Review these questions, and those questions at the end of the chapters. This will help you do well on the exam. If I did not cover a concept, then it will not be on the test, even though it is in the book, UNLESS I TELL YOU OTHERWISE ON THE STUDY GUIDE. Chapter 2 Study Guide Bio 11A THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE 1. What is matter? 2. What is an element? What is meant by atomic number & atomic mass? 3. When are atoms most stable? i. e. How do their outer shells look? 4. Define a covalent bond. Give an example. What is a polar covalent bond? 5. What is electronegativity? If atoms very different electronegativities, what kind of bond will they most likely form? 6. Define an ionic bond. Give an example. 7. Water has “cohesion” properties. What gives it those properties? 8. How are hydrophilic substances different from hydrophobic substances? 9. What is meant by an organic molecule? 10. Compare dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis. Which of these ADDS water to the molecule? Which of these REMOVES water from a molecule? 11. Monosaccharides are the monomers of what molecules? 12. Cellulose and glycogen are examples of what organic molecules? 13. What does an amino acid look like? Know the component groups of a typical amino acid. 14. What is the monomer of a nucleic acid? 15. Name the 4 nucleotides of DNA. Name the 4 nucleotides of RNA. 16. A triglyceride is made up of __________________ and 3 _________________. 17. What makes a fat saturated or unsaturated? Look at the concept map on page 47 of your text and understand the relationships between the components of the map. It is a nice summary of the chapter. Page 45 also has a summarizing diagram that is a good review. 18. If you need practice with valence shells and electrons, complete these problems: Consult the Appendix D of your text for the periodic table of elements. a. Name two elements that would have 2 electrons in their valence shells. b. Why is Ne (neon) not reactive? c. How many electrons would be in the valence shell of Sulfur (S)? d. Compare the valence shells of Be, Mg and Ca. 19. In the game we played in class, if your birthday month is August (6 electrons in the valence shell), what other month(s) could you form a bond with? What kind of a bond would it be? Covalent or ionic? 20. What is meant by the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of a protein? See figure 2.21 of text.