age
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Normal
M ild
M ode rate
Seve re
Total
0-5
M ale
8
12
14
5
39
Fem ale
3
13
15
2
33
Total
11
25
29
7
72
>5-16
M ale
38
27
30
32
127
Fem ale
13
31
23
23
90
Total
51
58
53
55
217
Body M ass Index
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->16
M ale
647
34
2
8
691
Fem ale
376
84
21
12
493
Total
1023
118
23
20
1184
107
% N ormal
Avg Score out of 1
0.4
0.47
1.0
0.47
0.67
0.47
0.7
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.6
0.33
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.33
0.8
0.9
0.66
% Seve re
20 .5
9.1
15 .3
12 .8
6.1
9.7
29 .9
14 .4
23 .5
25 .2
25 .6
25 .3
93 .6
76 .3
86 .4
1.2
2.4
1.7
Curr. Res. J. Soc. Sci., 1(3): 93-110, 2009
Fig. 5: Mean height of girls in comparison with standards
Fig. 1: Prevalence of different level of malnutrition in children
Fig. 2: Percent distribution of normal persons in different age
groups
Fig. 6: Mean weight of girls in comparison with standards
Fig. 3: Prevalence of sever malnutrition in different age groups
Fig. 7: Mean weight of girls in comparison with standards
Table 32: Proportion of sam ple with normal and severe
malnourishment
Normal
Severe malnourished
0-5 yrs
Male
20.5
12.8
Fem ale
9.1
6.1
Average
15.3
9.7
>5-16 yrs
Male
29.9
25.2
Fem ale
14.4
25.6
Average
23.5
25.3
>5-16 yrs
Male
93.6
1.2
Fem ale
76.32.4
Average
86.4
1.7
Fig. 4: Mean height of boys in comparison with standards
years were compared with N CH S standard as well as w ith
“W ell to do Indians”, there is a gap in the trend in all the
age groups for the present population (Fig. 4, 5) and the
gap is relatively wider in weight for age with minor
deviations (Fig. 6, 7). This indicates that both in terms of
height and w eight in relation to age, the sam ple
population does not come near the NCH S standard nor the
“W ell to do Indians”. Therefore , it may be desirable for
an early intervention, particularly for the ag e group o f 0-5
and 5-16 years to make them aware of the nutritional
requirement for their growth.
Quality of life index: On the basis of the value function
stated in the methodology section the QOL (Quality of
Life Index) of different households were computed for the
different villages which are presented the Table 33 . It is
108
Curr. Res. J. Soc. Sci., 1(3): 93-110, 2009
Table 33: Village-wise Quality of Life Index
Villages
Index
Gh upa li
4.03
Kh aliap ali
3.69
Patik arpa li
3.39
Murum kel
3.54
Gu desira
5.22
Am bap ali
4.59
Turunga
5.15
Deogaon
5.56
Bardol
5.93
Pad han pali
4.36
Ka tapa li
5.61
Baulsimgha
3.17
Bisa lpali
2.67
Piplip ali
2.89
Ha ldipa li
4.24
Ch and ipali
5.65
Tu kur la
2.93
Halanda
2.98
Deultunda
3.10
Nu agud esira
5.11
Total
4.19
Status
Average
Average
Average
Average
Fair
Average
Fair
Fair
Fair
Average
Fair
Average
Poor
Poor
Average
Fair
Poor
Poor
Average
Fair
Average
Table 34: Caste-wise Quality of life index
Ca ste
Index
SC
3.40
ST
3.65
OBC
4.63
G E N E RA L
5.43
Total
4.19
Status
Average
Average
Average
Fair
Average
Table 35: Occupation-wise Quality of life index
Ca ste
Index
Cultivation
4.68
Agril. Labour
3.95
Non-Agril Labour
3.30
Service
5.38
Business
5.18
Forest
2.98
Artisans
3.62
Hh Indu stry
5.16
Othe rs
4.25
Total
4.19
Status
Average
Average
Average
Fair
Fair
Poor
Average
Fair
Average
Average
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Although the Bargarh cement works has made some
contribution over the years to community development
particularly in the areas of education and sports ,health
care ,infrastructure ,water and sanitation for which a
major proportion of the population had an “average”
quality of life(not poor) ,there are villages with poor QOL
which may be given priority providing infrastructure,
water, saniation, healthcare, education etc. as a part of
Corporate Social Responsibility. One of the concerned
area in the locality is rise in unemployment and a shift
from agriculture profession to other areas. The BCW may
consider providing vocational training on indigenous
knowledge and rural technology to the underprivileged
com mun ity by way of opening Vocational training
Centres in the locality.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Financial support by Ib Thermal Power Station in the
form of a research project to the senior author (PCM) is
gratefully acknowledged.
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110