Saurashtra University
Re – Accredited Grade ‘B’ by NAAC
(CGPA 2.93)
Bhutak, Haresh P., 2004
ેણી નવનાં િવ ાનના િવિવધ એકમોના અ યાયન માટ બ ુમા યમ
સં ટુ ની સંરચના અને તેની અસરકારકતા,
thesis PhD, Saurashtra University
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Construction of multi aids Package and It's effectiveness
for the instruction of varied units of science of Std. IX
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STATEMENT UNDER UNIVERSITY
Ph.D. RULES ORDI. PH.7
I hereby declare that,
(1) The research work embodied in this thesis of
"Construction of multi aids Package and It's
effectiveness for the instruction of varied units
of science of Std. IX" submitted for Ph.D degree has
not been submitted for my other degree of this or any
other University on any previous occasion.
(2) To the best of my knowledge no work of this type has
been reported on the above subject. Since I have
discovered new relations of facts, this work can be
considered to be contributory to the advancement of
knowledge on psychology and education; and
(3) All the work presented in the thesis is original and
wherever references have been made to the work of
others, it has been clearly indicated as such and the
sources of information are included in the bibliography.
(Dr. Keshubhai V. Rathod)
Contersigned by the
Guiding Teacher
(Haresh P. Bhutak)
Signature of the
research student
Date :
Date :
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
This thesis, directed and supervised by the candidate's guide,
has been accepted by Smt. J.J.Kundalia Graduate Teachers' College,
Rajkot in fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
(EDUCATION)
Title :
Construction of multi aids Package and
It's effectiveness for the instruction
of varied units of science of Std.IX
Candidate:
Haresh P. Bhutak
Guide
Dr. K. V. Rathod
Principal
Dr. K.M. Donga
Smt.J.J.Kundalia Graduate
Smt.J.J.Kundalia Graduate
Teachers' College
Teachers' College
Rajkot
Rajkot
Date :
Date :
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GF S], Z5_ 5F+M 5;\N SZJFDF\ VFjIF CTF\P VgI V[S XF/FDF\ 56 5|IMU 5]GZFJT"G
SZJFDF\ VFjI]\ CT]\P VF 5|IMUGL IMHGF ccA[ H}Y VFSl:DS 5F+4 DF+ p¿Z S;M8L
IMHGFcc 5|SFZGL CTLP
5|IMUGF VD,LSZ6 AFN D/[, DFlCTL 5ZYL 8LvD}<I D[/JLG[
V\S XF:+LI 5'YÞZ6 SZJFDF\ VFjI]\ CT]\P H[GF TFZ6M GLR[ 5|DF6[ K[P
!P
Ul6T l;lâGF ;\NE"DF\ jIFbIFG 5âlT SZTF\ ;FWG VFWFlZT 5âlT JW]
V;ZSFZS K[P
ZP
Ul6T lJ`JF; TYF Ul6T WFZ6 ;\NE"DF\ jIFbIFG 5âlT SZTF\ ;FWG
VFWFlZT 5âlT JW] V;ZSFZS K[P VYJF TM A\G[ 5âlTVM ;DFG ZLT[
V;ZSFZS K[P
5P_ AC]DFwID ;\5]8 ;\A\WL EFZTDF\ YI[,F ;\XMWGMGL ;DL1FF
5[8F XLQF"S $P_ DF\ ZH} SZJFDF\ VFJ[,F EFZTDF\ YI[,F ;\XMWGMGM
SF/Ò5}J"S VeIF; SZTF\ V[J]\ H6FI K[ S[ JDF" s!)(_f V[ EF{lTSXF:+GF V[S V[SD
5Z 5]:TSFSFZ VG[ 8[5:,F.0 VlES|D lJS;FJJF4 T[GL T],GF SZJL TYF VF VlES|DMGL
~l-UT 5âlT ;FY[ T],GF SZJF DF8[ V[S ;\XMWG CFY WI]" CT]\P H[DF\ 5]:TSFSFZ
VlES|D VG[ 8[5:,F.0 5ZGM VlES|D A\G[ ;}RS ZLT[ V;ZSFZS 5]ZJFZ YIF CTFP
AF;] s!)(!f V[ lJnFYL"VMGL l;lâ VG[ WFZ6 5Z VlES|DGF lJlJW DFwIDMGL
V;ZSFZSTF T5F;JFGM 5|ItG SIM" CTMP GF6FJ8L s!)(!f V[ z[6L GJGF lJnFYL"VMG[
J;TL lX1F6 VF5JF AC]DFwID ;\5]8GL ZRGF SZL CTL VG[ V;ZSFZSTF T5F;L CTLP
S'Q6G[ s!)(#f 5|lX1FSM DF8[GF ãxIvzFjI lX1F6 DF8[GF
VeIF;S|DGF VwIF5G DF8[ AC]DFwID ;\5]8 lJS;FJL T[GL V;ZSFZSTF T5F;JFGM
5|ItG SIM" CTMP 58[, VG[ XFC[ s!)($f TYF N[;F. s!)(*f V[ AC]DFwID ;\5]8GL
ZRGF SZL T[GL V;ZSFZSTF RSF;JFGM p5S|D :JLSFIM" CTMP H[DF\ AC]DFwID ;\5]8
SFI"S|D V;ZSFZS l;â YIM CTMP 58[,[ s!))!f z[6L ;FTGF GFUlZSXF:+GF lJQFI
5Z AC] DFwID ;\5]8 ZRL T[GL V;ZSFZSTF RSF;L CTLP HIFZ[ JKZFHFGL s!))!f
V[ HFTLI lX1F6 5Z ZRJFDF\ VFJ[,L :JFwIFI,1FL ;FDU|LGL DFwIlDS XF/FGF z[6L N;
VG[ AFZGF lJnFYL"VM 5Z XL V;Z YFI K[ T[ HF6JFGM p5S|D :JLSFIM" CTMP SFZLIF
sZ__!f V[ Ul6T lX1F6DF\ VlES|lDT VwIIG TYF Sd%I}8Z ;CFlIT VwIIGGL
V;ZSFZSTF HF6JFGM 5|IF; SIM" CTMP ZFDFG]H[ sZ__!f 5|FYlDS lX1F6 1F[+[ Ul6T
lX1F6DF\ ;FWG VFWFlZT 5âlTGM ;\5]8 T{IFZ SZL T[GL V;ZSFZSTF HF6JFGM 5|ItG
SIM" CTMP
p5ZMST 5|tI[S ;\XMWGDF\ 5|FIMlUS 5âlTGM lJlGIMU SZJFDF\
VFjIM CTMP C[T]VMGF ;\NE"DF\ 5|:T]T ;\XMWGM 5Z GHZ O[ZJTF\ :5Q8 YFI K[ S[ 5}J"
;[JF VG[ ;[JFSFl,G DFwIlDS lX1FSM DF8[ 5|`GSF{X<I 5ZGM :JFwIFIzD AC]DFwID
;\5]8 lJS;FJJM VG[ T[GL VHDFIX SZJLP lJnFYL"VMGL l;lâ VG[ WFZ6 5ZGF
VlES|DGF lJlJW DFwIDMGL V;ZSFZSTF T5F;JLP 5]:TSFSFZ VG[ 8[5:,F.0 VlES|D
lJS;FJL VG[ T[GL T],GF SZJL4 J;TL lX1F6 VF5JF4 AC]DFwID ;\5]8GL ZRGF SZJL
VG[ T[GL V;ZSFZSTF RSF;JL4 5|lX1FSM DF8[GF ãxI zFjI lX1F6 DF8[GM VeIF;S|D
XLBJJF AC]DFwID ;\5]8 lJS;FJL T[GL V;ZSFZTF RSF;JLP Ul6TDF\ Sd%I}8Z ;CFlIT
VwIIG sCALf TYF 5|DFl6T VlES|lDT VwIIG sPLMf SFI"S|DGL V;ZSFZSTF
HF6JL4 Ul6TDF\ ;FWG VFWFlZT 5âlTGL V;ZSFZSTF HF6JL lJU[Z[ H[JF D]bI
C[T]VMG[ S[gãDF\ ZFBLG[ VF ;\XMWGM CFY WZFIF\ CTF\P
;\XMWGDF\ C[T]VMGL 5lZ5}6"TF DF8[ IMuI p5SZ6MGM p5IMU
VtI\T VFJxIS K[P ;\XMWGGL 5âlTVM VG[ C[T]VMG[ ,1FDF\ ,[TF 5|tI[S ;\XMWG DF8[
IMuI p5SZ6MGM p5IMU SZJFDF\ VFjIM CTM V[J]\ SCL XSFIP ;\XMWGGF 5F+M TZLS[
5|FYlDS4 DFwIlDS T[DH SM,[H S1FFGF lJnFYL"VMG[ 5|FWFgI VF5JFDF\ VFjI]\ CT]\P 5|F%T
DFlCTLGF lJ`,[QF6 DF8[ lJlJW VF\S0FXF:+LI 5|I]lSTVMGM p5IMU SZJFDF\ VFjIM CTMP
;\XMWGGF TFZ6M jIF5S VG[ VY"5}6" X{1Fl6S ;}lRTFYM" WZFJTF\
CTF\P EFZTDF\ YI[,F ;\A\lWT ;\XMWGMGL ;DL1FF SZTF\ H6FI K[ S[ ;\XMWS äFZF CFY
WZJFDF\ VFJ[,]\ 5|:T]T ;\XMWG IYFY" K[ VG[ ;DIMlRT ZLT[ CFY WZFI]\ K[P
&P_ 5}J"[ YI[,F ;\XMWGMGF\ 5lZ5|[1IDF\ 5|:T]T ;\XMWG
V+[ 5|:T]T lJN[XDF\ VG[ EFZTDF\ YI[,F ;\XMWGMGM VeIF;
SZTF :5Q8 YFI K[ S[ 5}J"[ YI[,F ;\XMWGMDF\ DCNŸV\X[ AC]DFwID ;\5]8MGL ZRGF VG[
VHDFIX CFY WZJFDF\ VFJL CMJFG]\ GM\WFI]\ K[P 5Z\T] DFwIlDS S1FFV[ lJ7FG lJQFIDF\
AC]DFwID ;\5]8GL ZRGF SZJF ;\A\WL VeIF;M B}A DIF"lNT 5|DF6DF\ CFY WZFIF CTFP
HM DFwIlDS S1FFV[ lJ7FG lJQFIDF\ ÒJ lJ7FGGF V[SD 5Z AC]DFwID ;\5]8GL
;\ZRGF VG[ VHDFIX SZJFDF\ VFJ[ TM T[ lJnFYL"VM DF8[ B}A p5SFZS AGL ZC[P T[YL
5|:T]T ;\XMWGDF\ WMZ6 GJGF lJ7FG lJQFIGF S[8,FS 5|SZ6M 5Z AC]DFwID ;\5]8GL
ZRGF SZL T[GL V;ZSFZSTF RSF;JFDF\ VFJL K[P H[ 5|:T]T ;\XMWGGL D]bI ,F1Fl6STF
K[P
5}J"[ YI[,F ;\XMWGMDF\ AC]DFwID ;\5]8 SFI"S|DGF 38S DFwIDM
TZLS[ lJ0LIM lO<D4 8[5 8=Fg;5Zg;L SFI"S|D4 SFI"5MYL4 8[5:,F.0 SFI"S|D wJlG D]lãT
JFTF",F5 JU[Z[GL ZRGF p5S|DM GM\WFIF K[P HIFZ[ 5|:T]T ;\XMWGDF\ AC] DFwID ;\5]8
SFI"S|DGL ZRGF DF8[ :,F.0 XM s5FJZ 5M.g8f4 :JVwIIG ;FlCtI TYF VMJZ C[0
5|Mh[S8Z 8=Fg;5Zg;L SFI"S|DGM DFwID TZLS[ ;DFJ[X SZJFDF\ VFjIM K[P H[ AFATDF\
5|:T]T ;\XMWG 5}J"[ YI[,F ;\XMWGMYL V,U TZL VFJ[ K[P
5}J"[ YI[,F ;\XMWGM SZTF\ 5|:T]T ;\XMWGGL lJX[QFTF V+[ 5|:T]T
K[P
!P 5|:T]T ;\XMWG DFwIlDS S1FFV[ WMZ6 GJGF lJ7FG lJQFI 5Z CFY
WZJFDF\ VFjI]\ CT]\P
ZP 5|:T]T ;\XMWGDF\ lJ7FG lJQFIDF\ ÒJ lJ7FGGF S[8,FS 5|SZ6M 5Z
AC]DFwID ;\5]8GL ZRGF SZJFDF\ VFJL CTLP
#P 5|:T]T ;\XMWGDF\ lJ7FGG]\ V[S 5|SZ6 Sd%I}8ZDF\ 5FJZv5M.g8
5[S[HDF\ :,F.0 XM äFZF T{IFZ SZJFDF\ VFjI]\ CT]\P
$P 5|:T]T ;\XMWGDF\ WMZ6 GJGL SgIFVM VG[ S]DFZM A\G[ 5Z V,U
V,U 5|IMU CFY WZJFDF\ VFjIM CTMP
5P 5|:T]T ;\XMWGDF\ 5|IMU 5}J"[ 5|FIMlUS H}Y VG[ lGI\l+T H}YG[ 8Lv8[:8
äFZF ;DFG K[ T[ RSF;JFDF\ VFjI]\ CT]\P
&P 5|:T]T ;\XMWGDF\ A[ 5ZT\+ R,M
!P
lJ7FG l;lâ VG[
ZP
lJ7FG WFZ6 5Z AC]DFwID ;\5]8GL V;Z T5F;JFDF\ VFJL
CTLP
*P 5|:T]T ;\XMWGDF\ 5|IMUGF VD,LSZ6 AFN AC]DFwID ;\5]8 lJX[
lJnFYL"VMGF VlE5|FI HF6JF DF8[ V[S VlE5|FIFJl,GL ZRGF SZL
VG[ T[GF äFZF lJnFYL"VMGF VlE5|FIM HF6JFDF\ VFjIF CTF\P
CJ[ 5KLGF 5|SZ6DF\ jIF5lJ`J4 GD}GF 5;\NUL4 ;\XMWG IMHGF4
;\XMWG 5âlT4 5|FIMlUS IMHGF4 DFlCTLG]\ V[S+LSZ6GL RRF" SZJFDF\ VFJL K[P
5|SZ6 v #
;\XMWG IMHGF VG[ T[GF VFWFZM
!P_ 5| F :TFlJS
VF 5|SZ6GF VeIF;GF V\T[ 5|:T]T ;\XMWGGF ;\NE"DF\ jIF5lJ`J4
GD}GF 5;\NUL4 ;\XMWG 5âlT4 p5SZ6M4 5|FIMlUS ;\XMWG SFI"GM VD,4 DFlCTLG]\
V[S+LSZ6 VG[ DFlCTL 5'YÞZ6GL 5|lJlW lJX[ HF6SFZL D/L ZC[X[P
ZP_ jIF5lJ`J
jIF5lJ`J V[8,[ 5|IMUSFZ 5|IMU DF8[GM GD}GM H[ ;D}CDF\YL
5;\N SZ[ K[ T[ 5F+MGM D}/E}T ;D}C ;\XMWG jIF5lJ`JG[ ;FRL ZLT[ jIFbIFlIT SZ[
tIFZ[ T[ 5MTFGF VeIF;DF\ SIF VG[ S[JF 5F+M 5;\N SZJF T[ GSSL SZ[ K[P VG[ T[GF
5ZYL jIF5lJ`JGF ,1F6MG[ 5|lTlA\lAT SZTM GD}GM 5;\N SZ[ K[P
5|:T]T ;\XMWG DFwIlDS S1FFV[ AC]DFwID ;\5]8GL V;ZSFZSTF
RSF;JFGM CTMP DFwIlDS S1FFV[ WMZ6v)GF lJ7FG lJQFIGF VD]S V[SDM 5;\N
SZJFDF\ VFjIF CTFP T[YL ;\XMWGGF jIF5lJ`JDF\ U]HZFT ZFHIGL U]HZFTL DFwIDGL
DFwIlDS XF/FGF WMZ6v)DF\ VeIF; SZTF lJnFYL"VMGM ;DFJ[X SZJFDF\ VFjIM CTMP
#P_ GD}GF 5;\NUL
GD}GM V[8,[ jIF5lJ`JDF\YL 5|IMU DF8[ 5;\N SZ[,F 5F+MG]\
5|lTlGlW~5 H}Y4 GD}GF 5;\NULGL ZLTGM VG[ GD}GFGF SNGM VFWFZ VeIF;GF R,
D[/JJF WFZ[, 5lZ6FDGL RMS;F.4 jIF5lJ`JGL lJXF/TF4 lJQFDTF4 VlGI\l+T R,MGL
;\bIF4 DFlCTL 5'YÞZ6GL 5âlT T[DH VeIF;GL 5âlT 5Z ZC[,M K[P 5;\N SZ[,
GD}GM ;DU| jIF5lJ`JG]\ 5|lTlGlWtJ SZJF p5ZF\T 5}J"U|C ZlCT CMJM HM.V[P GD}GF
5;\NULYL ;DI4 XlST VG[ zDGL ART YTF\ T[ +6[IGM JW] ;FZM p5IMU SZL XSFI
K[P 5lZ6FD[ ;FZF V\S]XM ZFBL µ\0F65}J"S VG[ lJXNŸ VeIF; Y. XS[ K[P
5|FIMlUS ;\XMWGDF\ J6"GFtDS ;\XMWGGL T],GFDF\ GFGM GD}GM
5;\N SZL 5|IMU SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VFYL 5|FIMlUS ;\XMWGDF\ jIF5 lJ`JG]\ ;\5}6"
5|lTlGlWtJ SZTM CMI T[JM GD}GM D[/JJM D]xS[, K[P T[ H ZLT[ ;J"[1F6 5|SFZGF
;\XMWGDF\ DM8M GD}GM 5|F%T YFI K[P HIFZ[ 5|FIMlUS ;\XMWGDF\ :JT\+ R,GM ,F\AF
;DI ;]WL VD, SZJFGM CMI K[P T[YL ;\XMWS GD}GFGF\ 5F+M ;FY[ ,F\AF ;DI ;]WL
SFI" SZTM CM. ;J"[1F6 S[ VgI 5|SFZGF ;\XMWGGL T],GFDF\ GD}GM GFGM 5;\N SZ[ K[P
N[;F.s!)()fV[ GD}GF 5;\NULGF lJlJW ZLTM VF 5|DF6[ NXF"J[,L K[P
VP ;\EFjI GD}GF 5âlTVM
!P
VFSl:DS GD}GM
ZP
:TZLS'T GD}GM
#P
IMHGFAâ GD}GM
$P
h}DBF\ GD}GM
AP
lG6"IFtDS GD}GF 5âlTGL 5;\NULVM
5P
VFG]QF\lUS GD}GM
&P
;C[T]S GD}GM
*P
lGIT lC:;FGM GD}GM
SP
GD}GF 5;\NULGL VgI 5âlTVM
(P
HM0SF\ GD}GM
)P
A[J0M GD}GM
!_P S|DXo GD}GM
!!P AC] ;M5FGL GD}GM
5|:T]T ;\XMWGGF ;\NE"DF\ GD}GF 5;\NUL GLR[ 5|DF6[ SZJFDF\ VFJL CTLP
#P! XF/F 5;\NUL
5|IMU SFI"DF\ VG]S}/TF ZC[ T[ DF8[ T[DH 5|IMUGF VG];\WFG[
XF/FGF ;\RF,SM4 VFRFIM"4 lX1FSM TYF lJnFYL"VMGM ;CSFZ D/L ZC[ T[ DF8[
:YFlGS V[8,[ S[ ZFHSM8 XC[ZGL A[ DFwIlDS XF/FVM 5;\N SZJFDF\ VFJL CTLP
H[DF\ V[S XF/F SgIFVMGL CTL HIFZ[ ALÒ XF/F S]DFZMGL CTLP VFD4 ;C[T]S
GD}GF 5;\NULG[ VG]~5 HIF\ JW] ;CSFZ D/L ZC[ T[JL XF/FVM 5;\N SZJFDF\
VFJL CTLP VF XF/FVM GLR[ D]HA CTLP
!P
zL ZD[XEF. KFIF SgIF lJnF,I4 ZFHSM8P
ZP
zL UFI+L DCFlJnF,I sS]DFZ XF/Ff4 ZFHSM8P
#PZ H}Y 5;\NUL
5|:T]T ;\XMWGDF\ p5ZMST XF/FVMGL 5;\NUL YIF AFN 5|IMUGM
VD, SZJF DF8[ H}YMGL 5;\NUL SZJFDF\ VFJL CTLP VF H}YMGL 5;\NUL SZJF
DF8[ GLR[GL AFATM wIFGDF\ ZFBJFDF\ VFJL CTLP
zL ZD[XEF. KFIF SgIF lJnF,IDF\ WMZ6v)GF +6 JU" CTFP
T[ 5{SL lRõL AGFJL V[S JU" 5;\N SIM" CTMP T[ JU"GF lJnFYL"VMGF ZM, G\AZGF
VFWFZ[ A[ H}Y 5F0JFDF\ VFjIF CTFP V[S H}YDF\ V[SL ;\bIFGF ZM, G\AZ TYF
ALHF H}YDF\ A[SL ;\bIFGF ZM, G\AZJF/F lJnFYL"VMG[ ZFBJFDF\ VFjIF CTFP A\G[
H}YG[ S. 5âlTV[ VwIF5G SZFJJ]\ T[ GSSL SZJF DF8[ AC]DFwID ;\5}8 VFWFlZT
5âlT VG[ jIFbIFG 5âlT ,B[, lRõL AGFJJFDF\ VFJL CTLP VF lRõLVM p5F0L
NZ[S H}YGL VwIF5G 5âlT GSSL SZJFDF\ VFJL CTLP H[ H}YG[ AC]DFwID ;\5}8
äFZF VwIF5G SZFJJFG]\ CT]\ T[ H}YG[ c5|FIMlUS H}Yc TYF jIFbIFG 5âlTYL
VwIF5G SZFJJFG]\ CT]\ T[ H}YG[ cclGI\l+T H}Ycc GFD VF5JFDF\ VFjI]\ CT\]P
5|:T]T ;\XMWGDF\ zL UFI+L DCFlJnF,I sS]DFZ XF/FfDF\ 5|IMUG]\
5]GZFJT"G SZJFDF\ VFjI]\ CT]\P VF XF/FDF\ WMZ6v) GF A[ JUM" CTFP H[ 5{SL lRõL
AGFJL V[S JU" 5;\N SIM" CTMP T[ JU"GF lJnFYL"VMGF ZM,G\AZGF VFWFZ[ A[ H}Y
5F0JFDF\ VFjIF CTF V[S H}YDF\ V[SL ;\bIFGF ZM,G\AZ TYF ALHF H}YDF\ A[SL
;\bIFGF ZM,G\AZJF/F lJnFYL"VMG[ ZFBJFDF\ VFjIF CTFP A\G[ H}YG[ S. 5âlTV[
VwIF5G SZFJJ]\ T[ GSSL SZJF DF8[ AC]DFwID ;\5]8 VFWFlZT 5âlT VG[
jIFbIFG 5âlT ,BFI[, lRõL AGFJJFDF\ VFJL CTLP
lRõLVM p5F0L NZ[S H}YGL VwIF5G 5âlT GSSL SZJFDF\ VFJL
CTLP H[ H}YG[ AC]DFwID ;\5]8 äFZF VwIF5G SZFJJFG]\ CT]\ T[ H}YG[ c5|FIMlUS
H}Yc TYF H[ H}YG[ jIFbIFG 5âlT äFZF VwIF5G SZFJJFG]\ CT]\ T[ H}YG[ lGI\l+T
H}Y GFD VF5JFDF\ VFjI]\ CT]\P
VFD A\G[ XF/FGF 5|FIMlUS H}YG[ AC]DFwID ;\5]8 J0[ TYF
lGI\l+T H}YG[ jIFbIFG 5âlT J0[ VwIF5G SZFJJFDF\ VFjI]\ CT]P\ 5|:T]T VeIF;DF\
CFY WZFI[,F 5|IMUM4 T[ DF8[ 5;\N YI[,L XF/FVM4 XF/FVMDF\YL 5;\N SZ[,
H}YDF\ lJnFYL"VMGL ;\bIF V\U[GL DFlCTL ;FZ6L #P!DF\ VF5[, K[P 5|IMUGL
X~VFTYL V\T ;]WL H[ SgIFVM S[ S]DFZM JU"DF\ CFHZ ZìFF CTF T[GL H ;\bIF
5|IMU NZlDIFG wIFGDF\ ,[JFDF\ VFJL CTLP
;FZ6L#P!
5|IMU DF8[ 5;\N YI[, GD}GM
S| D
XF/FG]\ GFD
HFTLITF
H} Y
lJnFYL" V MGL
;\ b IF
!P
zL ZD[XEF. KFIF SgIF
lJnF,I
SgIF
5|FIMlUS
lGI\l+T
##
##
ZP
zL UFI+L DCFlJnF,I
S]DFZ
5|FIMlUS
lGI\l+T
##
##
$P_ ;\XMWG 5âlT
;\XMWGGF ;\NE"DF\ ;\XMWS äFZF V{lTCFl;S4 J6"GFtDS S[
5|FIMlUS ;\XMWG 5âlTDF\YL SM. V[S 5âlTGM p5IMU YFI K[P HM SM. V[S R,
,UF0JFYL ALÔ R, 5Z T[GL V;Z X]\ YFI K[P T[ T5F;JFGM C[T] CMI TM 5|FIMlUS
;\XMWG 5âlTGM p5IMU YFI K[P
5|:T]T ;\XMWGDF\ DFwIlDS S1FFV[ AC]DFwID ;\58] GL V;ZSFZSTF
RSF;JFGL CM. 5|FIMlUS ;\XMWG 5âlTGM VD, SZJFDF\ VFjIM CTMP
$P! 5|FIMlUS ;\XMWG
5|FIMlUS ;\XMWG V[ ;\XMWGGF VgI :J~5M SZTF\ JW] X]â VG[
J{7FlGS K[P J6"GFtDS ;\XMWGM SZTF\ 5|FIMlUS ;\XMWGMDF\ D[/JFTF\ V\SX
] GL
DF+F JW] CMI K[ T[YL ;\XMWGDF\ ,FU] 5F0[,F 38S VG[ VJ,MSGMGL V;Z
JrR[ jIJl:YT VG[ TS";\UT ;\A\W 5|:YFl5T SZL XSFI K[P 5|FIMlUS
;\XMWGDF\ ptS<5GFVM V[JL ZLT[ AF\WJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ S[ :JT\+ R, V[ 5ZT\+
R, 5Z V;ZSFZS K[P tIFZAFN DF+ :JT\+ R,G[ ,FU] 5F0L 5|F%T YTF\
5lZ6FDMGF VeIF;YL ptS<5GFGM :JLSFZ S[ V:JLSFZ SZJM T[ GSSL SZ[
K[P
$PZ 5|FIMlUS ;\XMWGGL ,F1Fl6STFVM
5|FIMlUS ;\XMWG ;]lGl`RT SZ[,L 5lZl:YlTDF\ SM. RMSS;
5|IMUA/GL V;Z AFAT[ ;RM8 5lZ6FD VF5[ K[P VF 5|FIMlUS ;\XMWGGL
,F1Fl6STFVM GLR[ 5|DF6[ U6FJL XSFIP
$PZP! R,MG]\ lGI\+6
5ZT\+ R, 5Z 5|IMU NZlDIFG S[8,FS R,M V;ZM SZ[
K[P H[YL ;\XMWGGF 5lZ6FDM N}lQFT YJFGM EI ZC[ K[P T[YL 5|IMUGL
5|DF6E}TTF HF/JJF ;\XMWS VFJF R,MG[ V,U TFZJLG[ lJlJW 5âlTVM
J0[ V\S]XDF\ ,FJJFGM 5|ItG SZ[ K[P
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T]Z\T 5|lT5MQF6 D/[ K[ T[YL pt;FC H/JF. ZC[ K[P
Play-way Technique K[P UdDT ;FY[ 7FG D/[ K[P
BFDLZlCT lJQFIJ:T] XLBJFGM ,FE ZC[ K[P
_
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VwI[TFGM Sd%I}8Z ;FY[GM jIJCFZ läW|]JL 5|lS|IFGM ,FE VF5[ K[P
;F{YL DCtJGM SIMULATION GM ,FE D/[ K[ T[YL HMBDMYL ARFJ
YFI K[ VG[ VD}T" J:T]VM XLBL XSFI K[P
#P# C.A.L.GL p5IMlUTF
CAL GL p5IMlUTF GLR[ 5|DF6[ K[P
s!f N-LSZ6 S[ DCFJZF DF8[ o VF56[ N-LSZ6 DF8[ H[D :JFwIFI
VF5LV[ KLV[ T[D Sd%I}8Z 56 JFZ\JFZ N-LSZ6 SZFJLG[4 DCFJZM VF5LG[
RMÞ; D]NŸFG[ 5FSM SZFJ[ K[P VF DF8[ T[GL 5F;[ 5|`GMGM BHFGM CMI K[P
VG[ T[DF\YL V[S 5KL V[S 5|`G Sl9GTFG[ wIFGDF\ ,.G[ 5}KIF SZ[ K[P VFD
JU"B\0DF\ XLB[,F lJQFIJ:T]G]\ ;FZL ZLT[ Sd%I}8Z äFZF N-LSZ6 SZFJL XSFI
K[P
sZf GJ]\ XLBJF DF8[ o VF DF8[ Sd%I}8Z äFZF H lJQFIJ:T]GL
ZHF}VFT YFI K[P VwI[TFG]\ 5}J7
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VFJ[ K[P VwI[TF :JUlTV[ GJL lJQFIJ:T]G]\ VwIIG SZLG[ VFU/ JW[ K[ T[
DM8M ,FE K[P JrR[ JrR[ 8[:8 V5FI K[P CM\lXIFZ lJnFYL" h05YL 8[:8
5;FZ SZLG[ VFU/ JWL XS[ K[P HIFZ[ VMKL U|C6XlSTJF/F VwI[TFG[
JFZ\JFZ V[S H lJQFIJ:T]GM H]NL H]NL ZLTM JF5ZLG[4 DCFJZF VF5LG[ WLD[
WLD[ VFU/ JWJF N[JFI K[P VFD J{IlSTS TOFJTMGM ,FE D/[ K[P
s#f l;dI],[XG DF8[ o HIF\ ;LWF JF:TlJS VG]EJM VF5JF XSI G
CMI T[JF V[SDM DF8[ JF:TlJS H[JF H VG]EJM4 U|FlOS; S[ V[lGD[XGGM
p5IMU SZLG[ VF5JF DF8[ CAL B}A H p5IMUL K[P VF B}A H lJSF;XL,
8[SŸGM,MÒ K[ VG[ CÒ VF 8[SŸGM,MÒGM H~ZL lJSF; YIM GYLP KTF\I4 T[GF
5lZ6FDM ;\TMQFHGS K[P NFPTP :5[;lX5 5'yJL 5ZYL ALHF U|C TZO HFI
K[ T[G]\ V[lGD[XG J0[ l;dI],[XG SZL XLBJL XSFI K[P T[ H ZLT[
5|IMUXF/FDF\ UIF l;JFI V[DMlGIF JFI] AGFJJFGM ;Z; VG]EJ VwI[TFG[
VF5L XSFI K[P
s$f N}ZJTL" lX1F6 DF8[ o VtIFZ[ DF+ ,BF6M 5}ZF\ 5F0LG[ N}ZJTL"
lX1F6 V5FI K[ T[GF AN,[ 5|MU|FD SZ[,L OŸ,M5LVM DMS,LG[ sXLBGFZ 5F;[
Sd%I}8Z CMI TM H VF ,FE D/[f JWFZ[ V;ZSFZS lX1F6 VF5L XSFI K[P
s5f Sd%I}8ZG]\ lX1F6 VF5JF DF8[ o Sd%I}8ZG]\ H lX1F6 VF5JF
T[GF 5MTFGF TUTOR 5|MU|FDM T{IFZ YIF K[P NFPTP GJF XLBGFZ DF8[ 5|YD
Key Board Tutor GFDGF 5|MU|FD J0[ T[ SL AM0" JF5ZTF\ ;FZL ZLT[ XLBL
XS[ K[P
#P$ 5FJZ 5M.g8GL VUtI
VUtIGF jIFbIFG S[ ;[lDGFZDF\ VFIMHGAâ jIFbIFG VF5JF
DF8[ DFlCTLGF D]NŸFVMG[ V;ZSFZS ZLT[ ZH} SZJF DF8[4 JSTjIG[ 5}ZS CMI T[JF
;FWGM H[D S[ a,[S AM0"4 RF8"4 VMJZ C[0 5|MH[S8Z JU[Z[GM p5IMU SZJFDF\ VFJ[
K[P H[ jIlSTG[ D]NŸF;ZG]\ JSTjI VF5J\] CMI TYF H[ JFT AWF ;D1F ;FZL ZLT[
ZH} YFI T[ DF8[ 5FJZ 5M.g8GF :,F.0 XM GM p5IMU SZL XSFI K[P T[ H ZLT[
lX1F6DF\ 56 VFS'lT4 SMQ8S VUtIGF D]NŸFVM H[JL lJUT ZH} SZJFDF\ 5FJZ
5M.g8 :,F.0 XM B}A H p5IMUL T[DH V;ZSFZS AGL ZC[ K[P V[DF\ BF;
SZLG[ lJ7FG lX1F6DF\ T[GL p5IMlUTF B}A H V;ZSFZS ZC[ K[P
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5FJZ 5M.g8DF\ :,F.0 XM AGFJJFGF ;M5FGM
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:8F8" → 5|MU|Fd; → DF.S|M;MO8 5FJZ 5M.g8DF\ H.G[ lS,S
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8F.8, :,F.0 5;\N SZJL T[YL :S|LG 5Z GMD", jI]DF\ a,[gS 8F.8,
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8],AFZ v D[G]AFZ UM9JJF
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AFZG[ S:8DF.h0 SZLG[ V1FZMGL ;F.h4 S,Z4 3F8F4 +F\;F S[ Z[BF\lST H[JF
lJS<5MG[ 5;\N SZL XSFI K[ T[ H ZLT[ ZF.84 ,[O8 ;[g8Z S[ H:8LOF.0
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:,F.0DF\ ~5Z[BFG]\ lGDF"6
lS,S 8] V[0 8F.8, AMS;DF\ 5;\NUL SZLG[ VwIF5G DF8[GF
V[SDG]\ XLQF"S 8F.5 SZJ]\ T[DH lS,S 8] V[0 ;A 8F.8, AMS;DF\ 5;\NUL
SZLG[ VgI VFG]QF\lUS DFlCTL 8F.5 SZJLP
VFU/GL lJQFIJ:T]G[ S|lDS ZLT[ GJL :,F.0DF\ 8F.5 SZJF DF8[
D[G]AFZDF\ .g;8" gI} :,F.0G[ lS,S SZJFYL GJL :,F.0 D/[ K[P
lJQFIJ:T]GL UM9J6L DF8[ ,[vVFp8 8[d5,[8GM p5IMU SZL
XSFI K[P H[GFYL lJQFI J:T]GL UM9J6 DF8[ lJlJW lJS<5M D/[ K[P lS,S
8] V[0 8[S:8 sTextf lS,S SZL lJQFI J:T] 8F.5 SIF" AFN V[g8Z SL
VF5JFYL CJ[GM GJM D]NŸM A],[8 VF.8D X~ YFI K[P
:,F.0DF\ lS,5 RF8" ; GF U| F lOS; TYF VgI U| F lOS;
pD[ Z JF
H[ T[ :,F.0DF\ U|FlOS; pD[ZJF DF8[ .g;8" D[G]GF l5SRZ
VM%XGG[ 5;\N SZJFYL :,F.0DF\ 5LSRZ ,FJJF DF8[GF VM%XG J0[ H[ T[
l5SRZG[ :,F.0DF\ .g;8" SZL TYF VFSFZ 56 AN,FJL XSFI K[P VF
p5ZF\T SM. BF; l5SRZG[ 56 H[ T[ OM<0ZDF\YL 5;\N SZLG[ :,F.0DF\ D]SL
XSFI K[P T[ p5ZF\T U|FlOS;GL ;F.h 56 GFGLvDM8L SZL XSFI K[P
:,F.0GF A[S U|Fpg0DF\ l0hF.G pD[ZJL
:,F.0GF A[S U|Fpg0 ZFBJF DF8[ OMD"[8 D[G]DF\ V[%,F.0 l0hF.G
5;\N SZJFYL lJlJW 5|SFZGF l0hF.GGF GD}GF :S|LG 5Z HM. XSFI K[P
5;\N SZ[, A[S U|Fpg0 0LhF.GDF\ Z\U IMHGF AN,FJL XSFI K[P V[l08 S,Z
:S|LGGL DNNYL 5;\NULGF S,Z pD[ZL XSFI K[P 5;\N SZ[, A[S U|Fpg0
l0hF.GG[ V[S VYJF NZ[S :,F.0DF\ V[%,F. SZL XSFI K[P
:,F.0 XM 5|[hg8[XGG[ V;ZSFZS AGFJJ]\P
T{IFZ SZ[, :,F.0 XMDF\ V[lGD[XGYL ,BF64 VJFHM4 VF,[lBTM4
lO<D S[ VgI J:T]VMG[ V[lGD[8 SZL XSFI K[P H[GF p5IMUYL 5|[hg8[XGG[
JW] VFSQF"S AGFJL XSFI K[P
:,F.0 XMGL ZH}VFT
;DU| :,F.0 XM T{IFZ YIF 5KL :,F.0MGM S|D AN,FJL XSFI
K[P T[ DF8[ jI] D[G]DF\ :,F.0 XM8"Z 5;\N SZLG[ H[ T[ :,F.0G[ DFp; J0[ 0=[U
SZL IMuI HuIFV[ UM9JL XSFI K[P
:,F.0 XMDF\ ZH}VFT JBT[ :,F.0 8=FghLXG ;FY[ wJlG NFB,
SZL XSFI K[P H[ DF8[ :,F.0 XM D[G]DF\ :,F.0 8=FghLXG 5;\N SZJ]\ HM.V[P
TYF ;Fpg0 ,L:8DF\YL IMuI wJlG 5;\N SZL XSFI K[P
VF p5ZF\T :,F.0 XM8"ZDF\ NZ[S :,F.0 DF8[GM ;DI VG]S}/TF
D]HA UM9JL XSFI K[P
$P_ :JvVwIIG ;FlCtIGL ;DL1FF
5|JT"DFG ;DIDF\ lX1F6GL µEL YTL HTL DFUG[ 5CM\RL J/JF
lJlJW p5FIM CFY WZJFDF\ VFJL ZCIF K[P :JvVwIIG V[ VF 5{SLGM ;}RJFI[,M V[S
p5FI K[P V[SJL;DL ;NLDF\ ccPromotion towards self studycc V[ lX1F6 HUTG]\
D]bI ;}+ CX[ T[D SCL XSFIP VF56F N[XDF\ .lgNZF UF\WL G[XG, VM5G I]lGJl;"8L
TYF U]HZFT ZFHIDF\ 0MPVF\A[0SZ VM5G I]lGJl;"8LGL YI[,L :YF5GF V[ VF lNXFG]\
DCtJG]\ SND K[P
J:TLJWFZFG[ ,LW[ lX1F6DF\ HMJF D/TL VG[S ;D:IFVMGF pS[,
VF 5|SFZGF 5+ jIJCFZGF DFwIDYL D[/JL XSFI K[P H[DF\ VwI[TFVM 5MTFGL VG]S}/
TFV[ 5MTFG[ 5;\N V[JM VeIF; D[/JL XS[ K[P
$P! :JvVwIIG ;FlCtIGM VY"
HM JF\RG DF8[G]\ VwIIG AZFAZ SZJFDF\ VFJ[ TM VwIIG DF8[G]\ JFRG
VwI[TFVM ;C[,F.YL D[/JL ,[ K[P :JvVwIIG ;FlCtIDF\ VwI[TF :Jv5|ItG[
VG[ VG]S}/TF 5|DF6[ 7FG 5|F%T SZJF 5|ItGXL, AG[ T[ :JvVwIIG 5|lS|IFGM
V[S C[T] K[P :JvVwIIG ;FlCtIDF\ T[GF ,[BS V[S DF{G VwIF5SGL UZH ;FZ[
K[P VNxI :J~5[ ZC[,F T[ DFU"NX"S K[ VF V[JF VwIF5S K[P S[ H[ VwI[TFVM
JUZGF JU"B\0DF\ 5MTFG]\ JSTjI VF5[ K[4 lJRFZ[ K[4 ;\S<5GFVMGL ;DH}TL VF5[
K[4 5'YÞZ6 SZ[ K[4 :JFwIFI T5F;[ K[4 T[GF 5lZ6FD lJX[ ZH}VFTM NXF"J[ K[4
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8}\SDF\4 cc:JvVwIIG ;FlCtI[ V[8,[ V[J]\ ;FlCtI H[DF\ VwI[TF VF5D[/
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RSF;L XS[ K[Pcc
$PZ :JvVwIIG ;FlCtIGF ,1F6M
:JvVwIIG ;FlCtIGF ,1F6M VF 5|DF6[ K[P
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C[T]VM :5Q8 ZLT[ ZH} YI[,F CMI VG[ ;FlCtIDF\ T[ 5|lTA\lAT YTF CMI
ZP
lJQFIJ:T]GL ZH}VFT VwI[TF S[gãL CMIP
#P
lJQFIJ:T]GL ZH}VFTDF\ S|DAâTF H/JFI[,L CMIP
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c7FTYL V7FTc TZOGM l;âF\T :5Q856[ HM. XSFTM CMIP
5P
SFI"EFZ6 JIS1FFG[ VG]~5 T{IFZ YI]\ CMIP
&P
VwI[TF ;FY[ ;\JFN ;FWL XS[ T[J]\ ;FlCtI T{IFZ YI]\ CMIP
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XaNZRGF ;Z/ VG[ SZS;ZI]ST CMIP
(P
D]bI XaNM4 ;\S<5GFVM pNFCZ6 J0[ :5Q8 SZJFDF\ VFjIF CMIP
)P
VwI[TFVM 5|J'l¿DI ZC[ T[JM VlEUD V5GFJ[,M CMIP
!_P
VwI[TFVMDF\ VeIF; DF8[ pt;FC µEM YFI T[JF 5|IF;M CFY WZJFDF\
VFjIF CMIP
!!P
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!ZP
NZ[S V[SDG[ V\T[ 5}ZTF 5|DF6DF\ VG[ plRT :JFwIFI SFI" VF5[,]\ CMIP
!#P
lJQFIJ:T]GL ZH}VFTDF\ J{IlSTS lEgGTFG[ GHZDF\ ZFBL CMIP
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$P# :JvVwIIG ;FlCtIGL ;\ZRGF
:JvVwIIG ;FlCtIGL ;\ZRGF DF8[ GLR[ 5|DF6[GF 5UlYIF\ lJRFZJFDF\
VFJ[ K[P
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lJQFIJ:T]GF D]NŸFVMGL S|DAâ UM9J6L
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lJQFIJ:T]GL ;Z/ EFQFFDF\ ZH}VFT
5P
T{IFZ YI[, ;FlCtIGL TH7M äFZF RSF;6L
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VFBZL ;FlCtIGL ZRGF
$P$ :JvVwIIG ;FlCtIG]\ X{1Fl6S DCtJ
:JvVwIIG ;FlCtIG]\ X{1Fl6S DCtJ VF 5|DF6[ K[P
!P
VwI[TFVM V[SDGF lJQFIJ:T]G[ 5]GZFJT"G äFZF :Jv5|ItG[ XLB[ K[P
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äFZF 5MTv5MTFGL E},MG[ ;]WFZL lJQFIJ:T]G[ VFtD;F¿ SZ[ K[P
#P
lJQFIJ:T]GL ;FClHS ZH}VFTG[ ,LW[ VwI[TF :JvVwIIG ;FlCtI
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VwI[TF ;FlCtI äFZF T[ X]\ SZL XSX[ T[GL HF6SFZL D[/JL XS[ K[P
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5P
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5F9G[ V\T[ V[SDGM ;FZF\X D/TF D[/J[,]\ 7FG TFH]\ VG[ SFIDL
AG[ K[P
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5}ZF 5F0[ K[P
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X{1Fl6S C[T]VMGL ãlQ8V[ BFDL
$P5 :JvVwIIG ;FlCtIGL DIF"NFVM
:JvVwIIG ;FlCtIGL DIF"NFVM VF 5|DF6[ K[P
!P :JvVwIIG ;FlCtIDF\ VwI[TF ;FY[ 5|tI1F ;\A\W :YF5L XSFTM GYLP
ZP :JvVwIIG ;FlCtIGL ZRGFDF\ HM SM. BFDL ZCL UI[, CMI TM T[GM
p5IMU SZGFZG[ pNŸEJ[ T[JM ;\EJ K[P
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VwI[TFGL 5|UlTGM VF\S lJ`J;GLI G 56 D/[P
5P_ ;gD]B lR+NX"S s Overhead
Projectorf
RMSAM0"GL HuIFV[ ZFB[,F 50NF 5Z lX1FSGF DFYF p5ZYL
lR+G[ 5|1F[l5T SZT]\ ;FWG K[P DF8[ T[G]\ GFD VMJZC[0 5|MH[S8Z 50I]\ K[P VF V[S H
5|MH[S8Z V[J]\ K[ S[ H[DF\ lX1FSG]\ :YFG N{lGS lX1F6SFI"GL H[D H JU"GL ;gD]B s;FD[f
ZC[ K[P T[YL T[G[ ;gD]B lR+NX"S TZLS[ 56 VM/BJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VFD TM VF ;FWG
GJ]\ GYLP T[GM p5IMU ALHF lJ`JI]â NZlDIFG ;{lGSMG[ TF,LD VF5JFDF\ YTM H CTMP
VMJZC[0 5|MH[S8ZGL ZRGF B}A H ;Z/ K[P V[S ,\A3G 5[8LGL
p5ZGL ;5F8L 5Z Z5 ;[PDLP 2 Z5 ;[PDLP GM O|[SXG, ,[g; sA[ NUSFR E[UF SZLG[
AGFJFI K[f lO8 SZ[,M CMI K[P H[GL U]6J¿F VG[ 1F[+O/ 5Z ;FWGGL lS\DTGM VFWFZ
K[P 5[8LGL V\NZ C[,MHG ,[d54 T[G[ 9\0M ZFBJF 5\BM T[DH 5ZFJT"S CMI K[P 5[8LGL
p5ZGL AFH]V[ V[S GFGS0L 5F.5 äFZF VFZ;L UM9JJFGL CMI K[P 50NFG[ lX1FSGL
5FK/ YM0[ p\R[ UM9JJM VG]S}/ 50[ K[P Z5 ;[PDLP2Z5 ;[PDLP ;]WLGL UD[ T[ Z\UGL4
SM. 56 5FZNX"S J:T]4 5NFY" S[ RM5FlGIFG[4 T[GL ;Dl1FlTH A[9S 5Z D}SLG[ 5ZFJlT"T
5|1F[56GF\ l;âF\T[ VFWFZ[ 5|1F[l5T SZL XSFI K[P ;FDFgI ZLT[ 5|1F[l5T SZJF DF8[G]\
VF,[BG V[l;8[8 ;L8 5Z SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[4 H[G[ 8=Fg;5Zg;L SC[JFI K[P DM8F EFUGF
lX1FSM 5}J" VF,[lBT SZ[,L 8=Fg;5Zg;L JF5ZTF CMI K[P 5Z\T] SMZL ;L8 JF5ZLG[ lX1FS
JU"DF\ H O[<85[G J0[4 RRF" SZTF\ SZTF\ WLD[ WLD[ VFS'lT4 lR+4 S[ VF,[B NMZL XS[ K[P
V[S H ;L8G[ SFD 5]~\ YIF AFN ;FO SZLG[ JFZ\JFZ JF5ZL XSFI K[P ;FWGG]\ ;\RF,G
B}A H ;Z/ CMJFYL VgI jIlSTGL H~Z 50TL GYLP lX1FS HFT[ H ;\RF,G SZL XS[
K[P HM TD[ 8[l,lJhG 5Z lGIlDT ;DFRFZM ;F\E/TF CM TM ;DFRFZ JFRSG[ VF ;FWG
JF5ZTF\ lGCF?IF CX[P TDFZL ;FD[ GHZ lD,FJLG[ ;DFRFZ J\RFI K[ ¦
5P! O.H.P.GF ,FE
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5P
lJnFYL"VMGL ;FD[ lX1FSG[ µEF ZC[JFGL TS K[ H[YL RRF" ;FZL
ZLT[ Y. XS[ K[P
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V,U RMSO,S SFI" SZJFGL H~Z ZC[TL GYLP
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lX1FS ;FD[ CMJFYL lJnFYL"VMG[ T[GL CFHZLGM VC[;F; ZC[ K[P
lX1FS 56 VwI[TF ;FY[ VF\B lD,FJL T[GF CFJEFJ 5ZYL
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CTMP
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_P_! S1FFV[ ;FY"S s!5PZ(f VlC\ df = $ K[P
;FZ6L 5P!&G]\ VJ,MSG SZTF\ H6FI K[ S[ VlE5|FIFJl,GF
TDFD lJWFG _P_!V[ S1FFV[ ;FY"S K[P V[8,[ S[ S]DFZMV[ AC]DFwID ;\5]8
lJQF[ lGl`RT VlE5|FI VF5[, K[P lJWFG !_4 !Z4 !$4 !5 TYF !(GF SF.
JU"GF D}<I ;F{YL µ\RF CTFP VF lJWFGM V[J]\ ;}RJ[ K[ S[ AC]DFwID ;\5]8GF
lJQFIJ:T]GL JC[\R6L IMuI lJEFUDF\ CTLP BF; SZLG[ lJ7FG lX1F6 RL,FRF,]
5âlT SZTF\ V,U CMJ]\ HM.V[P AC]DFwID ;\5]8 SFI"S|D äFZF VwIIG ;Z/
50I]\ VG[ T[G[ SFZ6[ GJ]\ HF6JFGL VlE5|[Z6F HFULP lJWFG !* ;F{YL VMK]\
SF. JU"G]\ D}<I WZFJ[ K[P H[ V[J]\ ;}RJ[ K[ S[ AC]DFwID ;\5]8 äFZF VwIIGL
U\ELZTF HMBDFI K[P VF lJWFG ;FY[ AC]WF S]DFZM V;\DlT NXF"J[ K[P VFD
S]DFZM DF8[ AC]DFwID ;\5]8 SFI"S|D Z;5|N ZìFM CTM T[J]\ TFZ6 SF-L XSFIP
CJ[ 5KLGF 5|SZ6DF\ ;\XMWGGF V\T[ 5|F%T YI[, ;\XMWGGM ;FZF\X4
TFZ6M4 Ol,TFYM" VG[ EFlJ ;\XMWG V\U[GL E,FD6MGL ZH}VFT SZJFDF\ VFJL
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5|SZ6 v &
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5|SZ6 5F\RDF\ AC]DFwID ;\5]8GL V;ZSFZSTF RSF;JF DF8[
TYF CFY WZFI[, 5|IMU NZlDIFG 5|F%T YI[,F 5lZ6FDMG]\ V\SXF:+LI 5'YÞZ6
NXF"JL T[DF\YL TFZJ[,F VY"38GMGL lJ:T'T RRF" SZJFDF\ VFJLP VF 5|SZ6DF\
;\XMWGGM ;FZF\X4 D]bI TFZ6M4 X{1Fl6S Ol,TFYM" VG[ JW] VeIF; DF8[GF
E,FD6MGL lJ:T'T ZH}VFT SZJFDF\ VFJL K[P
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5|:T]T ;\XMWGGM D]bI C[T] WMZ6v)GF lJ7FG lJQFIDF\ AC]DFwID
;\5]8GL ;\ZRGF TYF T[GL V;ZSFZSTF HF6JFGM CTMP VF V;ZSFZSTF lJ7FG
l;lâ TYF lJ7FG WFZ6GF ;\NE"DF\ RSF;JFGL CTLP VF DF8[ 5;\N YI[, +6
V[SDM DF8[ GLR[ 5|DF6[ AC]DFwID ;\5]8 T{IFZ SZJFDF\ VFjI]\ CT]\P
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ZlRT D}<IF\SG S;M8LGL ZRGF SZJFDF\ VFJ[,L CTLP T[DH AC]DFwID ;\5]8 lJX[
5|IMU5F+MGF VlE5|FIM HF6JF DF8[ V[S VlE5|FIFJl,GL ZRGF SZJFDF\ VFJ[,
CTLP
;\XMWS[ 5|IMUGL VHDFIX DF8[ zL ZD[XEF. KFIF SgIF lJnF,I
TYF 5|IMUGF 5]GZFJT"G DF8[ zL UFI+L lJnF,I sS]DFZ XF/FfGL 5;\NUL SZ[,
CTLP AgG[ XF/FDF\ VFSl:DSZ6YL WMZ6v)GF A[ H}Y SZJFDF\ VFjIF CTFP H[DF\
RLõLVMGL DNNYL 5|FIMlUS H}Y TYF ALHF H}YG[ lGI\l+T H}Y AGFJJFDF\ VFjIF
CTF\P VF AgG[ 5|IMUDF\ 5F+MGF lJ7FGGF ;+F\T 5ZL1FFGF U]6G[ wIFGDF\ ,[JFDF\
VFjIF CTF\P T[GL ;ZF;ZL4 5|DF6 lJR,G VG[ 8LvD}<IGF VFWFZ[ A\G[ H}Y
X{1Fl6S l;lâGL AFATDF\ ;DFG K[ T[J]\ RSF;JFDF\ VFjI]\ CT]\P
A\G[ 5|IMlUS SFI"GF VD,LSZ6 AFN lX1FS ZlRT D}<IF\SG S;M8L
äFZF lJ7FG l;lâ 5|F%TF\S D[/JJFDF\ VFjIF\ CTF\P TYF T[ H S;M8LG[ V[S DF;
AFN OZL VF5LG[ lJ7FG WFZ6 5|F%TF\S D[/JJFDF\ VFjIF\ CTF\P VF 5|F%TF\SMGF
;ZF;ZL4 5|DF6 lJR,G VG[ 8LvD}<I D[/JJFDF\ VFjIF\ CTF\P 8LvD}<IGF VFWFZ[
lJ7FG l;lâ T[DH lJ7FG WFZ6GF ;\NE"DF\ AC]DFwID ;\5]8GL V;ZSFZSTF
RSF;JFDF\ VFJL CTLP
A\G[ 5|IMUDF\ 5|FIMlUS H}YGF lJ7FG l;lâGF 5|F%TF\SMG[ AC]DFwID
;\5]8GF +6 38SM 5|DF6[ lJEFlHT SZJFDF\ VFjIF\ CTF\P VF 5|F%TF\SMDF\ lJRZ6
5'YÞZ6GM p5IMU SZLG[ SI]\ 38S DFwID JW] V;ZSFZS K[ T[ RSF;JFDF\ VFjI]\
CT]\P VF p5ZF\T A\G[ 5|IMUDF\ 5|FIMlUS H}YGF 5F+MG[ AC]DFwID ;\5]8 lJX[ T[DGF
VlE5|FIM HF6JF DF8[ V[S VlE5|FIFJl, VF5JFDF\ VFJL CTLP VF VlE5|FIFJl,GF
lJWFGMGL ;FY"STF GÞL SZJF DF8[ SF. JU" D}<IGM p5IMU SZJFDF\ VFjIM CTMP
VeIF;GF C[T]VMG[ VG]~5 ZRJFDF\ VFJ[, 5|tI[S ptS<5GF VG[
T[GL RSF;6L DF8[GL :JLS'lT S[ V:JLS'lT V\U[GM lG6"I S|DXo CJ[ 5KL 5|:T]T
SZJFDF\ VFjIM K[P
5|YD X}gI ptS<5GF
WMZ6v)GF lJ7FG lJQFIGF ;\NE"DF\ jIFbIFG 5âlT VG[
AC]DFwID ;\5]8 äFZF VwIIG 5FD[,L SgIFVMGF lJ7FG l;lâ 5|F%TF\SMGL
;ZF;ZLVM JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCL\ CMIP
V\SXF:+LI 5|I]lST TZLS[ 8LvS;M8LGM p5IMU SZJFDF\ VFjIM
CTMP 5|F%I 8LvD}<I ZP_! CT]\P H[ _P_5 S1FFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P VFYL 5|YD X}gI
ptS<5GFGM V:JLSFZ YIM CTMP VFYL ;\A\lWT 5|YD ;\XMWG ptS<5GFGM :JLSFZ
YIM CTMP VFYL SCL XSFI S[ 5|IMUDF\ ;DFlJQ8 SgIFVM DF8[ A\G[ H}YMGF 5F+MGL
lJ7FG l;lâ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT CTMP
ALÒ X}gI ptS<5GF
WMZ6v)GF lJ7FG lJQFIGF ;\NE"DF\ jIFbIFG 5âlT VG[
AC]DFwID ;\5]8 äFZF VwIIG 5FD[,L SgIFVMGF lJ7FG WFZ6GF 5|F%TF\SMGL
;ZF;ZLVM JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCL\ CMIP
V\SXF:+LI 5|I]lST TZLS[ 8LvS;M8LGM p5IMU SZJFDF\ VFjIM
CTMP 5|F%I 8LvD}<I (P*) CT]\P H[ _P_! S1FFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P VFYL ALÒ X}gI
ptS<5GFGM V:JLSFZ YIM CTMP VFYL ;\A\lWT ALÒ ;\XMWG ptS<5GFGM :JLSFZ
YIM CTMP VFYL SCL XSFI S[ 5|IMUDF\ ;DFlJQ8 SgIFVM DF8[ A\G[ H}YMGF 5F+MGF
lJ7FG WFZ6 JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT CTMP
+LÒ X}gI ptS<5GF
WMZ6v)GF lJ7FG lJQFIGF ;\NE"DF\ jIFbIFG 5âlT VG[
AC]DFwID ;\5]8 äFZF VwIIG 5FD[,F S]DFZMGF lJ7FG l;lâGF 5|F%TF\SMGL
;ZF;ZLVM JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCL\ CMIP
V\SXF:+LI 5|I]lST TZLS[ 8LvS;M8LGM p5IMU SZJFDF\ VFjIM CTMP
5|F%I 8LvD}<I #P!$ CT]\P H[ _P_! S1FFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P VFYL +LÒ X}gI
ptS<5GFGM V:JLSFZ YIM CTMP VFYL ;\A\lWT +LÒ ;\XMWG ptS<5GFGM :JLSFZ
YIM CTMP VFYL SCL XSFI S[ 5|IMUDF\ ;DFlJQ8 S]DFZM DF8[ A\G[ H}YMGF 5F+MGL
lJ7FG l;lâ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT CTMP
RMYL X}gI ptS<5GF
WMZ6v)GF lJ7FG lJQFIGF ;\NE"DF\ jIFbIFG 5âlT VG[
AC]DFwID ;\5]8 äFZF VwIIG 5FD[,F S]DFZMGF lJ7FG WFZ6GF 5|F%TF\SMGL
;ZF;ZLVM JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCL\ CMIP
V\SXF:+LI 5|I]lST TZLS[ 8LvS;M8LGM p5IMU SZJFDF\ VFjIM
CTMP 5|F%I 8LvD}<I*P&$ CT]\P H[ _P_! S1FFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P VFYL RMYL X}gI
ptS<5GFGM V:JLSFZ YIM CTMP VFYL ;\A\lWT RMYL ;\XMWG ptS<5GFGM :JLSFZ
YIM CTMP VFYL SCL XSFI S[ 5|IMUD\F ;DFlJQ8 S]DFZM DF8[ A\G[ H}YMGF 5F+MGF
lJ7FG WFZ6 JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT CTMP
5F\RDL X}gI ptS<5GF
WMZ6v)GF lJ7FG lJQFIGF ;\NE"DF\ jIFbIFG 5âlT VG[
AC]DFwID ;\5]8 äFZF VwIIG 5FD[, SgIFVM VG[ S]DFZMGF ;\I]ST ZLT[ lJ7FG
l;lâGF 5|F%TF\SMGL ;ZF;ZLVM JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCL\ CMIP
V\SXF:+LI 5|I]lST TZLS[ 8LvS;M8LGM p5IMU SZJFDF\ VFjIM CTMP
5|F%T 8LvD}<I #P&! CT]\P H[ _P_! S1FFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P VFYL 5F\RDL X}gI
ptS<5GFGM V:JLSFZ YIM CTMP VFYL ;\A\lWT 5F\RDL ;\XMWG ptS<5GFGM
:JLSFZ YIM CTMP VFYL SCL XSFI S[ 5|IMUDF\ ;DFlJQ8 SgIFVM VG[ S]DFZM DF8[
;\I]ST ZLT[ A\G[ H}YMGF 5F+MGL lJ7FG l;lâ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT CTMP
K9'L X}gI ptS<5GF
WMZ6v)GF lJ7FG lJQFIGF ;\NE"DF\ jIFbIFG 5âlT VG[
AC]DFwID ;\5]8 äFZF VwIIG 5FD[, SgIFVM VG[ S]DFZMGF ;\I]ST ZLT[ lJ7FG
WFZ6GF 5|F%TF\SMGL ;ZF;ZLVM JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCL CMIP
V\SXF:+LI 5|I]lST TZLS[ 8LvS;M8LGM p5IMU SZJFDF\ VFjIM
CTMP 5|F%I 8LvD}<I !_P#& CT]\P H[ _P_! S1FFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P VFYL KõL X}gI
ptS<5GFGM V:JLSFZ YIM CTMP VFYL ;\A\lWT KõL ;\XMWG ptS<5GFGM :JLSFZ
YIM CTMP VFYL SCL XSFI S[ 5|IMUDF\ ;DFlJQ8 SgIFVM VG[ S]DFZM ;\I]ST ZLT[
A\G[ H}YMGF 5F+MGF lJ7FG WFZ6 JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT CTMP
;FTDL X}gI ptS<5GF
WMZ6v)GF lJ7FG lJQFIGF ;\NE"DF\ :,F.0 XM VG[ :JvVwIIG
;FlCtI äFZF :JvVwIIG 5FD[,L SgIFVMGF lJ7FG l;lâGF 5|F%TF\SMGL ;ZF;ZLVM
JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCL\ CMIP
V\SXF:+LI 5|I]lST TZLS[ lJRZ6 5'YÞZ6GM p5IMU SZJFDF\
VFjIM CTMP SgIFVMGF DFwID vI VG[ DFwIDvII GF DwISM JrR[GM TOFJT ZP!(
CTM H[ !P*! SZTF JW] CMJFYL _P_5 S1FFV[ ;FY"S CTMP VFYL ;FTDL X}gI
ptS<5GFGM V:JLSFZ YIM CTMP VFYL ;\A\lWT ;FTDL ;\XMWG ptS<5GFGM
:JLSFZ YIM CTMP VFYL SCL XSFI S[ 5|IMUDF\ :,F.0 XM VG[ :J VwIIG
;FlCtI äFZF VwIIG 5FD[,L SgIFVMGL lJ7FG l;lâ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT CTMP
VF9DL X}gI ptS<5GF
WMZ6v)GF lJ7FG lJQFIGF ;\ N E" D F\ :JvVwIIG VG[
VMPV[RP5LP 8=Fg;5Zg;L äFZF VwIIG 5FD[,L SgIFVMGF lJ7FG l;lâGF 5|F%TF\SMGL
;ZF;ZLVM JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCL\ CMIP
V\SXF:+LI 5|I]lST TZLS[ lJRZ6 5'YÞZ6GM p5IMU SZJFDF\
VFjIM CTMP SgIFVMGF DFwIDvII VG[ DFWIDvIIIGF DwISM JrR[GM TOFJT
ZPZ* CTMP H[ ZPZ5 SZTF JW] CMJFYL _P_! S1FFV[ ;FY"S CTMP VFYL VF9DL
X}gI ptS<5GFGM V:JLSFZ YIM CTMP VFYL ;\A\lWT VF9DL ;\XMWG ptS<5GFGM
:JLSFZ YIM CTMP VFYL SCL XSFI S[ 5|IMUDF\ :JvVwIIG ;FlCtI VG[
VMPV[RP5LP 8=Fg;5Zg;L äFZF VwIIG 5FD[,L SgIFVMGL lJ7FG l;lâ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT CTMP
GJDL X}gI ptS<5GF
WMZ6v)GF lJ7FG lJQFIGF ;\NE"DF\ VMPV[RP5LP 8=Fg;5Zg;L
VG[ :,F.0 XM äFZF VwIIG 5FD[,L SgIFVMGF lJ7FG l;lâGF 5|F%TF\SMGL
;ZF;ZLVM JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCL\ CMIP
V\SXF:+LI 5|I]lST TZLS[ lJRZ6 5'YÞZ6GM p5IMU SZJFDF\
VFjIM CTMP SgIFVMGF DFwIDvIII VG[ DFwIDvI GF DwISM JrR[ TOFJT _P_)
CTM H[ !P*! SZTF VMKM CMJFYL ;FY"S G CTMP VFYL GJDL X}gI ptS<5GFGM
V:JLSFZ YIM G CTMP VFYL ;\A\lWT GJDL ;\XMWG ptS<5GFGM V:JLSFZ YIM
CTMP VFYL SCL XSFI S[ 5|IMUDF\ VMPV[RP5LP8=Fg;5Zg;L VG[ :,F.0 XM äFZF
VwIIG 5FD[,L SgIFVMGL lJ7FG l;lâ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT G CTMP VYF"T AgG[
DFwID ;DFG ZLT[ V;ZSFZS CTFP
N;DL X}gI ptS<5GF
WMZ6v)GF lJ7FG lJQFIGF ;\NE"DF\ :,F.0 XM VG[ :JvVwIIG
;FlCtI äFZF VwIIG 5FD[,F S]DFZMGL lJ7FGl;lâGF 5|F%TF\SMGL ;ZF;ZLVM JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCL\ CMIP
V\SXF:+LI 5|I]lST TZLS[ lJRZ6 5'YÞZ6GM p5IMU SZJFDF\
VFjIM CTMP S]DFZMGF DFwIDvI VG[ DFwIDvIIGF DwISM JrR[GM TOFJT ZP__
CTMP H[ !P)& SZTF JW] CMJFYL _P_! S1FFV[ ;FY"S CTMP VFYL N;DL X}gI
ptS<5GFGM V:JLSFZ YIM CTMP VFYL ;\A\lWT N;DL ;\XMWG ptS<5GFGM :JLSFZ
YIM CTMP VFYL SCL XSFI S[ 5|IMUDF\ :,F.0 XM VG[ :JvVwIIG ;FlCtI äFZF
VwIIG 5FD[,F S]DFZMGL lJ7FG l;lâ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT CTMP
VULIFZDL X}gI ptS<5GF
WMZ6v)GF lJ7FG lJQFIGF ;\ N E" D F\ :JvVwIIG VG[
VMPV[RP5LP 8=Fg;5Zg;L äFZF VwIIG 5FD[,F S]DFZMGL lJ7FGl;lâGF 5|F%TF\SMGL
;ZF;ZLVM JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCL\ CMIP
V\SXF:+LI 5|I]lST TZLS[ lJRZ6 5'YÞZ6GM p5IMU SZJFDF\
VFjIM CTMP S]DFZMGF DFwIDvII VG[ DFwIDvIII GF DwISM JrR[GM TOFJT _P)!
CTMP H[ !P$) SZTF VMKL CMJFYL ;FY"S G CTMP VFYL VlUIFZDL X}gI
ptS<5GFGM V:JLSFZ YIM G CTMP VFYL ;\Al\ WT VlUIFZDL ;\XMWG ptS<5GFGM
V:JLSFZ YIM CTMP VFYL SCL XSFI S[ 5|IMUDF\ :JvVwIIG ;FlCtI VG[
VMPV[RP5LP 8=Fg;5Zg;L äFZF VwIIG 5FD[, S]DFZMGL lJ7FG l;lâ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT G CTMP VYF"T A\G[ DFwID ;DFG ZLT[ V;ZSFZS CTFP
AFZDL X}gI ptS<5GF
WMZ6v)GF lJ7FG lJQFIGF ;\NE"DF\ VMPV[RP5LP 8=Fg;5Zg;L
VG[ :,F.0 XM äFZF VwIIG 5FD[,L SgIFVMGF lJ7FG l;lâGF 5|F%TF\SMGL
;ZF;ZLVM JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCL\ CMIP
V\SXF:+LI 5|I]lST TZLS[ lJRZ6 5'YÞZ6GM p5IMU SZJFDF\
VFjIM CTMP S]DFZMGF DFwIDvIII VG[ DFwIDvIGF DwISM JrR[GM TOFJT ZP)!
CTMP H[ !P)& SZTF JW] CMJFYL _P_! S1FFV[ ;FY"S CTMP VFYL AFZDL X}gI
ptS<5GFGM V:JLSFZ YIM CTMP VFYL ;\A\lWT AFZDL ;\XMWG ptS<5GFGM
:JLSFZ YIM CTMP VFYL SCL XSFI S[ 5|IMUDF\ VMPV[RP5LP 8=Fg;5Zg;L VG[
:,F.0 XM äFZF VwIIG 5FD[, S]DFZMGL lJ7FG l;lâ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT CTMP
T[ZDL X}gI ptS<5GF
WMZ6v)GF lJ7FG lJQFIGF ;\NE"DF\ :,F.0 XM VG[ :JvVwIIG
;FlCtI äFZF VwIIG 5FD[, SgIFVM VG[ S]DFZMGF ;\I]ST ZLT[ lJ7FG l;lâGF
5|F%TF\SMGL ;ZF;ZLVM JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCL\ CMIP
V\SXF:+LI 5|I]lST TZLS[ lJRZ6 5'YÞZ6GM p5IMU SZJFDF\ VFjIM
CTMP SgIFVM VG[ S]DFZMGF ;\I]ST ZLT[ DFwIDvI VG[ DFwIDvIIGF DwISM
JrR[GM TOFJT _P_) CTMP H[ !P!& SZTF\ VMKM CMJFYL ;FY"S G CTMP VFYL
T[ZDL X}gI ptS<5GFGM V:JLSFZ YIM G CTMP VFYL ;\A\lWT T[ZDL ;\XMWG
ptS<5GFGM V:JLSFZ YIM CTMP VFYL SCL XSFI S[ 5|IMUDF\ :,F.0 XM VG[
:JvVwIIG ;FlCtI äFZF VwIIG 5FD[, SgIFVM VG[ S]DFZMGL ;\I]ST ZLT[
lJ7FG l;lâ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT G CTMP VYF"T AgG[ DFwID ;DFG ZLT[
V;ZSFZS CTFP
RF{NDL X}gI ptS<5GF
WMZ6v)GF lJ7FG lJQFIGF ;\NE"DF\ :JvVwIIG ;FlCtI VG[
VMPV[RP5LP 8=Fg;5Zg;L äFZF VwIIG 5FD[, SgIFVM VG[ S]DFZMGF ;\I]ST ZLT[
lJ7FGl;lâGF 5|F%TF\SMGL ;ZF;ZLVM JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCL\\ CMIP
V\SXF:+LI 5|I]lST TZLS[ lJRZ6 5'YÞZ6GM p5IMU SZJFDF\
VFjIM CTMP SgIFVM VG[ S]DFZMGF ;\I]ST ZLT[ DFwIDvII VG[ DFwIDvIIIGF
DwISM JrR[GM TOFJT !P5) CTMP H[ !P5# SZTF JW] CMJFYL _P_! S1FFV[
;FY"S CTMP VFYL RF{NDL X}gI ptS<5GFGM V:JLSFZ YIM CTMP VFYL ;\A\lWT
RF{NDL ;\XMWG ptS<5GFGM :JLSFZ YIM CTMP VFYL SCL XSFI S[ 5|IMUDF\
:JvVwIIG ;FlCtI VG[ VMPV[RP5LP 8=Fg;5Zg;L äFZF VwIIG 5FD[, SgIFVM
VG[ S]DFZMGL ;\I]ST ZLT[ lJ7FG l;lâ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT CTMP
5\NZDL X}gI ptS<5GF
WMZ6v)GF lJ7FG lJQFIGF ;\NE"DF\ VMPV[RP5LP 8=Fg;5Zg;L
VG[ :,F.0 XM äFZF VwIIG 5FD[, SgIFVM VG[ S]DFZMGF ;\I]ST ZLT[
lJ7FGl;lâGF 5|F%TF\SMGL ;ZF;ZLVM JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCL\ CMIP
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Ambasana, Anil (Ed.)(1998). Computer in Research and Education, Rajkot :
Saurashtra University.
Aiken, L.R. (1982). Psychological Testing and Assessment (4th ed.). Bostan:
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Boston: Little Brown and Company (Inc.)
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lAG CFlGSFZS VG[ XZLZGM 3;FZM 5}ZM 5F0TF
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5MQFS ãjIG]\ D\NNCG YTF\ ;ÒJ XlST D[/J[ K[P
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Click for Ans.
jIlSTUT ;ÒJGL p5ZGF :TZMG[ prR S1FFGF :TZM
SC[ K[P
(2)
lGdG S1FFGF :TZGF A[ GFD VF5MP
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Click for Ans.
prR S1FFGF :TZMG] \ VFIMHG
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DG]QIG]\ J{7FlGS GFD CMDM ;[l5Ig; K[P
(2)
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Click for Ans.
DSF.G]\ J{7FlGS GFD hLVFD[.h K[P
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J:TL V[ 8 ,[ X]\ m
Click for Ans.
;ÒJGL SM. V[S ÔlTGF ;eIM ;FY[ ZC[ K[ tIFZ[ T[
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(4)
lGJ;GT\ +GF A[ pNFCZ6 VF5MP
Click for Ans.
lGJ;GT\+GF A[ pNFCZ6 GLR[ 5™DF6[ K[P
(1)
H\U,G]\ lGJ;GT\+ VG[
(5)
ÒJFJZ6 V[ 8 ,[ X] \ m
(2)
Z6G]\ lGJ;GT\+
Click for Ans.
5` yJLGL ;5F8L 5ZGF AWF H lGJ;GT\ +M ;FY[
D/LG[ V[ S prR:TZ ZR[ K[ H[G[ ÒJFJZ6 SC[ K[ P
lGdG S1FFGF :TZMG] \ VFIMHG
NZ[ S Hl8, N[ CZRGF WZFJTM ;ÒJ SFIZGL JC[ \ R6L
DF8[ H] N F H] NF V\ UT\ +M WZFJ[ K[ P
pNFP o 5FRGT\+4 `J;GT\+4 S\SF,T\+4 R[TFT\+4
pt;HZT\+4 5™HGGT\+ JU[Z[P
DG]QIGF 5FRGT\+DF\ D]B4
H9Z4 VF\TZ0]4\
VgGÔ/4
D/FXI H[JF V\UMG]\ AG[,]\ K[P
NZ[S V\U lJlJW 5[XLVMYL
AG[, K[P
NFPT VF56F CFY4 :GFI] 5[XL4
R[TF5[XL4 S\SF,5[XL JU[Z[YL
AG[, K[P
JG:5lTVMGM N[C 56 JFG:5lTS V\UM VG[ 5™HGG V\UMGM
AG[,M K[P
JG:5lTDF\ D}/4 5™SF\0 VG[ 56Z JFG:5lTS V\UM K[P
HIFZ[ 5]Q54 O/ VG[ ALH V[ 5™HGG V\UM K[P
VF V\UM 5[XLT\+M WZFJ[ K[P
5[XLT\+M lJlJW 5[XLVMGF AG[,F CMI K[P
NFPTP VgGJFCS5[XL4 H,JFCS5[XL JU[Z[
;ÒJGM N[C V\UT\+MYL AG[,M K[P
V\UT\+M H]NFvH]NF V\UMGF AG[,F CMI K[P
V\U 5[XLVMYL AG[ K[P
5[XL SMQFMYL AG[ K[P
AZFAZ V[JL H ZLT[ H[D DSFGGL NLJF,M .\8M~5L
GFGF v GFGF V[SDMGL AG[,L K[P
T[D ;ÒJGM N[C 56 SMQF~5L ;}1D V[SDMGM AG[,M K[P
SMQF V[ ;ÒJGM ZRGFtDS VG[ lS™IFtDS V[SD K[P
NZ[S SMQFDF\ ZC[, H8L, Z;FI6M TtJMGF AG[,F CMI K[P
TtJ V6]VMGF AG[,F CMI K[P
V6]VM 5ZDF6]GF AG[,F CMI K[P
VFD ;DU™ H{J 5IFZJZ6 V\T[ TM 5ZDF6] äFZF AG[, K[P
DFGJ XZLZGF A[ V\UT\+MGF GFD VF5MP Click for Ans.
5FRGT\+ VG[ 5™HGGT\+ DFGJ XZLZGF A[ V\UT\+M K[P
JG:5lTG]\ 5™HGG V\U SI]\ K[ m
Click for Ans.
JG:5lTG]\ 5™HGG V\U 5]Q5 K[P
Click
JG:5lTGF 5[XLT\+M S[JL 5[XLVMGF AG[,F CMI K[ m for
Ans.
JG:5lTGF 5[XLT\+M VgGJFCS VG[ H,JFCS
5[XLVMGF AG[,F CMI K[P
SMQF V[8,[ X]\ m
Click for Ans.
;ÒJGM ZRGFtDS VG[ lS™IFtDS V[SDG[ SMQF SC[ K[P
lJ7FG
SMQF VG[ SMQF lJEFHG
s:J VwIIG ;FlCtIf
;\XMWS
CZ[X 5LP E]8S
DFUZNXZS
0MP S[P JLP ZF9M0
M.Sc., M.Ed
B.Sc., M.Ed., Ph.D.
jCF,F lJnFYLZ4
TD[ WMZ6 VF9 ;]WL lJ7FG lJQFI E^IF KMP VF lJQFI VG[S ZLT[ E6L XSFI K[P
T[DF\GL V[S ZLT K[4 :JVwIIGP VF VwIIGDF\ ÔT[ E6JFG]\ CMI K[P T[DF\ TDFZ[ lX1FSG]\ DF+
DFUZNXZG H ,[JFG]\ CMI K[P VF56[ VlC\ ccSMQF VG[ SMQF lJEFHGcc V[SD VF ZLT[ E6JFGM K[P
VF NZdIFG TDFZ[ GLR[GL AFATM AZFAZ ;DÒ ,[JL H~ZL K[P
!P
ZP
T[
#P
$P
TDG[ VF5JFDF\ VFJ[, lJEFUGM TDFZ[ XF\T lR¿[ VG[ WLD[ v WLD[ VeIF; SZJFGM K[P
NZ[S lJEFUDF\ JrR[ v JrR[ TDG[ ;Z/ 5™ÆM 5}KJFDF\ VFJX[ T[GF HJFA TDFZ[ V,U
SFU/DF\ VF5JFGF K[P VF 5™ÆMGF ;FRF\ HJFA H[ T[ lJEFUGF V\T[ VF5JFDF\ VFJ[, K[
Ô[.G[ VFU/ JWJFG]\ K[P
H[ 5™ÆMGF HJFA BM8F 50[ TM T[G[ ;\A\lWT lJEFUGM 5]Go VeIF; SZMP TDFZF JUZDF\
CFHZ lX1FSGL DNN 56 ,. XSM KMP
TD[ ,B[,F HJFAG[ VFWFZ[ TDFZ[ :J v D}<IF\SG 56 SZJFG]\ K[P
V[8,[ S[ TD[ H lX1FS VG[ TD[ H lJnFYLZP TM CJ[ X]\ ZFC H]VM KM !
,FUL 50M PPPPPPP
X]Er[ KFVM ;FY[ PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
CZ[X E]8S
lJEFU v A
VF lJEFUDF\ SMQFGL ZRGF AFAT[ GLR[GF D]¹FVM lJX[ :5Q8 ;DH D[/JLX]\P
Av1
Av2
Av3
SMQFGL XMW
SMQFGM bIF,
SMQFGF SNGM bIF,
Av1
SMQFGL XMW
.P;P 1665 DF\ ZMA8Z C]S GFDGF lJ7FGLV[ A}RGF J`1FGL KF,DF\ 5MT[ AGFJ[,
;]1DNXZS I\+ J0[ GFGF v GFGF BFGFVM H[JL ZRGF Ô[. CTLP
T[6[ VF BFGFVMG[ cSMQF
cSMQFcc TZLS[ VM/BFjIF\P tIFZAFN HDZG J{7FlGSM :,F.0G
VG[ :JFG[ Sæ]\ S[ c;ÒJM SMQFGF AG[,F K[Pc
Av 1
1.
2.
3.
TDFZL 5™UlT RSF;MP
SMQF ;F{ 5™YD .P;P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP DF\ Ô[IM CTMP
;F{ 5™YD SMQFG[ Ô[GFZ PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP J{7FlGS CTFP
SMQF Ô[JF DF8[ PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP J`1FGL KF,GM p5IMU YIM CTMP
Av2
SMQFGM bIF,
VF56F XZLZGM GFGFDF\ GFGM EFU SMQF K[P
SMQFYL 5[XLVM AG[,L K[P NFPTP :GFI]5[XLP
5[XLVMYL V\UM AG[,F K[P NFPTP H9Z4 VF\TZ0]\P
V\UMYL V\UT\+M AG[,F K[P NFPTP 5FRGT\+
V\UT\+MYL XZLZ AG[,]\ K[P
SMQF → 5[XL → V\U → V\UT\+ → XZLZ
VFD4 SMQFM E[UF D/LG[ 5[XL AGFJ[ K[P 5[XLVM E[UL D/LG[ V\U AGFJ[ K[P V\UM
E[UF D/LG[ V\UT\+ AGFJ[ K[P TDFD V\UT\+M E[UF\ D/LG[ XZLZ AGFJ[ K[P
SMQF ;ÒJG]\ A\WFZ6 ZRTM V[SD K[P
SMQF ;ÒJGF TDFD SFIMZ DF8[ HJFANFZ K[P
NFPTP BMZFSG]\ 5FRG 5FRGT\+ J0[ YFI K[P
VFD SMQFGL jIFbIFG[ GLR[ 5™DF6[ ,BL XSFIP
SMQF ;ÒJGM A\WFZ6LI VG[ lS™IFtDS V[SD K[P
Av 2
1.
2.
3.
TDFZL 5™UlT RSF;MP
;ÒJGF GFGFDF\ GFGF V[SDG[ PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP SC[ K[P
V\UM PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP GF AG[,F CMI K[P
XZLZDF\ BMZFSG]\ 5FRG PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP DF\ YFI K[P
Av3
SMQFGF SNGM bIF,
NZ[S ;ÒJDF\ SMQFGL ;\bIF V,U v V,U CMI K[P
NFPTP N[0SF VG[ DF6;GF XZLZDF\ SMQFGL ;\bIF H]NL H]NL CMI K[P
;F{YL GFGF SNGM SMQF 0.1 DF.SM™DL8Z CMI K[P NFP TP %<I]ZMgI]DMlGIF
;F{YL DM8F SNGM SMQF 170 x 135 lDPDL CMI K[P NFP TP XFCD`UG]\ .\0]\
R[TFSMQFGL ,\AF. ;FDFgI ZLT[ 1 DL8Z CMI K[P
NZ[S SMQFG[ RMÞ; VFSFZ CMI K[P
5Z\T] VDLAF S[ H[ V[S SMQFL 5™F6L
K[P TYF VF56F ,MCLDF\ ZC[,
`J[TS6GM VFSFZ AN,FTM ZC[ K[P
Av 3
1.
2.
3.
TDFZL 5™UlT RSF;MP
;F{YL GFGF SNGM SMQF PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP ;ÒJGM CMI K[P
;F{YL DM8F SNGM SMQF PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP ;ÒJGM CMI K[P
V[S SMQFL 5™F6L PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP 5MTFGM VFSFZ AN,T]\ ZC[ K[P
VFNXZZ p¿ZM
VFNX
A-1
(1)
1665
(2)
ZMA8Z C}S
(3)
A}R
A-2
(1)
SMQF
(2)
5[XLVM
(3)
5FRGT\+
A-3
(1)
%<I]ZMgI]DMlGIF
(2)
XFCD`U
(3)
VDLAF
lJEFU v B
VF lJEFUDF\ JG:5lT SMQFGL ZRGF AFAT[ GLR[GF D]¹FVM lJX[ :5Q8 ;DH
D[/JLX]P\
Bv1
Bv2
Bv3
Bv1
JG:5lT SMQF4 SMQF NLJF,4 SMQFZ;58, TYF SMQFZ;GL ;DHP
V\ToSMQFZ;Ô/4 UM<ULSFI TYF S6FE;}+GM bIF,P
ClZTS64 SMQFS[gã VG[ Z\U;}+GL ;DHP
JG:5lT SMQF4 SMQF NLJF,4 SMQFZ;58, TYF SMQFZ;GL ;DH
.,[S8=MG DF.S™M:SM5 C[9/ JG:5lTSMQFG]\ lGZL1F6 SZJFYL SMQFGL V\lUSFVM
GHZ[ 50[ K[P
JG:5lTSMQFDF\ ZC[, SMQFZ;DF\ VG[S H{lJS V\lUSFVM VFJ[,L CMI K[P T[GF lJX[
Ô6SFZL D[/JLV[P
SMQF NLJF, o
SMQFGL ;F{YL ACFZ VFJ[, EFUG[ SMQF NLJF, SC[ K[P T[ ;[<I],Mh S[ 5[lS8G H[JF
Z;FI6MGL AG[,L CMI K[P
T[ SMQFG[ RMÞ; VFSFZ VF5L IF\l+S DHA}TF. VF5[ K[P T[ SMQFG[ Z1F6 56 VF5[
K[P T[ DF+ JG:5lTSMQFDF\ H CMI K[P
SMQFZ;58, o
SMQF NLJF,GL V\NZ VFJ[, VlT 5FT/F 50G[ SMQFZ;58, SC[ K[P T[ RZAL VG[
5™M8LGG]\ AG[,]\ CMI K[P T[GF äFZF SMQFDF\ V\NZ NFB, YTF VG[ ACFZ GLS/TF 38SMG]\ lGI\+6
SZ[ K[P
SMQF Z; o
SMQFDF\ EZ[, 3Î 5™JFCLG[ SMQFZ; SC[ K[P H[ SMQFGM VFWFZ :T\E K[P
T[ H[,L H[J]\ Sl,, :J~5[ CMI K[P SMQFZ; VG[ T[DF\GL V\lUSFVM äFZF SMQF AWL H
H{lJS lS™IFVM SZ[ K[P
8}\SDF\4
SMQFGL OZT[ VFJ[,L ;[<I],Mh VG[ 5[lS8GGL AG[,L NLJF,G[ SMQFNLJF, SC[ K[P
SMQF NLJF,GL V\NZ VFJ[,F 5FT/F 50G[ SMQFZ;58, SC[ K[P
SMQFDF\ VFJ[, 3Î 5™JFCLG[ SMQFZ; SC[ K[P
Bv 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
TDFZL 5™UlT RSF;MP
VlT ;}1D V\lUSFVMGM VeIF; SZJF PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP J5ZFI K[P
JG:5lT SMQFDF\ OZT[ VFJ[, EFUG[ PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP SC[ K[P
SMQF NLJF, PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP Z;FI6GL AG[,L CMI K[P
SMQFDF\ V\NZ NFB, YTF\ VG[ ACFZ GLS/TF 38SMG]\ lGI\+6 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
SZ[ K[P
SMQFDF\ ZC[,F 5™JFCL ãjIG[ PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP SC[ K[P
Bv2
V\ToSMQFZ;Ô/4 UM<ULSFI TYF S6FE;]+GM bIF,
V\ToZ;Ô/ o
T[ SMQF Z;DF\ VFJ[,L Hl8, Ô/DI ZRGF K[P T[ 5CM/L4 ;}1D4 Gl,SFSFZ ZRGF
K[P T[GF 5Z VFJ[,F GFGF\ 85SF\ H[JL ZRGFG[ ZLAMhMd; SC[ K[P T[ 5™M8LG ;\`,[QF6 SZJFG]\ SFIZ SZ[ K[P
.:rI[Zl[ XIF SM,L (E.Coli) GFDGF ÒJF6]GF V[S H SMQFDF\ 20,000 lZAMhMd; CMI K[P
UM<ULSFI o
SMQFZ;DF\ VFJ[,L VF V\lUSFG[ UM<UL5™;FWG VYJF 0LS8LVMhMD 56 SC[ K[P
UM<ULSFI R58L SMY/LVM VG[ GFGLvDM8L 5]l8SFVMGL AG[,L CMI K[P T[GL DNNYL SMQF
,MCTÙJ VG[ TF\A] XMQF[ K[P UM<ULSFI RZALGM ;\U™C SZ[ K[P T[ p5ZF\T UM<ULSFI lJlJW 5NFYZGF
:+FJG]\ SFIZ SZ[ K[P
S6FE;}+ o
SMQFZ;DF\ ;/L H[JF S[ T\T] :J~5[ lJBZFI[, S6FE;}+M VFJ[,F CMI K[P
T[ SMQFDF\ 5™J[X[, 5MQFSãjIMG]\ D\N NCG SZL DM8F 5™DF6DF\ éÔZ pt5gG SZ[ K[P SMQF
VF XlSTGM p5IMU 5FRG `J;G4 C,GR,G H[JL H{lJS lS™IFVM SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
S6FE ;}+MG[ SMQFG]\ éÔZ 3Z S[ XlST 3Z 56 SC[ K[P
Bv 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
TDFZL 5™UlT RSF;MP
V\ToSMQFZ; Ô/G]\ SFIZ PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP K[P
.:rI[Zl[ XIF SM,L GFDGF ÒJF6]GF SMQFDF\ PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP lZAMhMd; CMI K[P
,MCTÙJ VG[ TF\AFG]\ XMQF6 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP SZ[ K[P
GFGL v DM8L 5]l8SFVMYL PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP V\lUSF AG[,L CMI K[P
SMQFDF\ XlST3Z TZLS[ PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP V\lUSF VM/BFI K[P
Bv3
ClZTS64 SMQFS[gã VG[ Z\U;}+GL ;DH
ClZTS6 o
JG:5lTSMQFDF\ ClZTS6 VFJ[,F CMI K[P T[GL V\NZ ClZT ãjI VFJ[, K[P H[GL
DNNYL SMQF ;}IZ5™SFXGL CFHZLDF\ 5™SFX;\`,[QF6 SZL BMZFS AGFJ[ K[P
ClZTS6G[ SMQFG]\ Z;M0]\ SC[ K[P :5FIZMUFIZF GFDGL ,L,GF\ T\T]G[ Ô[ :,F.0 5Z
,.G[ ;}1DNXZS I\+ GLR[ Ô[JFDF\ VFJ[ TM VF V\lUSFVM ,F\AL S]T\ ,FSFZ 5ÎLVM H[JL N[BFI K[P
SMQF S[gã o
T[ SMQFGL DwIDF\ ZC[,L VG[ SMQFGL lS™IFVMG]\ ;\RF,G SZTL D]bI V\lUSF K[P Ô[
SMQFS[g ã 5™FYlDS S1FFGL ZRGFJF/M CMI TM ;]SMQFS[lgã SMQF TZLS[ VM/BFI K[P
SMQFS[gã OZT[ VFJ[, 5FT/L lKãDI tJRFG[ SMQFS[gã58, SC[ K[P
Z\ U;}+ o
SMQFS[gãZ;DF\ Z\U;}+M VFJ[,F\ CMI K[P NZ[S Z\U;}+DF\ A[ V[S,;}+M VG[ T[DG[
;F\S/L ZFBT]\ JrR[ Z\U;}+ S[gã VFJ[,]\ CMI K[P VF Z\U;}+DF\ HGLGãjI DNA VFJ[,]\ CMI K[P T[
;ÒJGF VG]Jl\ XS ,1F6M DF8[ HJFANFZ CMI K[P
NZ[S ;ÒJGF SMQFDF\ Z\U;}+M lGlüT ;\bIFDF\ H CMI K[P
H[D S[
;ÒJ
Z\U;}+MGL ;\bIF
Ô[0
DG]QI
0]\U/L
A8[8F
lA,F0L
S]TZM
46
16
48
38
64
23
8
24
19
32
8}\SDF\4
ClZTS6DF\ ZC[, ClZTãjI 5™SFX;\`,[QF6GL lS™IF SZL BMZFS AGFJ[ K[P
SMQFGL TDFD lS™IFVMG]\ ;\RF,G SZTL V\lUSFG[ SMQFS[gã SC[ K[P
Z\U;}+DF\ VFJ[, DNA GL DNNYL JFZ;FUT ,1F6MG]\ JCG YFI K[P
Bv 3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
TDFZL 5™UlT RSF;MP
ClZTS6 ,F\AL S]\T,FSFZ 5ÎL :J~5[ PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP ,L,DF\ Ô[JF D/[ K[P
ClZTS6 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP TZLS[ VM/BFI K[P
SMQFGL TDFD lS™IFVMG]\ ;\RF,G PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP V\lUSF äFZF YFI K[P
JFZ;FUT ,1F6MGF JCGDF\ PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP V\lUSF HJFANFZ K[P
DG]QIGF SMQFDF\ PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP Z\U;}+M CMI K[P
VFNXZZ p¿ZM
VFNX
B-1
B-2
B-3
(1)
;}1DNXZS I\+
(2)
SMQFNLJF,
(3)
;[<I],Mh S[ 5[lS8G
(4)
SMQFZ;58,
(5)
SMQFZ;
(1)
5™M8LG ;\`,[QF6
(2)
20,000
(3)
UM<ULSFI
(4)
UM<ULSFI
(5)
S6FE;}+
(1)
:5FIZMUFIZF
(2)
SMQFG]\ Z;M0]\
(3)
SMQFS[gã
(4)
Z\U;}+
(5)
46 [ 23
Ô[0 ]
lJEFU v C
VF lJEFUDF\ 5™F6LSMQF AFAT[ RRFZ SZJFDF\ VFJL K[P VlC\IF TD[ GLR[GF D]NŸFVM
lJX[ :5Q8 ;DH D[/JXMP
Cv1
Cv2
Cv3
5™F6LSMQFGL ZRGF
5™F6LSMQFDF\ Ô[JF D/TL V\lUSFVM
JG:5lTSMQF VG[ 5™F6LSMQF JrR[GM TOFJT
GM\ W o 5™F6LSMQF VG[ JG:5lTSMQF A\G[DF\ CMI T[JL V\lUSFVMGL RRFZ VlC\IF SZLX]\ GCL\P
H[D S[ SMQFZ;4 SMQFS[gã4 UM<ULSFI4 S6FE;}+ JU[Z[P
Cv1
5™F6LSMQFGL ZRGF
DFGJ N[0SM4 ;;,]\ JU[Z[ 5™F6LVMDF\ VFJ[,F SMQFG[ 5™F6LSMQF SC[ K[P
5™F6LSMQFGL ,F1Fl6STFVM VF 5™DF6[ K[P
5™F6LSMQFDF\ SMQFNLJF, Ô[JF D/TL GYLP
VCL\ SMQFNLJF,G[ AN,[ SMQFZ;58, Ô[JF D/[ K[P
5™F6LSMQFM lGlüT VFSFZ WZFJTF GYL V[8,[ S[ SMQFM VFSFZ 56 AN,L XS[ K[P
NFPTP VDLAF VG[ `J[TS6MP
.,[S8=MG DF.S™M:SM5 C[9/ 5™F6LSMQFGL V\lUSFVMGF VeIF; SZTF\ GLR[ D]HAGL
ZRGF Ô[JF D/[ K[P
TFZFS[gã VG[ ,F.;MhMD DF+ 5™F6LSMQFDF\ H Ô[JF D/[ K[P
Z;WFGLVM B}A VMKL VG[ ;}1D Ô[JF D/[ K[P
Cv 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
TDFZL 5™UlT RSF;MP
~lWZDF\ ZC[, PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP SMQF VFSFZ AN,[ K[P
V[S SMQFL 5™F6L PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP VFSFZ AN,[ K[P
TFZFS[gã DF+ PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP SMQFDF\ H CMI K[P
5™F6LSMQFDF\ Z;WFGLVM B}A VMKL VG[ PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP CMI K[P
Cv2
5™F6LSMQFDF\ Ô[JF D/TL V\lUSFVM
TFZFS[gã VG[ ,F.;MhMD DF+ 5™F6LSMQFDF\ H Ô[JF D/[ K[P VF A\G[ V\lUSFVM
lJX[ lJX[QF ;DH D[/JLV[P
TFZFS[gã
5™F6LSMQFDF\ SMQFS[gãGL 5F;[ TFZF H[JL ZRGF N[BFI K[P T[G[ TFZF S[gã SC[ K[P
TFZFS[gã GLR,L S1FFGL JG:5lTVMDF\ 56 Ô[JF D/[ K[P
SMQF lJEFHG ;DI[ TFZFS[gã ;lS™I EFU EHJ[ K[P
,F.;MhMD
,F.;MhMD V[S SMY/L :J~5GL ;}1D ZRGF K[P
T[G[ OZT[ V[S H :TZG]\ 5FT/]\ 50 CMI K[P
T[DF\ BMZFSGF 5FRG DF8[GF TLJ™ pt;[RSM CMI K[P
VFD ,F.;MhMD 5FRGlS™IF ;FY[ ;\S/FI[,L V\lUSF K[P
Cv 2
1.
2.
3.
TDFZL 5™UlT RSF;MP
SMQFlJEFHG ;DI[ PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP VUtIGL E}lDSF EHJ[ K[P
,F.;MhMD PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP lS™IF ;FY[ ;\S/FI[, V\lUSF K[P
TFZFS[gã GLR,L S1FFGL PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP DF\ Ô[JF D/[ K[P
Cv3
JG:5lTSMQF VG[ 5™F6LSMQF JrR[GM TOFJT
JG:5lTSMQF OZT[ ;[<I],Mh S[ 5[lS8GGL AG[,L SMQFlNJF, CMI K[P 5Z\T] 5™F6LSMQF OZT[
SMQFlNJF, CMTL GYLP
JG:5lTSMQFGF SMQFZ;DF\ ClZTãjI VG[ ClZTS6M CMI K[P 5Z\T] 5™F6LSMQFDF\ ClZTãjI
S[ ClZTS6M CMTF GYLP
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(2)
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Dv 1
Dv 2
Dv 3
Dv1
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5}JFZJ:YF4 EFHGFJ:YF VG[ EFHGM¿ZFJ:YF
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2N
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2N
TDFZL 5™UlT RSF;MP
1.
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2.
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Dv2
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TAÞFVM ;DÒV[P
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J :YF
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VF VJ:YFDF\ NZ[S Z\U;}=GL
Z\U;}l+SFVM V,U 50[ K[P tIFZAFN
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Dv 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
TDFZL 5™UlT RSF;MP
5}JFZJ:YFDF\ SMQFS[gã PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP AG[ K[P
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SMQFZ;lJEFHG
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NLJF, ZRFI K[P
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Dv 3
1.
2.
3.
4.
TDFZL 5™UlT RSF;MP
V\tIFJ:YFDF\ PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP G]\ lJ;HZG YFI K[P
A[ :JT\+SMQF S[gã PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP TAÞFDF\ AG[ K[P
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VFNXZZ p¿ZM
VFNX
D-1
D-2
D-3
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(2)
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(3)
;DlJEFHG
(4)
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(1)
DM8]
(2)
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(3)
5}JFZJ:YF
(4)
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(1)
+FST\T]VM
(2)
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(3)
SMQFNLJF,
(4)
SMQFZ; lJEFHG
lJEFU v E
VF lJEFUDF\ SMQFlJEFHGGF ALÔ 5™SFZ VWLZSZ6 lJX[ :5Q8 ;DH D[/JLX]\
Ev1
VWLZSZ6GM bIF,
5™YD SMQFZ; lJEFHG
läTLI SMQF Z; lJEFHG
Ev2
Ev3
Ev1
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VWL
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VWLZZSZ6
VWL
S Z6
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SMQFMDF\ lGDFZ6 JBT[ VWLZSZ6 5™SFZG]\ SMQFlJEFHG
H~ZL K[P VYFZT VWLZSZ6YL 5™HGGSMQFMDF\ Z\U;]+MGL
;\bIF V0WL YFI K[P
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46 Z\U;}+M H/JFI ZC[ K[P
2N
N
N
N
N
N N
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Ev 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
TDFZL 5™UlT RSF;MP
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VWLZSZ6DF\ SMQFZ; lJEFHG PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP JBT YFI K[P
Ev2
5™YD SMQFZ; lJEFHG
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5} J FFZZJ:YF
J:YF v 1
VF VJ:YF 36L ,F\AL VJ:YF K[P T[G[ 5F\R p5TAÞFDF\ JC[\RJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
(1)
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(2)
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
TDFZL 5™UlT RSF;MP
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Ev3
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