Saurashtra University
Re – Accredited Grade ‘B’ by NAAC
(CGPA 2.93)
Joshi, Nitin B., 2005, નોકર કરતાં માતા-િપતા અને નોકર ન કરતાં માતા-િપતાઓના
ાથિમક શાળાના સંતાનોની ચતા રુ તા, અ ુ લ
ૂ ન િસ
ેરણા અને શૈ
ણક િસ નો અ યાસ,
thesis PhD, Saurashtra University
http://etheses.saurashtrauniversity.edu/id/eprint/10
Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author
A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study,
without prior permission or charge.
This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first
obtaining permission in writing from the Author.
The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any
format or medium without the formal permission of the Author
When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title,
awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given.
Saurashtra University Theses Service
http://etheses.saurashtrauniversity.edu
repository@sauuni.ernet.in
© The Author
1
ccGF[ SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[ SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[ G F
ÝFYlDS XF/FGF ;\ TFGF[ G L lR\ TFT] ZTF4 VG] S} ,G4
l;lâÝ[ Z6F VG[ X{ 1Fl6S l;lâGF[ VeIF;cc
"A STUDY OF ANXIETY, ADJUSTMENT, ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION AND
EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT OF WORKING PARENTS AND NONWORKING PARENT'S CHILDREN OF PRIMARY SCHOOL"
THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE
SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY
FOR THE DEGREE OF
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
(EDUCATION)
By
NITIN B. JOSHI
M.Sc., M.Ed.
Education Inspector,
District Education Office
RAJKOT-360001.
Guided By
Dr. K. M. DONGA
B.Sc., M.Ed., Ph.D.
In-charge Principal
Shreemati J.J. Kundaliya Graduate Teacher's College,
RAJKOT.
SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY
RAJKOT - 360005.
MAY - 2005
(Registration No. 2849 - 11th March, 2003)
2
STATEMENT UNDER UNIVERSITY Ph.D. RULES
ORDINANCE Ph.D. 7
I here by declare that,
(a) the research work embodied in this thesis on "A Study of
Anxiety, Adjustment, Achievement Motivation and
Educational Achievement of Working Parents And NonWorking Parent's Children of Primary School" submitted
for Ph.D. degree has not been submitted for any other
degree of this or any other University on any previous
occasion.
(b) to the best of my knowledge no work of this type has been
reported on the above subject, since I have discovered new
relation of facts, this work can be considered to be
contributory to the advancement of knowledge on Psychology
and Education; and
(c) all the work presented in the thesis is original and wherever
references have been made to the work of others it has been
clearly indicated as such and the sources of information
included in the bibliography.
Counter Signed by
The Guiding Teacher
Date :
Signature of the
Research Student
Date :
3
Certificate
This is to certify that work embodied in this
Thesis
entitled
"A
STUDY
OF
ANXIETY,
ADJUSTMENT, ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION
AND
EDUCATIONAL
ACHIEVEMENT
OF
WORKING PARENTS AND NON WORKING
PARENT'S CHILDREN OF PRIMARY SCHOOL"
has been carried out by Mr. NITIN B. JOSHI under
my direct guidance and supervision. I also declare
that the work done and presented in this Thesis is
original and independent.
Date :
Place : Rajkot.
Dr. K.M. DONGA
In-charge Principal
Shreemati J.J. Kundaliya Graduate Teacher's College,
Rajkot.
4
k6 :JLSFZ
VF ;\XF[WG SFI" 5}6" Y. Zæ]\ K[ tIFZ[ VF SFI"DF\ DNN~5 YI[,F ;F{G]\ k6
:JLSFZTF ìNI 5],lST AG[ K[ lGWF"ZLT ;DIDF\ SF[.56 HFTGF lJ,\A JUZ 5}6"
YJFG]\ SFZ6 VG[S jIlSTVF[GF[ C]\OF/F[ ;CIF[U K[P
;\XF[WG SFI"DF\ ÝtI[S TAÞ[ lJQFI V\U[GL µ\0L ;}hEI]" DFU"NX"G VG[
JFt;<I5}6" ÝF[t;FCG VF5L VeIF; SFI"G[ J{7FlGS VG[ GÞZ :J~5
V5FJGFZF Ý[Z6FD}lT" V[JF DFZF DFU"NX"S 0F¶P S[PV[DP NF[\UF4 ÝFRFI"4
zLDTL H[PH[P S]\0,LIF U|[HI]V[8 8LR;" SF[,[H4 ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L v
ZFHSF[8G]\ k6 :JLSFZTF C]\ 3gITF VG]EJ]\ K]\P
;\XF[WGG[ XaNAâ VG[ J[UJT]\ AGFJJFDF\ VD}<I DFU"NX"G VF5GFZ
0F¶P ;LPJLP HF[XL4 VFRFI"zL4 J-JF6GF[ VtI\T VFEFZ ÝNlX"T SZ]\ K]\P
T[DGL ;TT Ý[Z6F4 VD}<I DFU"NX"G VG[ C]\OYL H VF SFI" l;â Y. XSI]\
K[P
Ý:T]T VeIF;SFI" H[GF ;CSFZ lJGF VXSI CT]\ T[JF DFZF VFtDLI lD+
zL lN,L5 N¿F TYF zLDlT HIzL N¿F v HFDGUZ V[ VF SFI" 5F[TFG]\ H
U6L TDFD TAÞ[ ,FU6L5}J"S ;CIF[U VF%IF[ K[P
;\XF[WG 1F[+DF\ SFI"ZT V[JF DFZF ;CSDL" lD+F[ zL VT],EF. jIF;4 zL
UF[lJ\N U-JL VG[ zL ZFH[zLA[G NJ[V[ DG[ B\T5}J"S ;CSFZ VF%IF[ K[P
;DI;Z DFlCTL V[S+ SZFJJFDF\ 5;\lNT XF/FVF[GF VFRFI"zLVF[4 lX1FS
EF.vAC[GF[4 DNNGLX lX1F6 lGZL1FSzLVF[ VG[ lJnFYL" lD+F[GF[
V\ToSZ65}J"S VFEFZ jIST SZ]\ K]\P
5
DFZF VF ;\XF[WG SFI" NZdIFG DG[ ;FDFlHS TYF SF{8]\lAS HJFANFZLDF\YL
D]ST SZL SFI"G[ ;DI;Z 5}6"TF TZO ,. HJFDF\ DFZF WD"5tGL zLDTL
ZgGF HF[XLGF[ OF/F[ VGgI ZæF[ K[P
VF TS[ VFtDLI lD+F[4 :JHGF[ VG[ J0L,F[V[ VF5[, ;\5}6" ;FY4 ;CSFZ
AN, C]\ T[DGF[ V\ToSZ65}JS" VFEFZ jIST SZTF lS\RLT C/JFX VG]EJJF
ÝItG SZ]\ K]\P
V\TDF\ VF SFI"DF\ ÝtI1F S[ 5ZF[1F ;CSFZ~5 AGGFZ ;J["GF[ C]\ VFEFZ
DFGTF VF ;\XF[WG ;DFH p5IF[UL AGL ZC[ T[JL V\ToSZ6GL VEL%;F ;FY[ VF
;\XF[WGSFI" lJnFÝNF+LDF\ ;Z:JTLGF RZ6F[DF\ ;Dl5"T SZ]\ K]\P
ZFHSF[8
GLlTG ALP HF[XL
V[DPV[;;LP4 V[DPV[0ŸP
;\XF[WS
6
VG]ÊDl6SF
5'Q9 ÊDF\S
ÝSZ6 v ! o lJQFI ÝJ[X
!P!
!PZ
!P#
!P$
!P5
!P&
!P*
!P(
!P)
!P!_
Ý:TFJGF
;D:IF SYG
VeIF;GF C[T]VF[
R,F[
R,F[GL jIFbIFVF[ VG[ ;\S<5GFVF[
ptS<5GFVF[
XaNF[GL jIJCFZ] jIFbIFVF[
VeIF;G]\ DCÀJ
VeIF; 1F[+GL DIF"NF
CJ[ 5KLGF\ ÝSZ6F[G]\ VFIF[HG
ÝSZ6 v Z o ;\XF[WG ;FlCtIGL ;DLÙF
ZP!
ZPZ
ZP#
ZP$
ZP5
ZP&
ZP*
ZP(
ZP)
ZP!_
ZP!!
ZP!Z
ZP!#
ZP!$
__!v_Z)
Z
#
#
$
&
!#
Z&
Z*
Z(
Z(
_#_v_(&
Ý:TFJGF
R,F[GL jIFbIF
;\A\lWT ;\XF[WGF[GL ;DL1FFGF C[T]VF[
;\A\lWT ;\XF[WGF[GL ;DL1FF DF8[GF Ý`GF[
;\A\lWT VeIF;GL ;\bIF
lR\TFT]ZTF ;\Al\ WT 5}J[" YI[,F ;\XF[WGF[
lR\TFT]ZTF ;\XF[WGGL ,F1Fl6STFG]\ lJ`,[Ø6
VG[ VY"38G
VG]S},G ;\A\lWT 5}J"[ YI[,F ;\XF[WGF[
VG]S},G ;\XF[WGGL ,F1Fl6STFG]\ lJ`,[Ø6
VG[ VY"38G
l;lâÝ[Z6F ;\A\lWT 5}J[" YI[,F ;\XF[WGF[
l;lâÝ[Z6F ;\XF[WGGL ,F1Fl6STFG]\ lJ`,[Ø6
VG[ VY"38G
X{1Fl6S l;lâ ;\A\lWT 5}J[" YI[,F ;\XF[WGF[
X{1Fl6S l;lâ ;\XF[WGGL ,F1Fl6STFG]\
lJ`,[QF6 VG[ VY"38G
Ý:T]T VeIF;GL lJlXQ8TFVF[
#!
#Z
##
#$
#$
#5
$!
$$
5#
5(
&)
*&
(!
($
7
ÝSZ6 v # o
_(*v!_Z
;\XF[WGGL VFWFZlX,F VG[ ;\XF[WG IF[HGF
#P!
#PZ
#P#
#P$
#P5
#P&
#P*
#P(
Ý:TFJGF
jIF5lJ`J
GD}GF 5;\NUL
;\XF[WG 5âlT
p5SZ6 5;\NUL
DFlCTLG]\ V[Sl+SZ6
U]6F\SG ÝlJlW
DFlCTL 5'YÞZ6GL V\SXF:+LI ÝI]lÉTVF[
ÝSZ6 v $
ÝF%T DFlCTLG]\ 5'YÞZ6 VG[ VY"38G
$P!
$PZ
$P#
$P$
$P5
Ý:TFJGF
lR\TFT]ZTF V\U[ ÝF%T DFlCTLG]\
5'YÞZ6 VG[ VY"38G
VG]S},G V\U[ ÝF%T DFlCTLG]\
5'YÞZ6 VG[ VY"38G
l;lâÝ[Z6F V\U[ ÝF%T DFlCTLG]\ 5'YÞZ6
VG[ VY"38G
X{Ùl6S l;lâ V\U[ ÝF%T DFlCTLG]\ 5'YÞZ6
VG[ VG]S},G
((
((
((
)!
)Z
)*
!__
!_!
!_#v!)5
!_5
!_*
!!*
!*&
!(&
ÝSZ6 v 5 o
!)&vZ$*
;FZF\X4 TFZ6F[4 X{1Fl6S Ol,TFYF[" VG[ E,FD6F[
5P!
5PZ
5P#
5P$
Ý:TFJGF
;FZF\X
TFZ6F[
X{1Fl6S Ol,TFYF["
5P5 EFlJ ;\ XF[ WGF[ V\ U[ E,FD6F[
;\NE" ;}lR
5lZlXQ8
!)*
!)*
Z#_
Z$!
Z$*
Z$(vZ&!
Z&ZvZ*!
8
;FZ6L ;}lR
;FZ6L
lJUT
5'Q9
ÊDF\S
ÊDF\S
ZP!
5]ZF[UFDL VeIF;DF\YL ;DL1FF DF8[ 5;\N YI[,F VeIF;F[
35
ZPZ lR\TFT]ZTF DF8[ ÝF%T YI[,F ;\XF[WGF[
36
ZP# lR\TFT]ZTF ;\Al\ WT ;\XF[WGF[GF\ ;\XF[WSG]\ GFD4 R,4 GD}GF[4 p5SZ6F[ 37
5'YÞZ6 ÝlJlW TYF TFZ6F[GL lJUT
ZP$
ZP5
VG]S},G DF8[ ÝF%T YI[,F ;\XF[WGF[
ZP&
ZP*
l;lâÝ[Z6F DF8[ ÝF%T YI[,F ;\XF[WGF[
ZP(
ZP)
lJnFYL"VF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ V\U[ ÝF%T YI[,F ;\XF[WG[ ;FZ6L
#P!
#PZ
#P#
$P!
GD}GFDF\ ;DFlJQ8 XF/FVF[
GD}GFDF\ ;DFI[, lJlJW z[6LGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[
VG]S},G ;\XF[lWGLGF
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GL
lR\TFT]ZTFGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[
SgIFVF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL
;FY"STF
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG
z[6LDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL
;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF
;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZLGF
TOFJTGL ;FY"STF
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL
;FY"STF
$PZ
$P#
$P$
$P5
VG]S},G ;\Al\ WT ;\XF[WGF[GF\ ;\XF[WSG]\ GFD4 R,4 GD}GF[4 p5SZ6F[
5'YÞZ6 ÝlJlW TYF TFZ6F[GL lJUT
l;lâÝ[Z6F ;\Al\ WT ;\XF[WGF[GF\ ;\XF[WSG]\ GFD4 R,4 GD}GF[4 p5SZ6F[
5'YÞZ6 ÝlJlW TYF TFZ6F[GL lJUT
X{1Fl6S l;lâ ;\Al\ WT ;\XF[WGF[GF\ ;\XF[WSG]\ GFD4 R,4 GD}GF[4 p5SZ6F[
5'YÞZ6 ÝlJlW TYF TFZ6F[GL lJUT
45
46
59
61
77
78
89
90
95
108
109
111
114
118
9
;FZ6L
lJUT
5'Q9
ÊDF\S
ÊDF\S
$P& SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[
VG[ SgIFVF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZLGF 119
TOFJTGL ;FY"STF
$P* SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG
z[6LDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL 122
;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF
$P( T VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL 125
;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
$P) ;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL TOFJTGL ;FY"STF
129
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[
$P!_ VG[ SgIFVF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZLGF 130
TOFJTGL ;FY"STF
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG
$P!! z[6LDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL 132
;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF
T VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
$P!Z DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL 135
;ZFZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
$P!# ;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL 138
;FY"STF
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[
$P!$ VG[ SgIFVF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},G ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZLGF 140
TOFJTGL ;FY"STF
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG
$P!5 z[6LDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL 142
;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF
T VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G
$P!& SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF 145
ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF
10
;FZ6L
lJUT
5'Q9
ÊDF\S
ÊDF\S
$P!* GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF 149
;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL
;FY"STF
$P!( GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF 150
S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL
;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF
$P!) GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF 152
lJlEgG z[6LDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF
ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF
$PZ_ ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ 155
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF
ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF
$PZ! GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF 158
;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL
;FY"STF
$PZZ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF 159
S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL
;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF
$PZ# GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF 161
lJlEgG z[6LDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF
ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF
$PZ$ ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ 164
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL
;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF
$PZ5 GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF 167
;\TFGF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL
;FY"STF
$PZ& GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF 168
S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZLGF
TOFJTGL ;FY"STF
$PZ* GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG 170
z[6LDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL
;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF
11
;FZ6L
lJUT
5'Q9
ÊDF\S
ÊDF\S
$PZ( ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ !*#
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL
;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF
$PZ) GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GL !**
l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF
$P#_ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ !*(
SgIFVF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF
$P#! GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG !(_
z[6LDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL
;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF
$P#Z ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ !(#
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF
ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF
$P## GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GL !(*
X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF
$P#$ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ !((
SgIFVF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL
;FY"STF
$P#5 GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG !)_
z[6LDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL
;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF
$P#& ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ !)#
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL
;Z;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF
12
ÝSZ6 v !
lJQFI ÝJ[X
!P!
Ý:TFJGF
!PZ
;D:IF SYG
!P#
VeIF;GF C[TV
] F[
!P$
R,F[
!P5 R,F[GL jIFbIFVF[ VG[ ;\S<5GFVF[
!P&
ptS<5GFVF[
!P*
XaNF[GL jIJCFZ] jIFbIFVF[
!P(
VeIF;G]\ DCÀJ
!P)
VeIF; 1F[+GL DIF"NF
!P!_ CJ[ 5KLGF\ ÝSZ6F[G]\ VFIF[HG
13
ÝSZ6 v !
lJQFI ÝJ[X
!P! Ý:TFJGF
EFZTLI ;\:S'lTDF\ DG]:D'lT U|\YG]\ lJX[Ø ÝNFG Zæ]\ K[ T[DF\ 5]Z]Ø VG[ :+LG[
;DFHGF VFWFZ:T\EF[ NXF"JLG[ DFTF VG[ l5TFG]\ p¿ZNFlItJ :5Q8 SI]" K[ o
V[S VFRFI" NX p5FwIFIF[ SZTF\ z[Q9 K[4
V[S l5TF ;F[ VFRFIF[" SZTF\ z[Q 9 K[4 5Z\T]
V[S DFTF CHFZ l5TF SZTF\ z[Q 9¿D K[P
VF ZLT[ AF/SGF 30TZDF\ VFRFI" SZTF 56 DFTFvl5TFGL OZH VUtIGL
U6JFDF\ VFJ[, K[P ;DIGL ;FY[ TF, lD,FJJF :+LVF[GF[ GF[SZL W\WFDF\ ÝJ[X YJF
DF\0IF[P DFTFvl5TFGL GF[SZL VG[ W\WFG[ SFZ6[ ;\TFGF[GF ;\:SFZ l;\RG SZJF 5Z
U\ELZ V;Z 50JFGL XSITF ;HF".P
VF56L ZFHSLI S[ ;FDFlHS jIJ:YFG[ SFZ6[ E6[,L S[ VE6 :+LVF[G[
ÒJG lGJF"C DF8[ GF[SZL W\WF[ SZJF[ 50[ K[P VF[lO;YL DF\0L VgI Ù[+F[DF\ HF[0FGFZ
:+LVF[GL ;\bIF EFZTDF\ N; SZF[0YL JW] K[P DFTFvl5TFGF GF[SZL W\WFG[ SFZ6[
AF/pK[ZDF\ 5IF"%T ;DI ZC[TF[ GYL H[GL ;LWL V;Z T[GF ;\TFGF[ 5Z 50[ K[P
DFTFvl5TFGL GF[SZLG[ SFZ6[ AF/SG[ S[8,LS lJX[Ø HJFANFZL p5F0JL
50TL CF[I K[4 S[8,LS 5lZl:YlTDF\ VG]S},G ;FWJ]\ 50[ K[4 XF/FSLI l;lâ ÝF%T
SZJFDF\ VFJGFZF VJZF[WF[GF[ ;FDGF[ SZJF[ 50[ K[P
DFTFvl5TF jIJ;FI VY[" ACFZ HTF\ CF[JFYL T[GF ;\TFGF[V[ 3ZGL
SFDULZLDF\ HF[0FJ]\ 50[ T[ :JFEFlJS K[P GFGF EF.vEF\0]G[ ;FRJJF4 3Z J5ZFXGL
ZF[lH\NL BZLNLDF\ HJ]\4 3Z[ VFJGFZFVF[ ;FY[ H~ZL jIJCFZ S[/JJF[4 ;\I]ÉT S]8]\AGF
VgI ;eIF[ TZOYL ;F[\5FTF SFI" SZJF JU[Z[GF SFZ6[ AF/SGF VG]S},G p5Z
H]NLvH]NL V;ZF[ 50[ K[P
14
DFTFvl5TFGL U[ZCFHZLGF SFZ6[ T[DGF AF/SF[G[ H~ZL Ý[Z6 ÝF%T YFI K[
BZ]\ m AF/SGL lR\TFT]ZTFDF\ SF[. wIFGFSØ"S O[ZOFZ N[BFI K[ m DFTFvl5TFGL
GF[SZLGF SFZ6[ T[VF[ AF/SGF lXÙ6 ÝtI[ wIFG VF5L XS[ K[ BZF m
VFD DFTFvl5TFGL RF[Þ; ;DIGL GF[SZLGF SFZ6[ 3Z[ ZC[,L U[ZCFHZL
VG[ ;FDFgITo W\WFGF SFZ6[ DFTF S[ l5TFGL 3Z[ ZC[TL lJX[Ø U[ZCFHZLG[ SFZ6[
p5ZGF Ý`GF[ lR\TG SZJF IF[uI VeIF;SG[ H6FIF VG[ VFYL Ý:T]T ;\XF[WG CFY
WZJFDF\ VFjI]\P
!PZ ;D:IF SYG
VeIF;S[ 5F[TFGL ;D:IFG[ VF ZLT[ XaNAâ SZL o ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL
G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF lR\TFT]ZTF4 VG]S},G4 l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ X{Ùl6S
l;lâGF[ VeIF;ccP
Ý:T]T ;\XF[WGDF\ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[
5{SL ÝFYlDS XF/FDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ S]DFZ VG[ SgIFVF[GF[ ;DFJ[X SZJFDF\ VFjIF[
K[P
DFTFvl5TF GF[SZL SZTF\ CF[JFGF SFZ6[ T[DGF\ ;\TFGF[GF SF{8\]lAS VG]S},G4
XFZLlZS VG]S},G4 DFGl;S VG]S},G4 XF/FSLI VG]S},G4 ;FDFlHS VG]S},G
TYF ;DU| VG]S},G p5ZGL V;ZF[G[ VCÄ RSF;JFDF\ VFJL K[P T[JL H ZLT[ GF[SZL
G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF lJlJW ÝSFZGF VG]S},G DF5JFDF\ VFJ[, K[
TYF GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF VG]S},GGL T],GF
SZJFDF\ VFJL K[P T[JL H ZLT[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF4 VG]S},G4 l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ X{Ùl6S l;lâG]\ DF5G VG[ T],GF
SZJFDF\ VFJL K[P
!P# VeIF;GF C[T]VF[
Ý:T]T VeIF; GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ÝFYlDS XF/FDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ sz[6L 5F\R4 K4 ;FTf ;\TFGF[GL
lR\TFT]ZTF4 VG]S},G4 l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ X{Ùl6S l;lâ T5F;JF DF8[ S], +6 R,F[GF[
15
VeIF; SZJFDF\ VFjIF[ K[P H[DF\ :JT\+ R,F[GF ;\NE"DF\ GLR[GF +6 :JT\+ R,F[
:JLSFZJFDF\ VFJ[, K[P
s!f HFTLITF
sZf z[6L
s#f S]8]\AGF[ ÝSFZ
Ý:T]T VeIF;GF C[T]VF[ VF ÝDF6[ CTFo
!P#P! GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ÝFYlDS
XF/FGF ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF[ T[DGL HFTLITF4 z[6L VG[ S]8]\AGF
ÝSFZGF ;\NE"DF\ VeIF; SZJF[P
!P#PZ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ÝFYlDS
XF/FGF ;\TFGF[GL VG]S},GTFGF[ T[DGL HFTLITF4 z[6L VG[ S]8]\AGF
ÝSFZGF ;\NE"DF\ VeIF; SZJF[P
!P#P# GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ÝFYlDS
XF/FGF ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF[ T[DGL HFTLITF4 z[6L VG[ S]8]\AGF
ÝSFZGF ;\NE"DF\ VeIF; SZJF[P
!P#P$ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ÝFYlDS
XF/FGF ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF[ T[DGL HFTLITF4 z[6L VG[ S]8]\AGF
ÝSFZGF ;\NE"DF\ VeIF; SZJF[P
!P$ R,F[
;\XF[WG ;D:IFDF\ VFJZFI[,F R,F[G[ VF[/BJF VG[ T[DG[ jIFJCFlZS
jIFbIFlTT SZJF V[ ;\XF[WG ÝlÊIFG]\ VUtIG]\ ;F[5FG K[P ;\XF[WGGF ;\NE"DF\ 5F\R
ÝSFZGF R,F[ K[P H[ 5{SL :JT\+ R,4 5ZT\+ R, VG[ 5lZJT"S R, V\UG
[ L lJUT
Ý:T]T K[P
!P$P! :JT\+ R,
:JT\+ R, V[ V[JF[ 38S K[ S[ H[G[ ;\XF[WS VJ,F[SG C[9/GL 38GF 5ZGF[
T[GF[ ;\AW\ GÞL SZJF DF8[ T[G[ 5;\N SZ[ K[4 ,FU] 5F0[ K[ S[ DF5[ K[P VF V[JF[ R, K[
16
S[ H[G[ ;\XF[WS SF[. VgI R,DF\ O[ZOFZ ,FJJF DF8[ ,FU] 5F0[ K[ S[ T[DF\ O[ZOFZ SZ[
K[P VF R,G[ ;\XF[WS :JT\+ R, TZLS[ U6[ K[P SFZ6 S[ VgI R, 5ZGL T[GL V;Z
T5F;FI K[P Ý:T]T ;\XF[WGDF\ :JT\+ R, TZLS[ DFTFvl5TFGF jIFJ;FlIS NZßHFG[
,[JFDF\ VFJ[,P VF :JT\+R, VF ÝDF6[ CTFP
s!f GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
sZf GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
!P$PZ 5ZT\+ R,
5ZT\+ R, V[ V[JF[ 38S K[ S[ H[G[ :JT\+ R,GL V;Z T5F;JF DF8[
VJ,F[SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P :JT\+ R,GF[ VD, SZJFYL4 N}Z SZJFYL S[ T[DF\ O[ZOFZ
SZJFYL H[ 38S pNŸEJ[ K[4 N}Z YFI K[ S[ O[ZOFZ 5FD[ K[ T[G[ 5ZT\+ R,F[ SC[JFDF\
VFJ[ K[P Ý:T]T ;\XF[WGDF\ 5ZT\+ R,F[ TZLS[ RFZ R,F[GF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[ H[ VF
ÝDF6[ CTFP
s!f lR\TFT]ZTF
sZf VG]S},G
s#f l;lâÝ[Z6F
s$f X{Ùl6S l;lâ
!P$P# 5lZJT"S R,
5lZJT"S R, V[JF ÝSFZGF[ UF{6 :JT\+ R, K[ H[ D]bI :JT\+ R, VG[
5ZT\+ R, JrR[GF ;\A\WG[ V;Z SZ[ K[ S[ S[D T[ T5F;JF DF8[ ;\XF[WS äFZF 5;\N
SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P ;\XF[WS :JT\+ R, VG[ 5ZT\+ R, JrR[GF ;\AW\ GF[ VeIF;
5lZJT"S R,GL ÝtI[S SÙFVF[DF\ SZ[ K[P V[ 5lZJT"S R,GL AWL SÙFVF[DF\ VF
;\AW\ F[ ;DFG G CF[I TF[ ;\XF[WS TFZ6 SF-L XS[ K[ S[ :JT\+ R, VG[ 5ZT\+ R,
JrR[GF ;\A\W 5Z 5lZJT"S R,[ V;Z SZL K[P Ý:T]T VeIF;DF\ 5lZJT"S R, TZLS[
RFZ R,F[GL p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P ÝtI[S R, TYF T[GL SÙFGL lJUT VF ÝDF6[ K[P
s!f HFTLITF
o
s!f S]DFZ
sZf SgIF
17
sZf
z[6L
o
s#f
XF/F ;\RF,GGF[ ÝSFZ o
s$f
S]8]\AGF[ ÝSFZ
o
s!f
sZf
s#f
s!f
sZf
s#f
s!f
sZf
z[6L 5F\R
z[6L K
z[6L ;FT
BFGUL ÝFYlDS XF/F
lH<,F 5\RFIT ;\RFl,T ÝFYlDS XF/F
DCFGUZ5Fl,SF ;\RFl,T ÝFYlDS
XF/F
;\IÉ] T S]8]\A
lJEÉT S]8A
\]
!P5 R,F[GL jIFbIFVF[ VG[ ;\S<5GF
Ý:T]T VeIF;DF\ ;DFlJQ8 R,F[GL jIFbIFVF[ VG[ ;\S<5GF VF ÝDF6[
CTLP
!P5P! lR\TFT]ZTF
DOT,F, 58[, s!)(Zf 5F[TFGF 5]:TSDF\ lR\TFT]ZTF (Anxiety)GF[ VY"
;DHFJTF SC[ K[ S[ cclR\TFG[ V\U|[ÒDF\ anxiety SC[ K[P H[ D}/ ,[l8G EFØFGF[
angustus p5ZYL pTZL VFjIF[ K[ccP H[GF[ XFlaNS VY" U]\U/FD6 VYJF ;\S0FD6
YFI K[P lR\TFGF[ ;\AW\ ElJQI ;FY[ K[ HIFZ[ EI JT"DFG ;FY[ ;\Al\ WT K[P 36F
DGF[J7
{ FlGSF[ lR\TFG[ AWL lJS'lTVF[GF D}/ TZLS[ V[8,[ S[ AWL lJS'lTVF[G]\ ÝJ[XäFZ
DFG[ K[P
SF[,D[GGF DT[ ccVtIFZYL VtI\T Ù]aW VJ:YFDF\ NZ[S jIlÉT VF[KFvJ¿F
ÝDF6DF\ GFGL DF[8L lR\TFGL l:YlT VG]EJ[ K[P EI\SZ VFlY"S BF[84 A[SFZL S[
A[CF,LGL l:YlT jIlÉTG[ lR\TFT]Z AGFJ[ K[P ;FDFgI jIlÉT JT"DFGDF\ VFJL 50[,L
D]xS[,L ;CG SZL ,[ K[ 56 lGA"/ jIlÉTtJJF/L jIlÉTGF lR¿ 5Z AFæ pNL5SF[GL
EI\SZ V;Z YFI K[ H[YL T[ lR\TF TZO B[\RF. HFI K[Pcc
ËF[.0GF NXF"jIF D]HA cclR\TFGF lJØIDF\ lRlSt;F äFZF H[ S\. VG]EJ YIF[
K[ T[GFYL HF6L XSFI]\ K[ S[ lR\TF VG[ SFDJF;GFG[ UF- ;\AW\ K[P VFG]\ D]bI
18
SFZ6 A\lWIFZ SFDXlÉT K[P SFDXlÉT p¿[lHT YFI K[ 56 T[G[ ;\TF[ØJFGF[ SF[.
p5FI SZJFDF\ VFJTF[ GYL 5lZ6FD[ SFDXlÉT 5F[T[ H lR\TFDF\ 5lZJlT"T Y. HFI
K[ccP
<C[GZ VG[ SI]AGF DT[ cc.rKFVF[ VG[ l;lâVF[ JrR[ AC]\ DF[8]\ V\TZ 50L
HFI tIFZ[ VF ÝSFZGF[ DGF[ZF[U ,FU] 50[ K[Pcc
DOT,F, 58[, SC[ K[ S[ lR\TF ;F{YL jIF5S lJS'lT K[P NZ[S DFGl;S ZF[UGF
D}/DF\ SF[.G[ SF[. :J~5[ lR\TFGF[ ÝJ[X CF[I K[P ;FDFgI lR\TFG]\ SF[.G[ SF[. SFZ6
CF[I K[4 H[ VF56[ HF6LV[ KLV[P NFPTP 5ZLÙFDF\ 5[5ZF[ ;FZF G UIF CF[I VG[
5ZLÙFDF\ GF5F; YJFGL X\SF CF[I TF[ lR\TF YFI V[ :JFEFlJS K[P SF[. EI\SZ
H\U,DF\ VF56[ V[S,F O;F. H.V[ G[ H\U,L HFGJZF[GF[ 0Z CF[I TF[ lR\TF YFIP
DFGJÒJGGF jIJCFZF[ ;Z/ GYLP 5/[ 5/[ T[G[ SF[.G[ SF[. ÝSFZGL lR\TF ;TFJTL
CF[I K[P VFHGF[ I]U H lR\TF I]U K[P ;\3Ø" VG[ TF6DF\YL lJ`JGL SF[. jIlÉT VFH[
D]ÉT GYLP VFJL EI\SZ 5lZl:YlTDF\ lR\lTT YJ]\ :JFEFlJS K[P ;FDFgI lR\TF
SFZ6F[ 5}ZTL H CF[I K[P jIlÉTGF ÒJGDF\YL lR\TFG]\ SFZ6 RF<I]\ HFI V[8,[
VF5F[VF5 lR\TFD]ÉT AG[ K[P
;LTFZFD HI:JF, s!)*Zf 5F[TFGF 5]:TS cclXÙF DGF[lJ7FGccDF\
lR\TFT]ZTFGL jIFbIF VF ÝDF6[ VF5[ K[P
cclR\TF jIlÉTGL SF[. SFI" SZJFDF\ VYJF XLBJF DF8[GL TLJ| .rKF VG[
VlE,FØF K[Pcc
VF ÝSFZGL lR\TF XLBJF DF8[G]\ VFJxIS V\U AGL HFI K[P SF[.56 SFI"
XLBJFGL VtI\T TLJ| VlE,FØF CF[I TF[ V[ jIlÉTDF\ TF6 pt5gG YFI K[P VG[ VF
SFZ6[ VFJxIS XlÉTGF[ jII TF6 N}Z SZJF DF8[ YFI K[P VF ÝSFZ[ lR\TFG[ SFZ6[
XLBJFGL lÊIFG[ p¿[HG D/[ K[P 5Z\T] lR\TFGF[ VF VY" IF[uI GYL ,FUTF[P
;LTFZFD HI:JF,GF H6FjIF D]HA cclR\TF4 jIlÉTGL EIU|:TTF4 VlTlR\TF
VG[ VFÊD6SFZL ÝJ'l¿GL l:YlT K[Pcc
19
VF VY" VG];FZ lR\TF XLBJFGL ÝlÊIFDF\ ;CFIS GYL Y. XSTL 5Z\T]
XLBJFGL ÝlÊIFDF\ AFWS YFI K[P VlWS lR\TFJF/]\ AF/S JF:TlJS ,1I4 SFI" VG[
XLBJF TZO wIFG GYL VF5T]\ VG[ lR\TF JF:TlJS SFI"DF\ AFWF pt5gG SZ[ K[P
!P5PZ VG]S},GGL ;\S<5GF VG[ jIFbIF
DFGJL VG[ DFGJ[¿Z ÝF6LVF[ V[ AgG[ DF8[ VG]S},G VlGJFI" K[P DFGJ
JW] A]lâXF/L4 JW] ;FDFlHS VG[ ;\J[NGXL, CF[JFYL T[GF ;]BL VG[ ;D'â ÒJG
jIJCFZ DF8[ VG]S},G VlGJFI" XZT ;DFG K[P
VG]S},G (Adjustment) XaNYL ccXFZLlZS Vl:DTFcc DF8[GL VF\TZlÊIFtDS
ÝlÊIF H ;}RJFTL CF[JFYL4 DFGJLGL ccDGF[EF{lTS Vl:DTF VG[ ;\TF[Ø ÝFl%Tcc
DF8[GL EF{lTS p5ZF\T ;FDFlHS4 ;F\:S'lTS JFTFJZ6 ;FY[GL VF\TZlÊIF ;}RJJF
DGF[J7
{ FlGSF[V[ ;DFIF[HG XaN ÝIF[HIF[ K[P VFD CF[JF KTF\ ;FDFgI jIJCFZDF\
VG]S},G VG[ ;DFIF[HG V[ AgG[ XaNF[ V[SALHFGF 5IF"I TZLS[ p5IF[UDF\ ,[JFDF\
VFJ[ K[P ;DFIF[HGDF\ jIlÉTDF\ pEL YI[,L H~lZIFTF[ VG[ T[ H~lZIFTF[GL T'l%T H[
5lZA/F[ äFZF YFI T[D CF[I T[ AgG[ AFATF[ JrR[ plRT IF[HG CF[J]\ HF[.V[P
ccJ{IlÉTS ;DFIF[HG V[ VF56L HFT VG[ VF56L 5lZl:YlT JrR[GL
VF\TZlÊIFtDS ÝlÊIF K[P VF ÝlÊIF NZdIFG VF56[ 5lZl:YlTG[ VG]S}/ Y.V[
VYJF TF[ T[G[ AN,L XSLV[ KLV[P ;\TF[ØÝN J{IlÉTS ;DFIF[HG VFJL
VF\TZlÊIFtDS ÝlÊIF 5Z VFWFZ ZFB[ K[Pcc
v ,[CGZ VG[ SI]A
"Personal Adjustment is a Process of Interaction between ourselves
and our environments. In this process we can either adapt to the environment
or alter it. Satisfactory Personal Adjustment depends on successful
interaction.
- Lehner & Cube
VFD CF[JF KTF\ VG]S},G V[8,[ XZ6FUlT S[ VG]~5TF GYLP (Adjustment
does not mean conformity) VG]S},G lJØ[ 8}\SDF\ SC[J]\ CF[I TF[ SCL XSFI S[ v
20
VG]S},G V[ ÝlÊIF K[ VG[ T[ ÝlÊIF CF[JFYL T[G[ SIFZ[I 5}6"lJZFD G CF[.
XS[P
VG]S},GGF\ +6 DCÀJGF\ 38SF[ K[ v
sVf jIlÉT
sAf H~lZIFTF[
sSf 5lZl:YlT
VG]S},G S[ ;DFIF[HGDF\ H~lZIFT VG[ 5lZl:YlT JrR[ ;]D/
[ ;FWJFGL
ÝJ'l¿ Vl:TtJDF\ VFJ[ K[P
;FDFgI ZLT[ VG]S,
} G ;FWJFGL VFJ0T ;]BL ÒJG jIJCFZ SZTF\ YJFGL
U]~RFJL K[P VG]S},G ;]WFZJF S[ V;ZSFZS AGFJJF GLR[GF +6 ;F[5FGF[ ,ÙDF\
ZFBJF VlGJFI" K[P
s!f 5F[TFGL (Self) cc:Jcc GL HF6SFZL JWFZJLP
sZf VgI jIlÉTVF[GL H~lZIFTF[ VG[ ,FU6LVF[ ÝtI[ JW] ;EFG VG[
;\J[NGXL, AGJ]\P
s#f ;D:IFGL ;J"U|FCL ;}h S[/JJLP
SF[.56 jIlÉTGF\ JT"GDF\ T[GF ;DFIF[HGGL U]6JTF ÝlTlA\lAT YTL CF[I
K[P
SF[.56 jIlÉT 5KL T[ UD[ T[ CF[I 56 HF[ T[ 5F[TFGF ZF[HvAZF[HGF\
jIJCFZDF\ VG]S},G ;FWJFDF\ lGQO/TF H VG]EJTL CF[I TF[ 5lZ6FD[ T[DF\YL T[
CTFXFGF[ EF[U AGL HFI K[P VtIFZGF[ DFGJ;DFH VG[ T[GF[ jIJCFZ V[8,F[ AWF[
lS,Q8 AgIF[ K[ S[ jIlÉT ;D:IFVF[ VG[ D}\hJ6F[GF EFZ GLR[ RUNF. ZCL K[ VG[
T[DF\YL ACFZ VFJJF TZOl0IF\ DFZ[ K[P H[ T[DF\YL ACFZ VFJL XS[ T[ H ZFCTGL
,FU6L VG]EJ[ K[ V[8,[ S[ ;\TF[ØÝN ÒJG ÒJJF DF8[ XlÉTXF/L AGL XS[ K[4
VgI GlCP jIlÉTGF\ jIJCFZGF\ VG[SlJW Ù[+F[DF\ VG]S},G ;FWJ]\ VlGJFI" K[P
NFPTP S]8]\ADF\4 XF/FDF\4 jIJCFZDF\4 jIJ;FIDF\4 ,uGÒJGDF\4 DFGJ ;\A\WF[DF\4
lD+F[DF\ JU[Z[DF\P
21
VtIFZGF\ lJGFXS I]âF[DF\YL DFGJHFTG[ ACFZ ,FJJL CX[ TF[ T[ VFW]lGS S[
VnTG I]â;FDU|LYL XSI GCÄ AGL XS[4 56 T[ DF8[ TF[ ;DFIF[HGGL ;]lJSl;T
EFJGF HF[.V[P
VG]S},G V[S ;\S], ÝlÊIF K[P T[ jIlÉTUT lEgGTF VG[ 5lZl:YlTGF\
;\NE"DF\ CF[I K[P SF[. JBT ;FDFgI D]xS[,LGF ;DI[ 56 jIlÉTV[ VG]S},G ;FWJ]\
50[ VG[ SF[.JFZ U\ELZ 5lZl:YlT pEL YFI tIFZ[ 56 jIlÉTV[ VG]S},G ;FWJ]\
50[P VG]S},GGF[ V[S ;FNF[ VY" V[JF[ YFI S[ G UDTL 5lZl:YlT ;DI[ jIlÉTV[ T[GF
lJS<5~5 p5FI IF[ÒG[ ZFCT D[/JJLP
Ý:T]T XF[WlGA\W lJnFYL"VF[ DF8[ K[P lJnFYL"VF[ ;FY[ VeIF; SZTF\ CF[.V[
tIFZ[ AWFGL ;FY[ ;]D/
[ ZC[ V[ ;\EJ GYLP lEgGvlEgG lJRFZ;Z6LJF/F
lJnFYL"VF[ ;FY[ DTE[N S[ TLJ| ;\3Ø" YJFGL 36L XSITFVF[ K[P H[DF\YL
V5FG]S},GGF\ Ý`GF[ YFI K[P GLR[ S[8,F\S lJäFGF[GL VG]S},G V\U[GL jIFbIFVF[
VF5L K[P
ccVG]S},G ÝlÊIF VG[ l:YlT AgG[ K[P jIlÉT 5F[TFGL HFT VG[ JFTFJZ6
JrR[ ;];\JFNL ;\A\W pt5gG SZJFGF pN[XYL 5F[TFGF JT"GDF\ H[ 5lZJT"G ,FJ[ K[
T[JF\ ÝSFZGL ;TT RF,TL ÝlÊIFG[ VG]S},G SCL XSFIPcc
p5ZF[ÉT jIFbIF NXF"J[ K[ S[ VG]S},GDF\ jIlÉTVF[G[ lÊIF äFZF 5lZl:YlT
;FY[ ;\IF[U SZJF[ 50[ K[P 5F[TFGF ÝlTRFZGF VFWFZ[ H 5lZl:YlTG]\ IF[uI D}<IF\SG
jIlÉT SZL XS[P jIlÉTG[ 5F[TFGL HFT4 :J V\U[GF[ bIF, T[DH S[8,F\S DGF[J,6F[GF[
;]D[/ 5lZl:YlT ;FY[ ;FWJF[ H~ZL AG[ K[P VFtDvÝtIÙLSZ6GL ;FD[ VFJL 50[,L
;D:IFVF[GF[ pS[, jIlÉT ,FJL XS[ K[P T[YL D]xS[,LEZL l:YlT lGJFZL XSFIP
;];J\ FNL JT"G äFZF JFTFJZ6 ;A/ VG[ VG]Sl} ,T AGL HFIP EF{lTS JFTFJZ6
p5ZF\T ;FDFlHS v ;F\:S'lTS JFTFJZ6 56 DFGJLG[ VG]S},G ÝtI[ NF[ZL HFI K[P
DFGJLGF ;DFHv;\:S'lTGF WFZFvWF[Z6F[G[ DG[SDG[ DFY[ R-FJJF\ 50[ K[P VFD4
;FDFlHS4 VF\TlZS4 ;F\:S'lTS 38SF[ VG]S},GDF\ V;Z SZ[ K[P VFD SZJF HTF\
jIlÉTV[ JT"GDF\ 5lZJT"G ,FJJ]\ 50[P
22
DFG;XF:+LVF[ DFG[ K[ S[ DFGJ ÒJGDF\ ;DFIF[HG VG[ 5]G o ;DFIF[HG
ÝlÊIF ;TT RF,TL ZC[ K[P "Life is a series of adjustment and readjustment"
DFGJLV[ 5F[TFGF ÒJGDF\ RFZ[AFH]GF JFTFJZ6 ;FY[ ;TT ;DFIF[HG ;FWJFG]\ ZC[
K[P VF JFTFJZ6 EF{UF[l,S4 EF{lTS4 SF{8]\lAS4 VFlY"S S[ ;FDFlHS CF[. XS[P
;\Ùl%TDF\ SC[J]\ CF[I TF[ V[D SCL XSFI S[ jIlÉT VG[ T[GL ;FD[ HUTG]\ JFTFJZ6
ZC[, K[P
,[CGZ VG[ SI]A[ H6FJ[ K[ o
"The Well adjusted person does not try to satisfy his needs at another
person's expense or to solve his problems by burdening them on someone
else."
cc;];DFIF[HG ÝF%T SZ[, jIlÉT 5F[TFGL H~ZTF[ ALHFGF EF[U[ ;\TF[ØFTL
GYL4 S[ 5F[TFGF Ý`GF[ pS[,JF DF8[4 5F[TFGL D]xS[,LVF[GF[ EFZ ALHF 5Z ,FNL N.
XSTL GYLPcc
VF jIFbIFGF[ VY" V[JF[ Y. XS[ S[ HIFZ[ Sl9G 5lZl:YlT lGDF"6 YFI K[4
tIFZ[ ALHFG[ TS,LODF\ D}SIF\ l;JFI jIlÉT 5F[T[ HFT[ H ;D:IFGF[ pS[, D[/J[ K[P
ÒJGGF\ lJlJW ;\HF[UF[DF\ VF56[ VF56L 5lZl:YlTG[ VG]S}/ AGJFGF[ ÝIF;
SZLV[ KLV[ v SF\ TF[ 5lZl:YlTG[ AN,LV[ KLV[P H[ jIlÉT JFTFJZ6 ;FY[
;DFIF[HG SZJF ;DY" AG[ K[4 T[G]\ jIlÉTtJ ;FZ]\ U6L XSFIP T[G]\ ;DFIF[HG 36]\
;FZ]\ SC[JFIP
"Adjustment can be simply difined as a satisfactory relation of an
organism to it's environment."
ccJFTFJZ6 VG[ H~lZIFT JrR[ ;]D[/ A[;F0JFGL ÝlÊIF V[8,[ VG]S},Gcc
v SF[,D[G
ccVG]S},G V[JL ÝlÊIF K[4 H[GF\ äFZF ÝF6L 5F[TFGL VFJxISTFVF[ VG[
VFJxISTFVF[GL 5}lT"G[ ÝEFlJT SZGFZ 5lZl:YlTVF[DF\ ;\T],G ZFB[ K[Pcc
v AF[lZ\U4 ,[U
\ O[<0 VG[ J[<0
23
ccVG]S},G lGZ\TZ RF,GFZ ÝlÊIF K[4 H[GF äFZF jIlÉT 5F[TFGF\ VG[
JFTFJZ6GL JrR[ ;\Tl] ,T ;\AW\ ZFBJF DF8[ JT"GDF\ 5lZJT"G SZ[ K[Pcc
v U[8;
Ÿ VG[ VgI
VFD4 VG]S},G V[8,[ ÝF%T 5lZl:YlT S[ ;DFHG[ VG]~5 Y.G[ ZC[JFGL S[
JT"JFGL 38GFP
!P5P# l;lâÝ[Z6F
U]6J\T XFC VG[ S],LG 5\0IF s!)()f 5F[TFGF 5]:TS ccX{Ùl6S
DGF[lJ7FGccDF\ l;lâÝ[Z6FGL +6 jIFbIF VF5TF GF[\W[ K[ S[ cc;FDFlHS ÝlTQ9F DF8[
GCÄ v 56 5F[T[ S\.S SIF"GF[ VF\TlZS ;\TF[Ø 5FDJF DF8[ SF[.56 SFD 5FZ 5F0JFGL
VlE,FØF V[8,[ l;lâÝ[Z6FPcc T[VF[ ALÒ jIFbIFDF\ H6FJ[ K[ S[ ccjIlÉTGL
wI[Il;lâ ;FY[ ;\S/FI[,L Ý[Z6FG[ l;lâÝ[Z6F SC[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[Pcc VG[ +LÒ jIFbIF
VG];FZ ccU]6JTFGF D}<IF[ ;FY[ ClZOF.DF\ D}SL XSFI V[ ZLT[ SFI" SZJF DF8[GF
lJRFZF[GL U}\Y6LG]\ ;FTtI V[8,[ l;lâÝ[Z6FPcc
l;lâÝ[Z6FGL ;\S<5GF ;DHJF DF8[ VF8,L jIFbIFVF[ 5}ZTL U6FIP jIlÉT
SF[.56 SFD CFY 5Z ,[ tIFZ[ V[ SFD h05YL VG[ êRL U]6JTF ;FY[ 5FZ 5F0JF
DF8[ ;TT lJRFIF" SZ[ TF[ V[GL V[ h\BGF l;lâÝ[Z6FG]\ ÝDF6 K[P VFD SF[.56 SFD
JW] ;FZL ZLT[ SZJF DF8[GL VF\TlZS .rKF V[8,[ H l;lâÝ[Z6FP VCÄ VF\TlZS XaN
DCÀJGF[ K[P SF[. SFD JW] ;FZL ZLT[ 5FZ 5F0JF 5FK/GF[ C[T]\ ÝlTQ9F D[/JJFGF[4
VFlY"S ,FE D[/JJFGF[ S[ EF{lTS ;]B ;FWGF[ H D[/JJFGF[ CF[I TF[ V[ SFD 5FK/
l;lâÝ[Z6FG]\ A/ G U6FIP l;lâÝ[Z6FYL NF[ZFI[,F[ DFGJL VFtD;\TF[Ø DF8[ VG[
5F[TFGF VFG\NGL VG]E}lT DF8[ SFD 5FK/ D\0[,F[ ZC[ K[P
JØF[" ;]WL VY"XF:+LVF[ V[J]\ DFGTF ZCIF K[ S[ jIF5FZ B[0}VF[ D]bItJ[ GOFG[
BFTZ JW] SZ[ K[P VFlY"S .lTCF;SFZF[ VFJF jIF5FZ B[0}VF[GF ÒJGGF[ VeIF;
SZLG[ V[JF lG6"IF[ 5Z VFjIF K[ S[ 36F jIF5FZ B[0}VF[ 5{;F BFTZ 5{;F V[S9F
SZJFDF\ Z; WZFJTF CF[I V[J]\ GYL ,FUT]\P HF[ VF ,F[SF[G[ 5{;FDF\ H Z; CF[I TF[
VD]S DIF"NF J8FJL UIF 5KL T[VF[DF\GF 36FV[ jIF5FZL ;FC;F[DF\ 5{;F ZF[SJFG]\
24
HF[BD B[0JFG[ AN,[ SFD KF[0L NLW] CF[TP V[D SZJFG[ AN,[ T[D6[ TF[ 5F[TFGF[
jIF5FZ BL,JJFDF\ ptS8 Z; ,[JFG]\ HFZL ZFbI] VG[ AHFZ ;Z SZJFDF\4 S]NZTG[
GFYJFDF\ VG[ DFGJ S<IF6GL ÝJ'l¿DF\ Z; ,[JFG]\ RF,] ZFbI]\P VFJF ,F[SF[G[
36LJFZ N\EL TZLS[ GJFHJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P HF[ VF56[ V[DG[ DF+ 5{;FYL H GCÄ 56
l;lâÝ[Z6FYL VFSØF"I[, S<5L XSLV[ TF[ T[VF[ N\EL CF[I H V[D GCÄ ,FU[P l;lâGL
Ý[Z6F 5{;FYL T'%T YTL GYL4 56 GOFGF[ V\NFH 5F[T[ VD]S SFD ;FZL ZLT[ SI]" K[
T[GF[ ;A/ 5}ZFJF[ DF6;G[ 5}ZF[ 5F0[ K[P
VFD V[S JFT RF[SS; K[ S[ jIlÉT ;DFH S[ ZFQ8=GL ÝUlTGF D}/DF\
l;lâÝ[Z6F ZC[TL CF[I K[P l;lâ DF8[GL Ý[Z6F H[8,L êRL T[8,L lJSF;GL XSITF
JWFZ[P
!P& ptS<5GFVF[
VeIF;GF C[T]VF[GL l;lâ VY[" TYF ;\XF[WGGL lÊIF DF8[ lNXF ;}RS AG[ T[
VY[" S[8,LS X}gI ptS<5GFVF[ ZRJFDF\ VFJL CTLP VeIF;DF\ ;DFI[,F AWF H
R,F[G[ wIFGDF\ ZFBTF\ S], !Z& X}gI ptS<5GFVF[ ZRJFDF\ VFJL CTLP H[ VF
ÝDF6[ K[P
s!f
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GL
lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
sZf
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
s#f
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
s$f
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;Z[ZFX
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
25
s5f
s&f
s*f
s(f
s)f
s!_f
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF
;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TF[GF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L KDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K4 ;FTfDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF\ ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IP
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K4 ;FTfDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT
GCÄ CF[IP
s!!f
s!Zf
s!#f
s!$f
s!5f
;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL
lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ÝFYlDS XF/FGF
;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IP
26
s!&f
s!*f
s!(f
s!)f
sZ_f
sZ!f
sZZf
sZ#f
sZ$f
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
S]DFZF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF
;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF SF{8]\lAS
VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT
GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L KDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT
GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT
GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K4 ;FTfDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT
GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K4 ;FTfDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
27
sZ5f
sZ&f
sZ*f
sZ(f
sZ)f
s#_f
s#!f
s#Zf
s##f
s#$f
;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G GF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IP
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
;\TFGF[GF\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IP
;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF
SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS
VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[GF\ XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF
;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF\ XFZLlZS
VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT
GCÄ CF[IP
28
s#5f
s#&f
s#*f
s#(f
s#)f
s$_f
s$!f
s$Zf
s$#f
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L KDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT
GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT
GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K4 ;FTfDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT
GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K4 ;FTfDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF\ XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IP
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
;\TF[GFGF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IP
;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF
XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S
VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
29
s$$f
s$5f
s$&f
s$*f
s$(f
s$)f
s5_f
s5!f
s5Zf
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF
;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF DFGl;S
VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TF[GF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L KDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT
GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT
GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K4 ;FTfDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT
GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K4 ;FTfDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
30
s5#f
s5$f
s55f
s5&f
s5*f
s5(f
s5)f
s&_f
s&!f
s&Zf
;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IP
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IP
;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTF l5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF
DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI
VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF XF/FSLI
VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF XF/FSLI
VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IP
31
s&#f
s&$f
s&5f
s&&f
s&*f
s&(f
s&)f
s*_f
s*!f
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L KDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT
GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT
GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GL lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K4 ;FTfDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT
GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GL lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K4 ;FTfDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IP
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IP
;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF
XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS
VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
32
s*Zf
s*#f
s*$f
s*5f
s*&f
s**f
s*(f
s*)f
s(_f
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF ;FDFlHS
VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF ;FDFlHS
VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT
GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L KDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT
GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT
GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K4 ;FTfDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT
GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K4 ;FTfDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
33
s(!f
s(Zf
s(#f
s($f
s(5f
s(&f
s(*f
s((f
s()f
s)_f
;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IP
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IP
;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF
;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF ;DU|
VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF
;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF
;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT
GCÄ CF[IP
34
s)!f
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L KDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IP
s)Zf GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IP
s)#f GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K4 ;FTfDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IP
s)$f GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K4 ;FTfDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
s)5f ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
;\TFGF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IP
s)&f lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
;\TFGF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IP
s)*f ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF
;DU| VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
s)(f ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
;\TFGF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
s))f GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ÝFYlDS XF/FGF
;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
s!__f GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
35
s!_!f GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
s!_Zf GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF
;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
s!_#f GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF l;lâÝ[Z6FGF
;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
s!_$f GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IP
s!_5f GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L KDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IP
s!_&f GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IP
s!_*f GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K4 ;FTfDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IP
s!_(f GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K4 ;FTfDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT
GCÄ CF[IP
s!_)f ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
s!!_f lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[I
36
s!!!f ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GL
l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
s!!Zf ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
s!!#f GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S
l;lâGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
s!!$f GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
s!!5f GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF SgIFVF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
s!!&f GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF
;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
s!!*f GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF
;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
s!!(f GF[SZL SZTF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IP
s!!)f GF[SZL SZTF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L KDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IP
s!Z_f GF[SZL SZTF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IP
37
s!Z!f GF[SZL SZTL DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTfDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
s!ZZf GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTfDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
s!Z#f ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
s!Z$f lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
s!Z5f ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL
X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
s!Z&f ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL
X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
!P* XaNF[GL jIJCFZ] jIFbIF
VeIF;DF\ ;DFlJQ8 DCÀJGF XaNF[GL p5IF[lUTFGF ;\NE"DF\ jIJCFZ]
jIFbIF VF5L :5Q8 SZJFDF\ VFjIF4 H[ VF ÝDF6[ K[P
!P*P! GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF o ccVFlY"S p5FH"G DF8[ ;ZSFZL4 VW" ;ZSFZL S[
BFGUL Ù[+DF\ 5UFZ4 prRS J[TG S[ N{lGS J[TG D[/JTF DFTFvl5TFcc
!P*PZ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF o ccVFlY"S p5FH"G DF8[ H[DG[ 5F[TFGL
DFl,SLGF[ S[ :JT\+ W\WF[ CF[I T[JF DFTFvl5TFcc
!P*P# lR\TFT]ZTF o N[;F.GF lR\TFT]ZTF DF5N\0 5Z 5F+F[V[ VF5[, ÝlTRFZGF
VFWFZ[ ÝF%T SZ[, ÝF%TF\SP
!P*P$ VG]S},G o 5LP 8LP 5\0IF äFZF ZlRT VG]S},G ;\XF[lWGL 5Z 5F+F[V[
VF5[, ÝlTRFZGF VFWFZ[ ÝF%T SZ[, ÝF%TF\SP
38
!P*P5
!P*P&
l;lâÝ[Z6F o lDGFÙL E8GFUZGL jIlÉTtJ 5ZB ;\XF[WlGSFDF\YL
l;lâÝ[Z6FGF lJWFGF[G]\ S[P5LP D[JF äFZF VG]JFlNT l;lâÝ[Z6F DF5N\0
5Z 5F+F[V[ VF5[, ÝlTRFZGF VFWFZ[ ÝF%T SZ[, ÝF%TF\SP
X{Ùl6S l;lâ o VwIIG JØ"G[ V\T[ 5F+F[V[ 5F[TFGL XF/FDF\ D[/J[, S],
ÝF%TF\SF[G[ VFWFZ[ XTDFGP
!P( VeIF;G]\ DCÀJ
ÝtI[S VeIF;GL ;{âF\lTS VG[ jIFJCFlZS p5IF[lUTF CF[I K[4 H[ V\U[GL
DFlCTL Ý:T]T K[P
!P(P!
XF/FDF\ VFJGFZ TDFD lJnFYL"VF[G]\ JT"G V,U 50T]\ CF[I K[P AF/SF[G]\
JT"G VG]S},G Ý[lZT CF[I K[P DFTFvl5TFGF jIJ;FIGL V;Z ;\TFGF[GF
VG]S},G p5Z 50TL CF[I K[P VF ;\XF[WGGF 5lZ6FDF[ lJnFYL"GF JT"GG[
;DHJFDF\ lXÙSF[G[ p5IF[UL YX[P
!P(PZ
Ý:T]T ;\XF[WGGF\ TFZ6F[ VF Ù[+[ SFD SZTL ;\:YFVF[GF SFI"SZF[G[
DFTFvl5TFGL GF[SZLGL AF/SF[ 5Z YTL V;Z HF6JFDF\ p5IF[UL YX[P
!P(P#
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[ T[DGF\ ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF4 VG]S},G4
l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ X{Ùl6S l;lâ p5Z ;\I]ÉT S]8]\A VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\AYL
YTF ,FEFv,FEYL DFlCTUFZ YX[P
!P(P$
Ý:T]T ;\XF[WGGF TFZ6F[ lJnFYL"VF[G[ DFU"NX"G VF5JF DF8[ DFU"NX"SG[
p5IF[UL YX[P
!P(P5
JF,LVF[ 5F[TFGF ;\TFGF[GF lR\TFT]ZTF4 VG]S},G4 l;lâÝ[Z6F TYF
X{Ùl6S l;lâ p5Z DFTFvl5TFGL GF[SZLG[ SFZ6[ YTL V;ZGF
5lZ6FDF[YL JFS[O Y. XSX[P
!P(P&
VgI ;\XF[WGGF\ Ù[+F[ DF8[ 56 VF ;\XF[WGGF\ TFZ6F[ p5IF[UL AGX[P
39
!P) VeIF;GL 1F[+ DIF"NF
Ý:T]T VeIF;GL DIF"NF VF D]HA CTLP
!P)P! Ý:T]T VeIF;G[ ;3G AGFJJF DF8[ GD]GFDF\ ;F{ZFQ8=GF ;FT VG[ SrK
lH<,FGF D/LG[ S], VF9 lH<,FVF[GF lJnFYL"VF[GF[ ;DFJ[X SZJFDF\
VFjIF[ CTF[P
!P)PZ Ý:T]T VeIF;DF\ DFlCTLGF V[Sl+SZ6 DF8[ p5IF[UDF\ ,[JFDF\ VFJ[,
p5SZ6F[ U]HZFTL DFwIDDF\ CTF\4 DF8[ U]HZFTL DFwIDGL XF/FVF[GF[ H
GD}GFDF\ ;DFJ[X SZJFDF\ VFjIF[ CTF[P
!P)P# Ý:T]T VeIF;DF\ DF+ ÝFYlDS XF/FGF lJnFYL"VF[GF[ H ;DFJ[X
SZJFDF\ VFjIF[ CTF[P
!P)P$ lJnFYL"VF[GF ÝlTRFZF[ D[/JTL JBT[ CFHZ ZC[, lJnFYL"VF[GF[ H
;DFJ[X SZJFDF\ VFJ[, CTF[P U[ZCFHZ lJnFYL"VF[GF ÝlTRFZ DF8[ ALÒ
JBT ÝItG SZJFDF\ VFJ[, GYLP
!P)P5 l;lâGF ÝF%TF\S ÝDF6E}T D/[ T[ DF8[ ÝIF[HS[ H[ T[ XF/FGF 5lZ6FD
5+SGF[ VFWFZ ,LW[,F[ CTF[P cc5ZLÙF jIJ:YF VG[ U]6cc 56 DCÀJGF
K[P H[YL 5lZ6FD5+SDF\ ZC[,L DIF"NFVF[ VF VeIF;GL DIF"NF AGX[P
!P)P& 5ZT\+ R,F[ 5{SL lR\TFT]ZTF4 VG]S},G VG[ l;lâÝ[Z6F DF8[ p5SZ6F[
VgI äFZF ZlRT ,[JFDF\ VFJ[, CTFP H[YL T[ p5SZ6F[GL DIF"NF Ý:T]T
VeIF;GL DIF"NF U6L XSFIP
!P!_ CJ[ 5KLGF ÝSZ6F[G]\ VFIF[HG
Ý:T]T VeIF;GL ;D:IFGF :5Q8LSZ6 DF8[ TYF VeIF;GF C[T] VG[
ptS<5GFGL 5}lT" VY[" TYF IF[HGFGF lGDF"6DF\ DFU"NX"G D[/JJF DF8[ lJlJW R,F[
;\NE"DF\ N[Xv5ZN[XDF\ YI[,F ;\XF[WGF[GL ;DLÙF 56 SZJFDF\ VFJL CTL H[ ÝSZ6
ALHFDF\ ZH} Y. K[P
+LHF ÝSZ6DF\ VeIF;GL ;\XF[WG IF[HGFG]\ J6"G SZJFDF\ VFjI]\ K[P
VeIF;G]\ jIF5lJ`J VG[ GD}GF 5;\NULGL ÝlÊIF NXF"JL K[P ÝFYlDS XF/FGF\
40
lJnFYL"VF[G[ wIFGDF\ ZFBLG[ p5SZ6F[GF VFWFZ[ ÝF%T DFlCTLGF 5'YÞZ6GL ZLTG]\
J6"G SZJFDF\ VFjI]\ K[P
VeIF; NZlDIFG ÝF%T YI[,L DFlCTLG]\ ptS<5GFVF[GL RSF;6LGF
;\NE"DF\ lJlJW VF\S0FXF:+LI ÝI]lÉTVF[ J0[ YI[, DFlCTLG]\ lJ`,[Ø6 VG[
VY"38G RF[YF ÝSZ6DF\ ZH} SZJFDF\ VFJ[, K[P
VeIF;GF 5lZ6FDF[GF[ ;FZF\X X}gI ptS<5GFVF[GF[ :JLSFZ VYJF
V:JLSFZGF :J~5DF\ H ZH} SZJFDF\ VFjIF[ K[ VG[ T[ p5ZYL VeIF;GF TFZ6F[ ZH}
SZJFDF\ VFjIF K[P TYF Ý:T]T VeIF; äFZF ;}lRT YTF\ VG[ Ý:T]T VeIF; VG[
5]ZF[UFDL VeIF;GF 5}ZS ;\XF[WGF[ DF8[GL E,FD6 5F\RDF\ VG[ V\lTD ÝSZ6DF\
ZH} SZJFDF\ VFJL K[P
41
ÝSZ6 v Z
;\XF[WG ;FlCtIGL ;DLÙF
ZP!
Ý:TFJGF
ZPZ
R,F[GL jIFbIF
ZP#
;\A\lWT ;\XF[WGF[GL ;DL1FFGF C[T]VF[
ZP$
;\A\lWT ;\XF[WGF[GL ;DL1FF DF8[GF Ý`GF[
ZP5
;\A\lWT VeIF;GL ;\bIF
ZP&
lR\TFT]ZTF ;\A\lWT 5}J[" YI[,F ;\XF[WGF[
ZP*
lR\TFT]ZTF ;\XF[WGGL ,F1Fl6STFG]\ lJ`,[Ø6 VG[
VY"38G
ZP(
VG]S},G ;\A\lWT 5}J"[ YI[,F ;\XF[WGF[
ZP)
VG]S},G ;\XF[WGGL ,F1Fl6STFG]\ lJ`,[Ø6 VG[
VY"38G
ZP!_
l;lâÝ[Z6F ;\A\lWT 5}J[" YI[,F ;\XF[WGF[
ZP!!
l;lâÝ[Z6F ;\XF[WGGL ,F1Fl6STFG]\ lJ`,[Ø6 VG[
VY"38G
ZP!Z
X{1Fl6S l;lâ ;\Al\ WT 5}J[" YI[,F ;\XF[WGF[
ZP!#
X{1Fl6S l;lâ ;\XF[WGGL ,F1Fl6STFG]\ lJ`,[QF6
VG[ VY"38G
ZP!$
Ý:T]T VeIF;GL lJlXQ8TFVF[
42
ÝSZ6 v Z
;\XF[WG ;FlCtIGL ;DL1FF
ZP! Ý:TFJGF
Ý:T]T VeIF;GF\ R,F[ lR\TFT]ZTF4 VG]S},G4 l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ X{Ùl6S l;lâ
V\U[ YI[, ;\XF[WGF[ ;\A\lWT ;FlCtIGL ;DLÙF V+[ ZH} SZJFDF\ VFJL K[P ;\XF[WG
DF8[ ;\A\lWT Ù[+DF\ YI[,F ;\XF[WGF[GL ;DLÙFG]\ SFI" ;F{YL VUtIG]\ SFI" K[P DFGJL
E}TSF/GF VG]EJF[GF VFWFZ[ JT"DFGDF\ ÝUlT SZTF[ CF[I K[P 5]:TSF[DF\ GF[\WFI[,]\4
;\U|lCT YI[,]\ 7FG Ý[Z6FNFIS AG[ K[P ;\XF[WS 5F[TFGF SFI"GL lNXF VG[ O,S
GSSL SZTF\ 5C[,F\ lGdGNlX"T AFATF[GF[ bIF, ZFB[ K[P
•
Ý:T]T ;\XF[WG lXÙ6GF lJlJW Ù[+[ p5IF[lUTF GSSL SZ[ K[P
•
Ý:T]T ;\XF[WGYL lXÙ6GF Ù[+GF 7FGDF\ YGFZ J'lâGL GF[\W ,[ K[P
•
Ý:T]T ;\XF[WG äFZF VgI ;\XF[WGGL 5}lT" S. ZLT[ YX[ T[ V\U[ lJRFZ[ K[P
•
Ý:T]T ;\XF[WGGL VgI ;\XF[WG SZTF\ HF[JF D/TL lJlXQ8TF NXF"J[ K[P
•
Ý:T]T ;\XF[WG VgI ;\XF[WGGL 5]GZFJ'l¿ G AG[ T[GL HFU'lT ZFB[ K[P
VF 5}J"[ YI[,F\ ;\XF[WGF[GL ;DLÙF JT"DFG ;\XF[WSF[G[ T[DGL ;D:IFG[ ;FZL
ZLT[ ;DHJF DF8[ VG[ T[G[ C, SZJF DF8[ DFU"NX"G 5]Z]\ 5F0[ K[P E}TSF/GF
;\XF[WGF[GF VeIF;GF SFZ6[ ;\XF[WSGF 7FGGL lÙlTHF[ lJ:TZ[ K[4 NLW"ãlQ8 lJXF/
AG[ K[P O/:J~5[ 5F[TFGF ;\XF[WG p5ZGL 5SS0 DHA}T AG[ K[P VFYL ;\XF[WG V[
DF+ X{Ùl6S lAGH~ZL jIFIFD G AGTF\4 lXÙ6G]\ D}0L ZF[SF6 AGL ZC[ K[P
;\XF[WG V[S ;\5}6" V[SD K[P ;\XF[WG SFI" IF\l+S SZTF JWFZ[ VgJ[Ø6FtDS
K[ VG[ jIlÉTUT K[ T[YL ;\Al\ WT Ù[+DF\ YI[,F\ ;\XF[WGF[GF ;\NE"DF\ Ý:T]T
;\XF[WGGL lJlXQ8TF NXF"JJF VgI ;\XF[WGF[G]\ lJ`,[Ø6 H~ZL K[P
;\A\lWT Ù[+DF\ YI[,F\ ;\XF[WGF[G[ IF[uI :J~5DF\ ZH} SZJF DF8[ RF[SS; SF[.
V[S 5âlT ;]lGl`RT GYL H[D S[ V[S 5âlT ÝDF6[ ;\A\lWT ;\XF[WGF[G[ T[DGF
SF,FG]ÊD ÝDF6[ ZH} SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P ALÒ 5âlT ÝDF6[ ;\XF[WGGL D]bI AFATF[
H[JL S[ R,F[GL jIJCFZ] jIFbIFVF[4 ;\Al\ WT R,F[4 VeIF; DF5G 5âlTVF[ TYF
43
;\XF[WGGF\ TFZ6F[G[ wIFGDF\ ZFBLG[ lJ`,[Ø6 SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P ;\XF[WS[ ;\Al\ WT
Ù[+DF\ YI[,F\ ;\XF[WGF[G[ SF,FG]ÊD ÝDF6[ ZH} SIF" K[P
VF ÝSFZGL ZH}VFTDF\ ALÒ 5âlTGL lJUT VFJZL ,LW[, K[P ÝIF[HS[
;\Al\ WT ;FlCtIGL ;DLÙF DF8[ GLR[GF ;F[5FGF[ lGl`RT SIF" CTF\P
!P ;\Al\ WT ;\XF[WGGL ;DLÙF DF8[ C[T]VF[ GSSL SZJFP
ZP ;\A\lWT Ù[+DF\ YI[,F VG[S ;\XF[WGF[GF jIF5lJ`JDF\YL ;DLÙF DF8[GF\
;\XF[WGF[GL 5;\NUL SZJLP
#P ;DLÙFDF\ ;DFlJQ8 ;\XF[WGF[DF\YL NZ[S 5ZT\+ R,G[ VG]~5 YI[,F\ ;\XF[WG
SFIF["G[ SF,FG]ÊD ÝDF6[ ZH} SZJFP
$P NZ[S 5ZT\+ R,G[ VG]~5 ;\XF[WGF[GF C[T]VF[4 GD}GF[4 VeIF;G]\ Ù[+4
p5SZ6F[ TYF :JT\+ R,F[G[ VFWFZ[ lJ`,[Ø6 SZJ]\P
Ý:T]T ÝSZ6DF\ ;\A\lWT ;\XF[WGF[GL ;DLÙF DF8[ p5I]"ÉT ;F[5FGF[G]\
VG];Z6 SZJFGF[ ÝItG SZJFDF\ VFjIF[ K[P
ZPZ R,F[GL jIFbIFVF[ o
Ý:T]T lJØIGF[ J{7FlGS VeIF; X~ SZTF 5C[,F lJØIDF\ ;DFlJQ8 5ZT\+
R,F[GL jIFbIF :5Q8 SZJL VFJxIS AGL ZC[ K[P VeIF; SFI"DF\ lGdGNlX"T
R,F[GF[ p5IF[U YIF[ CTF[P
s!f lR\TFT]ZTF sZf VG]S},G s#f l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ s$f X{Ùl6S l;lâP
lXÙ6 lGQ6F\TF[V[ VF5[, jIFbIF VF ÝDF6[ K[P
lR\TFT]Z TF
'Anxiety is a painful uneasiness of mind concerning impending of
anticipated ill.'
VG]S },G
'Adjustment can be simply defined as a satisfactory relation of an
organism to it's environment.'
44
l;lâÝ[Z 6F
ccl;lâÝ[Z6F V[ jIlÉTGF lJRFZF[GL V[S TZFC K[P SF[.56 SFI"G[ JW]G[ JW]
;FZL ZLT[ SZJFGF[ VF\TlZS lJRFZv.rKF V[8,[ l;lâÝ[Z6FP
X{Ùl6S l;lâ
ccXF/F S[ SF[,[H SÙFV[ X{Ùl6S S;F[8LVF[GL ÝDFl6T Ù[6LDF\ SZ[,]\ SFI"P
;FDFgI ZLT[ VFGF[ JW] p5IF[U VeIF;ÊDGF H]NF H]NF lJØIF[DF\ SZ[, SFI" DF8[
SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[Pcc
ZP# ;\A\lWT ;\XF[WGF[GL ;DL1FFGF C[T]VF[ o
Ý:T]T VeIF;DF\ ;\A\lWT Ù[+DF\ YI[,F\ ;\XF[WGF[GL ;DLÙFGF C[T]VF[ VF
ÝDF6[ CTFP
lJlJW ;\XF[WGF[DF\ lJnFYL"VF[ 5Z lR\TFT]ZTF4 VG]S},G4 l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[
X{Ùl6S l;lâ V\U[ YI[,F lJlJW ;\XF[WGF[GF VeIF;GF lJlJW X{Ùl6S 5F;F\VF[GL
HF6SFZL D[/JJLP
!P P.M. Symonds, 'The Dynamics of Human Adjustment'.
New York : Appleton Century, Crofts Inc. 1946, P.1
ZP
S.G. Patel, 'A Study of Development of Achievement Motivation'
(Unpublished M.Ed. Dissertation, VVN, 1927) P. 17
#P
J. Stein, 'The Random House Dictionary of the English Language',
New York : 1976, P.68
$P
•
•
•
S[PÒP N[;F. VG[ VgI4 cX{Ùl6S 5lZEFØF VG[ lJEFJGFcP I]lGJl;"8L
U|\YlGDF"6 AF[0" !)($P
lR\TFT]ZTF4 VG]S},G4 l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ X{Ùl6S l;lâ DF5JF DF8[ p5IF[UDF\
,LW[,F p5SZ6F[ TYF T[GL ÝFl%T lJX[ DFlCTUFZ YJ]\P
VG]S},G DF5GGF lJlJW p5SZ6F[GL ZRGFYL 5lZlRT YJ]\P
lGWF"lZT 5ZT\+ R, p5Z4 :JT\+ R,GL H]NL H]NL SÙFGL V;ZF[GF[ VeIF;
SZJF[P
45
•
•
lJlJW ;\XF[WGF[DF\ 5'YÞZ6 DF8[ p5IF[UDF\ ,[JFI[, lJlJW VF\S0FXF:+LI
5âlTGF[ VeIF; SZJF[P
lJlJW ;\XF[WGF[GF\ TFZ6F[YL DFlCTUFZ YJ]\P
ZP$ ;\Al\ WT ;\XF[WGF[GL ;DL1FF DF8[GF Ý`GF[
;\XF[WS[ ;\A\lWT ;FlCtIGF[ VeIF; SZTF\ 5C[,F S[8,FS Ý`GF[ ZrIF CTFP T[
Ý`GF[GF ;\NE"DF\ lJlJW ;\XF[WGGL ;DLÙF SZJFDF\ VFJL CTL H[ VF ÝDF6[ CTLP
!P VF ÝSFZGF ;\XF[WGGL ;\bIF S[8,L CTL m
ZP GD}GF 5;\NULDF\ S[8,F\ 5F+F[GF[ ;DFJ[X YIF[ CTF[ m
#P GD}GFG]\ :J~5 S[J]\ CT]\ m
$P GD}GF 5;\NULGL 5âlT S. CTL m
5P DFlCTL V[Sl+SZ6 DF8[ SIF p5SZ6F[GF[ p5IF[U SZJFDF\ VFjIF[
CTF[ m
&P DFlCTL lJ`,[Ø6 DF8[ S. ZLTF[ p5IF[UDF\ ,[JFDF\ VFJL CTL m
*P VeIF;GF V\T[ S[JF 5lZ6FDF[ ÝF%T YIF CTF\ m
ZP5 ;\A\lWT VeIF;GL ;\bIF o
5}J"[ YI[,F\ ;\XF[WGF[ 5{SL lR\TFT]ZTF4 VG]S},G4 l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ X{Ùl6S
l;lâ ;\AW\ DF\ YI[,F\ ;\XF[WGF[GF[ V+[ ;DLÙFDF\ ;DFJ[X SIF[" CTF[P lJnFYL"VF[GL
HFTLITF4 S]8]\AGF[ ÝSFZ4 z[6L VG[ S]8]\AGL VFlY"S l:YlT H[JF :JT\+ R,F[GL4
5ZT\+ R, p5Z YI[,L V;Z V\U[ YI[,F\ ;\XF[WGF[GF[ ;DFJ[X ;DLÙFDF\ SZJFDF\
VFjIF[ CTF[P
VF DF8[ ;FDFlHS4 DGF[J{7FlGS VG[ X{Ùl6S ;\XF[WGF[G[ ,UTF
N[Xv5ZN[XGF\ S[8,F\S ;FDFlISF[4 V\SF[4 c.g8ZG[XG, V[A:8=[S;c4 ;J[" VF[O
ZL;R"GF U\|YF[4 ;\XF[WGGF DF+ ;FZ ÝSFlXT SZTF\ ;FDFlISF[ TYF S[8,FS
VÝSFlXT ;\XF[WG VC[JF,F[ JU[Z[ GD}GF ÝFl%TGF :+F[TF[ CTFP
Ý:T]T VeIF;DF\ ;\AW\ ;FlCtIGL ;DLÙF DF8[ VFG]Ø\lUS GD}GF 5;\NULGL
ÝI]lÉTVF[GF[ p5IF[U SZJFDF\ VFjIF[ CTF[P ÝF%T ;FDlISF[DF\YL VF GD}GF[ 5;\N
46
SZJFDF\ VFjIF[ CTF[P 5lZ6FD[ NZ[S R,GF ;\NE"DF\ ÝF%T YI[,F\ ;DLÙF DF8[GF
;\XF[WGGL ;\bIFDF\ ;DFGTF GYLP ;DLÙF DF8[ YI[,F\ ;\XF[WGF[GL lJUT
;FZ6LvZP!DF\ ZH} SZJFDF\ VFJL K[P
;FZ6L v ZP!
5]ZF[U FDL VeIF;DF\YL ;DL1FF DF8[ 5;\N YI[,F VeIF;F[
ÊD
lJUT
;\bIF
!P
lR\TFT]ZTF ;\Al\ WT VeIF;F[
!#
ZP
VG]S},G ;\A\lWT VeIF;F[
!)
#P
l;lâÝ[Z6F ;\Al\ WT VeIF;F[
Z*
$P
X{Ùl6S l;lâ ;\Al\ WT VeIF;F[
!$
;FZ6L ZP!G]\ VJ,F[SG NXF"J[ K[ S[4 lR\TFT]ZTF ;\Al\ WT !#4 VG]S},G
;\Al\ WT !)4 l;lâÝ[Z6F ;\Al\ WT Z* VG[ X{Ùl6S l;lâ ;\Al\ WT !$ VeIF;F[
D/L S], *# 5]ZF[UFDL VeIF;F[GF[ ;DLÙFDF\ ;DFJ[X YIF[ CTF[P H[DF\ ;F{YL JW]
VeIF;F[ l;lâÝ[Z6F ;\A\lWT VG[ ;F{YL VF[KF VeIF;F[ lR\TFT]ZTF ;\A\lWT CTF\P
ZP& lR\TFT]ZTF ;\A\lWT 5}J[" YI[,F ;\XF[WGF[ o
5]ZF[UFDL VeIF;F[DF\ lR\TFT]ZTF ;\A\lWT S], !# ;\XF[WGF[ ÝF%T YIF CTFP
Ý:T]T ;\XF[WGF[DF\ VFÊDSTF4 EI VG[ lR\TFT]ZTFGF X{Ùl6S ;}lRTFYF["4 lR\TFT]ZTF
VG[ Ul6TGL l;lâ4 HFTLITF VG[ lR\TFT]ZTF4 SFD SZTL VG[ G SZTL DFTFVF[GL
SgIFVF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF4 I]lÉTvÝI]lÉT VG[ lR\TFT]ZTF lR\TF 5Z 5IF"JZ6LI 38SF[
VG[ VF\TZD]BTFGL V;Z4 ;FDFlHSvVFlY"S NZßHFGF\ ;\NE[" lJnFYL"VF[GL
lR\TFT]ZTF4 lR\TFGL SÙF VG[ jIlÉTtJGL ,FÙl6STF4 A]lâD¿F VG[ lR\TFT]ZTF4
SF[,[HGF lJnFYL"VF[GL HFTLITF ;\NE[" lR\TFT]ZTF lJX[ VeIF;F[ ÝF%T YIF CTF\P
Ý:T]T ;\XF[WGDF\ GJ ;\XF[WGF[ 5LV[RP0LP SÙFGF CTF HIFZ[ +6 ;\XF[WG
VC[JF, CTF VG[ V[S V[DP OL,P SÙFGF ;\XF[WG CTFP lR\TFT]ZTF ;\A\lWT ÝF%T
YI[,F ;\XF[WGF[GL DFlCTL Ý:T]T ;FZ6L ZP$DF\ VF5JFDF\ VFJL K[P
lJnFYL"VF[GF lR\TFT]ZTF V\U[ ÝF%T YI[,F ;\XF[WGF[
47
;FZ6L v ZPZ
lR\T FT]ZTF DF8[ ÝF%T YI[,F ;\X F[WGF[
ÊD
!P
ZP
#P
$P
5P
&P
;\XF[WSG]\ GFD
H]<SF ÒP
U|[JF, V[;P
U]%TF H[P
;]WF ALP V[GP UF[V[gYF
RT]"J[NL V[;P
5]Z[gNZ V[GP
;F,
!)&#
!)*!
!)*(
!)(_
!)(!
!)($
I]lGJl;"8L
ZFH:YFG I]lGP
5\HFA I]lGP
lN<CL4 NCERT
5]GF I]lGP
*P
A[ZLgSZ V[DP
!)(5
lN<CL I]lGP
(P
3F[Ø 5LP VG[ B]ZFGF S[P
!)(5
lN<CL I]lGP
)P
0]A,L S[P
!)(&
VFZPV[;P I]lGP
!_P
A]âN[J 5LP
!))Z
;F{ZFQ8= I]lGP
!!P
DFY]Z VFZP
!))Z
VF{Z\UFAFN I]lGP
!ZP
pRF84 A]âN[J VG[ G;LT
!))Z
;F{ZFQ8= I]lGP
!#P
5\0IF 5LP8LP
!))#
;F{ZFQ8= I]lGP
ptS, I]lGP
48
49
50
51
52
ZP*
lR\TFT]ZTF ;\XF[WGGL ,F1Fl6STFG]\ lJ`,[QF6 VG[ VY"38G o
ÝIF[HS[ 5F[TFGF lJØI ;FY[ ;\Al\ WT S], !# ;\XF[WGF[G]\ JFRG SI]" CT]\P
VF ;\XF[WGGL lJUTJFZ ;DLÙF VF ÝDF6[ K[P !)&# YL !))# ;]WLDF\
YI[,F ;\XF[WGF[GF[ ;DFJ[X YIF[ CTF[P H[DF\ H]<SF ÒP s!)&#f4 U|[JF, V[;P
s!)*!f4 U]%TF H[P s!)*(f4 ;]3F ALP V[GP UF[V[gYF s!)(_f4 RT]"J[NL V[;P
s!)(!f4 5]Z[gNZ V[GP s!)($f4 A[ZLgSZ V[DP s!)(5f4 WF[Ø 5LP VG[ B]ZFGF
S[P s!)(5f4 0]A,L S[P s!)(&f4 A]âN[J 5LP s!))Zf4 DFY]Z VFZP s!))Zf4
pRF84 A]âN[J VG[ G;LT s!))Zf4 5\0IF 5LP8LP s!))#fDF\ ;\XF[WGF[ SIF" CTFP
VF ;\XF[WGDF\ GD}GFG]\ SN V[\;L 5F+F[YL T[Z;F[ 5F+F[ ;]WLG]\ HF[JF D?I]\ CT]\P
H[ VG]ÊD[ 5]Z[gNZ V[GP VG[ 5LP 8LP 5\0IFGF ;\XF[WGDF\YL Ol,T YI]\ CT]\P HIFZ[
VgI ;\XF[WSF[ H]<SF ÒP !__4 U|[JF, V[;P Z__4 U]%TF H[P !(_4 ;]WF ALPV[GP
UF[V[gYF Z$_4 RT]"J[NL V[;P Z(#4 3F[Ø 5LP VG[ B]ZFGF S[P !__4 0]A,L S[P
(__4 A]âN[J 5LP ZZ(4 DFY]Z VFZP !*54 pRF84 A]âN[J VG[ G;LT $)_4
A[ZLgSZ V[DP !Z__ 5F+F[GF GD]GFG]\ SN CT]\P
:J~5GL ãlQ8V[ A[ ;\XF[WSF[V[ ÝFYlDS XF/FGF lJnFYL"VF[4 RFZ ;\XF[WSF[V[
DFwIlDS XF/FGF lJnFYL"VF[4 V[S ;\XF[WS[ DFwIlDS VG[ prR¿Z DFwIlDS XF/FGF
lJnFYL"VF[ VG[ K ;\XF[WSF[V[ SF[,[HGF lJnFYL"VF[ 5;\N SIF" CTFP H]<SFV[ ;FT YL
VlUIFZ JØ"GF ÝFYlDS XF/FGF AF/SF[4 U|[JF,[ DFwIlDS XF/FGF lJnFYL"VF[4
U]%TFV[ z[6L GJ VG[ N;GF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[4 ;]WF ALP VG[ UF[V[YFV[ z[6L
;FTGL SgIFVF[4 RT]"J[NLV[ SF[,[HGF lXÙSF[4 5]Z[gNZ[ SF[,[HGF lJnFYL"VF[4 A[ZLgSZ[
SF[,[HGF lJnFYL"VF[4 0]A,LV[ DFwIlDS VG[ prR¿Z DFwIlDS XF/FGF lJnFYL"VF[4
A]âN[J VG[ G;LT[ H]NL H]NL GJ SF[,[HGF\ lJnFYL"VF[4 5\0IFV[ DFwIlDS XF/FGF
S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[ 5;\N SZ[,F CTFP
;\XF[WSF[V[ DFlCTL V[Sl+SZ6 DF8[ H[ p5SZ6F[GF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[ T[GL
DFlCTL VF ÝDF6[ K[P H]<SFV[ D]Z[GL Y[D8[ LS V[5Z;F[;G S;F[8LGF VFWFZ[ GJL
S;F[8LGL ZRGF SZL CTLP H[DF\ AF/SF[GF EF{lTS VG[ ;FDFlHS 5IF"JZ6G[ ,UTF
JL; lR+F[ ZFBJFDF\ VFjIF CTFP U[|JF,[ l;\CFGL lR\TFT]ZTF4 U]%TFV[ N¿ jIlÉTtJ
53
;\XF[lWGL VG[ ;]WF ALP VG[ UF[V[YFV[ lR\TFT]ZTF ;\XF[lWGLGF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P
R]T"J[NLV[ lR\TFT]ZTF VG[ T[GL SFI"ÙDTFG[ T5F;[, CTLP HIFZ[ 5]Z[gNZ[ N[X5F\0[
VG[ V,;F 5}ZSZGL S;F[8L p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P A[ZLgSZ[ N¿ jIlÉTtJ ;\XF[lWGL TYF
5Z[0 S;F[8L ;\XF[lWGLGF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P 3F[Ø VG[ B]ZFGFV[ ~A~ D],FSFT
Ý`GFJl,4 0]A,LV[ Eysensk ;\XF[lWGL4 l;\CFV[ VY"U|C6 lR\TF DF5G äFZF
DFlCTLG]\ V[Sl+SZ6 SZ[, CT]\P A]âN[J[ N[;F. ZlRT ÝU8 lR\TF DF5N\04 DFY]Z[
8LPV[P8LP S;F[8L VG[ EF8LIF A[8ZL SFI" 8[:8 S;F[8LGF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P pRF84
A]âN[J VG[ G;LT[ N[;F. ÝU8 lR\TFT]ZTF S;F[8L HIFZ[ 5\0IFV[ N[;F. ÝU8
lR\TFT]ZTF S;F[8LGF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P
HIFZ[ 5'YÞZ6GL ÝlJlW DF8[ H]<SFV[ Y[D8[ LS V[5Z;F[;G S;F[8L4 U|[JF,[
l5I;"G ;C;\A\WF\S VG[ 8LvU]6F[¿ZGF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P U]%TFV[ 8LvS;F[8L VG[
ÝI]lÉTGF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P ;]WF ALP VGP UF[V[gYFV[ 8LvS;F[8L4 RT]"J[NLV[
ÝDF6E}T ;FWGGF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P 5]Z[gNZ[ N[X5F\0[ VG[ V,;F 5}ZSZGL S;F[8L4
A[ZLgSZ[ ANOVA VG[ 8Lv8[:8 äFZF DFlCTL 5'YÞZ6GF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P 3F[Ø
VG[ B]ZFGFV[ ;C;\A\WF\S ÝI]lÉT4 0]A,LV[ DwIS4 S.D. 8LvS;F[8L4 ANOVA äFZF
DFlCTL 5'YÞZ6GF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P A]âN[J[ ;ZF;ZL4 ÝDF6lJR,G4
8LvU]6F[¿ZGF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P DFY]Z[ 8LPV[P8LP S;F[8L4 pRF84 A]âN[J VG[
G;LT[ ;ZF;ZL VG[ 8LvS;F[8LGF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P 5\0IFV[ ÝDF6 lJR,GGF[
p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P
s!f
sZf
s#f
s!f
H]<SF ÒP GF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
ALHF 38SF[ SZTF EIG]\ ÝDF6 AWF ÝSFZGF AF/SF[DF\ lJX[Ø HF[JF D?I]\P
lR\TF DF[8[ EFU[ XF/F lJØIS CTLP
AF/SF[DF\ T\N]Z:TL AFAT[ lR\TF HF[JF D/TL CTLP
U|[JF, V[;P GF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
lJnFYL"VF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF VG[ T[DGL Ul6TGL l;lâ JrR[ GSFZFtDS
VY";}RS ;\A\W HF[JF D?IF[ CTF[P
54
s!f
U]%TF H[P GF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I\] S[ o
prR VFlY"S JU"GF lJnFYL"VF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF lGdG CTLP
s!f
;]WF ALP VG[ UF[V[gYFGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I\] S[ o
SFD G SZTL DFTFVF[GL SgIFVF[GL VG[ SFD SZTL DFTFVF[GL SgIFVF[GL
lR\TFT]ZTF JrR[ VY" ;}RS TOFJT HF[JF D?IF[ CTF[P
s!f
sZf
RT]"J[NL V[;PGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I\] S[ o
SFI"Ù+
[ VFhFN CF[I T[JF lXÙSF[ ;F~ SFI" SZL XS[ K[P
VF[KL lR\TFJF/F lXÙSF[ JWFZ[ lR\TFJF/F lXÙSF[ SZTF T[DGF SFI"Ù+
[ DF\ JW]
SFDULZL AHFJL XS[ K[P
s!f
5]Z[gNZ V[GPGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I\] S[ o
ÊDAâ jIFSZ6G[ XLBJJFDF\ VF[KL lR\TFT]ZTF JF/F lJØIF[ sU]HZFTL4
lCgNLf V[ JWFZ[ lR\TFU|:T lJØIF[JF/F SZTF ;FZF[ N[BFJ SIF["P
s!f
sZf
s#f
s!f
s!f
sZf
A[ZLgSZ V[DPGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I\] S[ o
;FDFgI lR\TF VG[ S;F[8L lR\TF AG[ HFTLITF DF8[ TOFJT ;}RS ZCIF[P
lJnFlY"GLVF[ lJnFYL"VF[ SZTF AgG[ ÝSFZDF\ lJX[Ø lR\TFT]Z H6F.P
lGdG VFlY"S ;FDFlHS :TZGL lJnFYL"VF[DF\ êR] lR\TF ÝDF6 HF[JF D?I]\P
3F[Ø 5LP VG[ B]ZFGF S[PGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I\] S[ o
lR\TFT]ZTF H[JF 5lZ6FDF[ 5Z prR ;FDFlHS VFlY"S l:YlT VG[ lGdG
;FDFlHS VFlY"S l:YlT JrR[ VY";}RS TOFJT HF[JF D?IF[ CTF[P
0]A,L S[PGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I\] S[ o
lR\TFT]ZTF VG[ AlCD]"BL WFZ6XlÉT JrR[GF[ TOFJT ;}RS ZCIF[P
JWFZ[ lR\TFT]Z ,F[SF[GL WFZ6F VF[KL lR\TFT]Z ,F[SF[ SZTF êRL H6F. CTLP
55
s!f
s!f
s!f
s!f
A]âN[J 5LPGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I\] S[ o
EFZTGF S]DFZ VG[ SgIFVF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF :TZ ;DFG CTFP
DFY]Z VFZPGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I\] S[ o
;Z[ZFX U]6G]\ 5'YÞZ6 SZJF 5]GZFJT"G U]6 VG[ T],GFtDS V\X ;FDFgI
EFT 5F0[ K[P VF AFAT ATFJ[ K[ S[ TDFZ[ ;FJW ZCLG[ GD}GF 5;\NUL SZJL
HF[.V[P
pRF84 A]âN[J VG[ G;LTGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I\] S[ o
SF[,[HGF S]DFZ VG[ SgIFVF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF ,UEU ;ZBL HF[JF D/TL CTLP
5\0IF 5LP 8LPGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
GF[SZL G SZTL DFTFGF\ S]DFZF[ SZTF SgIFVF[DF\ ;FY"S ZLT[ JW] lR\TFT]ZTF
CTLP
ZP( VG]S},G ;\A\lWT 5}J[" YI[,F ;\XF[WGF[
VG]S},G ;\A\lWT 5}J[" YI[,F\ !)&& YL Z__! NZlDIFGGF ÝIF[HSG[ S],
VF[U6L; ;\XF[WGF[ ÝF%T YI[,F\ CTF\P Ý:T]T ;\XF[WGDF\ VG]S},GG[ V[S 5ZT\+ R,
TZLS[ ;DFJJFDF\ VFJ[, CTF[P ÝF%T YI[, ;\XF[WGF[DF\ X{Ùl6S l;lâ4 HFTLITF4
z[6L ;FDFlHS v VFlY"S :TZ H[JF R,F[GF[ ;DFJ[X SZJFDF\ VFJ[, CTF[P H[GL
DFlCTL ;FZ6L v ZP$DF\ NXF"J,
[ K[P
56
;FZ6L v ZP$
VG]S },G DF8[ ÝF%T YI[,F ;\X F[WGF[
ÊD
!$P
!5P
!&P
!*P
!(P
!)P
;\XF[WSG]\ GFD
EFlUIF V[GPV[DP
VU|JF, VFZP V[GP
EÎ
RU R\lãSF H[P
T},5},[ V[DP
UF[:JFDL V[GP
;F,
!)&&
!)*_
!)*Z
!)*$
!)**
!)(_
I]lGJl;"8L
V[DPV[;P I]lGP
VFU|F I]lGP
;F{ZFQ8= I]lGP
;F{ZFQ8= I]lGP
V[;V[G0L8L I]lGP
U]HZFT I]lGP
Z_P
U]%TF V[P S[P
!)(!
Janimu Uni.
Z!P
DF8F[ ALPS[P
!)(!
V[;P5LP I]lGP
ZZP
3GSF[8 hZLGF
!)(Z
EFJGUZ I]lGP
Z#P
N;,Fl6IF VFZPALP
!)(Z
;F{ZFQ8= I]lGP
Z$P
;Ä3 V[;P0LP
!)(#
VFU|F I]lGP
Z5P
5JFZ ALP V[;P
!)(#
EFJGUZ I]lGP
Z&P
ZFJ, JLPVFZP
!)($
Kumaon Uni.
Z*P
S]DFZ V[;P
!)(5
lN<CL I]lGP
Z(P
NF[\UF V[GPV[;P
!)(&
;F{ZFQ8= I]lGP
Z)P
S,F 5LP V[;P
!)(&
V[;V[G0L8L I]lGP
#_P
5\0IF 5LP8LP
!))#
;F{ZFQ8= I]lGP
#!P
hLaAF VFXF 0LP
!)))
;F{ZFQ8= I]lGP
#ZP
UF[lC, ÒPV[;P
Z__!
;F{ZFQ8= I]lGP
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
ZP) VG]S,
} G ;\XF[WGGL ,F1Fl6STFG]\ lJ`,[QF6 VG[ VY"38G
ÝIF[HS[ 5F[TFGF lJØI ;FY[ ;\A\lWT S], VF[U6L; ;\XF[WGF[G]\ JF\RG SI]"
CT]\P
VF ;\XF[WGGL lJUTJFZ ;DLÙF VF ÝDF6[ K[P !)&& YL Z__! ;]WLDF\
YI[,F ;\XF[WGF[GF[ ;DFJ[X YIF[ CTF[P H[DF\ EFlUIF V[P s!)&&f4 VU|JF,
s!)*_f4 EÎ s!)*Zf4 RU R\lãSF H[P s!)*$f4 T],5],[ V[DP s!)**f4
UF[:JFDL V[GP s!)(_f4 U]%TF V[PS[P s!)(!f4 DF[8F[ ALPS[P s!)(!f4 3GSF[8
hZLGF s!)(Zf4 N;,F6LIF VFZPALP s!)(Zf4 ;Ä3 V[;P0LP s!)(#f4 5JFZ
ALPV[;P s!)(#f4 ZFJ, JLP VFZP s!)($f4 S]DFZ V[;P s!)(5f4 NF[\UF
V[GPV[;P s!)(&f4 S,F 5LP V[;P s!)(&f4 5LP8LP 5\0IF s!))#f4 VFXF 0LP
hLaAF s!)))f4 UF[lC, ÒPV[;P sZ__!fDF\ ;\XF[WGF[ SIF" CTFP
VF ;\XF[WGDF\ GD}GFG]\ SN 55 5F+F[YL #$_$ 5F+F[ ;]WLG]\ HF[JF D?I]\ CT]\
H[ VG]ÊD[ RU R\lãSF H[P VG[ U]%TF V[P S[PGF ;\XF[WGDF\YL Ol,T YI] CT]\P HIFZ[
VgI ;\XF[WSF[ EFlUIF V[GPV[DP #ZZ$4 VU|JF, VFZPV[GP Z#*4 EÎ Z!*4
T],5],[ V[DP Z!#4 UF[:JFDL V[GP Z$(!4 DF8F[ ALPS[P )_Z4 WGSF[8 hZLGF V[P
Z5*4 N;,F6LIF VFZPALP *!Z4 ;ÄW V[;P0LP $5_4 5JFZ ALPV[;P #5(4
ZFJ, JLPVFZP Z*&4 S]DFZ V[GP 5_)4 NF[\UF V[GPV[;P !((_4 S,F 5LP V[;P
&_4 UF[lC, #!$Z4 5LP8LP 5\0IF !#__4 VFXF 0LP hLaAF #(#4 UF[lC,
ÒPV[;P #!$Z 5F+F[GF GD}GFG]\ SN CT]\P
:J~5GL ãlQ8V[ AFZ ;\XF[WSF[V[ DFwIlDS XF/FGF lJnFYL"VF[ 5;\N SIF"
CTFP +6 ;\XF[WSF[V[ DFwIlDS VG[ prR¿Z DFwIlDS XF/FGF lJnFYL"VF[ 5;\N SIF"
CTFP V[S ;\XF[WS[ prR¿Z DFwIlDS XF/FGF lJnFYL"VF[ 5;\N SIF" CTF VG[ +6
;\XF[WSF[V[ 5LP8LP;LP VG[ SF[,[HGF\ lJnFYL"VF[ 5;\N SIF" CTFP EFlUIFV[ DFwIlDS
XF/FGF lJnFYL"VF[4 VU|JF,[ WF[Z6 GJ YL WF[Z6 VlUIFZGF lJnFYL"VF[4 EÎ[ JL;
DFwIlDS XF/FVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[4 RU R\lãSFV[ WF[Z6 GJ VG[ WF[Z6 N;GF
lJnFYL"VF[4 T],5],[V[ lÝvI]lGJl;"8LGF JU"GL lJnFlY"GLVF[4 UF[:JFDLV[ DFwIlDS
XF/FGL SgIFVF[4 U]%TFV[ DFwIlDS XF/FGF S]DFZ VG[ SgIFVF[4 DF8F[V[ DFwIlDS
65
XF/FGF lJnFYL"VF[4 WGSF[8 hZLGFV[ prR¿Z DFwIlDS XF/FGF S]DFZF[ VG[
SgIFVF[4 N;,F6LIFV[ VwIF5G D\lNZGF TFl,DFYL"VF[4 5JFZ[ WF[Z6 VF9 VG[
WF[Z6 GJGF VFlNJF;L lJnFYL"VF[4 S]DFZ[ WF[Z6 N;GF lJnFYL"VF[4 NF[\UFV[
ALPV[0ŸP SF[,[HGF TFl,DFYL"VF[4 5\0IFV[ DFwIlDS XF/FGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[4
hLaAF VFXFV[ WF[Z6 VF9 YL AFZGF lJS,F\U lJnFYL"VF[4 UF[lC,[ DFwIlDS VG[
prrTZ DFwIlDS XF/FGF lJnFYL"VF[GF[ GD]GFDF\ ;DFJ[X SZ[, CTF[P
;\XF[WSF[V[ DFlCTL V[Sl+SZ6 DF8[ H[ p5SZ6F[GF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[ T[GL
DFlCTL VF ÝDF6[ K[P EFlUIFV[ :JlGlD"T Ý`GFJl,GF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P
VU|JF,[ :JlGlD"T Ý`GFJl, VG[ ;S;[GF V[0H:8D[g8 .gJ[G8lZ4 HIFZ[ EÎ[
;S;[GF jIlÉTUT VG]S},G Ý`GFJl,GF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P RU R\lãSFV[ l;\CFV[
T{IFZ SZ[, VG]S},G Ý`GFJl, VG[ T],5],[V[ A[,G
[ L VG]S},G ;\XF[WlGGF[ p5IF[U
SIF[" CTF[P UF[:JFDLV[ :JlGlD"T VG]S},G ;\XF[lWGL HIFZ[ U]%TFV[ ;S;[GFGL
VG]S},G ;\XF[lWGLGF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P DF8F[V[ ;S;[GF VG]S},G ;\XF[lWGL4
WGSF[8 hZLGFV[ CZSF\T ANFDLGL SF{8]\lAS ;DFIF[HG ;\XF[WlGSFGF[ p5IF[U SIF["
CTF[P N;,F6LIFV[ :JZlRT Ý`GFJl,4 ;ÄW[ l+5F9LGL jIlÉTUT ;\NE"GL IFNL
T[DH V[PS[P5LP l;\CF VG[ VFZPALP l;\3GL c;DFIF[HG V\U[GL T5F; 5âlTcGF[
p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P 5JFZ[ CZSFgT ANFDL ZlRT SF{8]\lAS ;DFIF[HG ;\XF[WlGSF VG[
;FDFlHS ;DFIF[HG ;\XF[WlGSFGF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P ZFJ,[ :JZlRT Ý`GFJl, VG[
XF/F JFTFJZ6 DF5N\04 S]DFZ[ ;S;[GFGL VG]S},G ;\XF[lWGLGF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P
NF[\UFV[ VG]S},G DF5G DF8[ .GSd5l,8 ;[g8g; a,[SG]\ U]HZFTLSZ64 S,FV[
5ZLB VG[ VgI ZlRT VG]S},G S;F[8L T[DH V[;P.P V[;P :S[,GF[ p5IF[U SIF["
CTF[P 5\0IFV[ :JZlRT Ý`GFJl,4 hLaAF VFXFV[ :JlGlD"T Ý`GFJl, VG[
;\:YFGL D],FSFTGF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P UF[lC,[ N[;F. VG]S},G ;\XF[WlGSFGF[
p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P
HIFZ[ 5'YÞZ6GL ÝlJlW DF8[ EFlUIFV[ ;ZF;ZL4 ÝDF6 lJR,G4
;C;\AW\ 4 SF.vJU"GF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P VU|JF,[ 8LvS;F[8L4 EÎ[ ;C;\AW\ F\S4
RU R\lãSFV[ 8LvS;F[8L4 T],5],[V[ XTDFGGF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P UF[:JFDLV[
66
VFJ'l¿ lJ:TZ6 T[DH ;C;\AWF\S4 HIFZ[ U]%TFV[ ;C;\AW\ F\SGF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P
DF8F[V[ SF.vJU" 5âlT4 WGSF[8 hZLGFV[ läDFUL"I 8L D}<I ÝI]lÉTGF[ p5IF[U SIF["
CTF[P N;,F6LIFV[ 8LvU]6F[¿Z4 V[OvU]6F[¿Z4 5LI;"G ;C;\AWF\SGF[ p5IF[U
SIF[" CTF[P ZFJ,[ ;C;\AWF\S4 S]DFZ[ 8LvS;F[8L VG[ NF[\UFV[ 8LvS;F[8L4 V[OvS;F[8L4
;C;A\WF\SGF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P S,FV[ J6"GFtDS V\SXF:+LI 5âlT4 5\0IFV[
;ZF;ZL4 ÝDF6 lJR,G4 8LvS;F[8L4 V[OvS;F[8LGF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P hLaAF
VFXFV[ 8LvS;F[8L4 V[OvS;F[8L VG[ UF[lC,[ ;ZF;ZL4 ;C;\A\WF\S VG[ T[GL
;FY"STFGF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P
s!f
sZf
s!f
sZf
s!f
sZf
s#f
s$f
EFlUIF V[GPV[DPGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
XF/FGF ;FDFgI 5IF"JZ6 ;FY[GF VG]S},GDF\ lSXF[ZF[ SZTF\ lSXF[ZLVF[
VU|[;Z CTLP
lXÙ6 ;FY[GF\ 5F[TFGF ;DFIF[HGDF\ ;ZSFZL XF/FGF\ lJnFYL"VF[ SZTF\
BFGUL XF/FGF\ lJnFYL"VF[ GF[\W5F+ ZLT[ VU|[;Z CTF\P
VU|JF, VFZPV[GPGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
3Z4 XF/F VG[ ;DFHGL ;DFIF[HGGL ;D:IFVF[ p\DZGL ;FY[ 38TL CTL4
5Z\T] :JF:yI ;\A\WL ;D:IFVF[ JWL CTLP
3Z VG[ :JF:YI ;\A\WL ;D:IFVF[DF\ ;FDFlHS VFlY"S 5lZl:YlTGF prR
VG[ lGdG:TZ ÝDF6[ T[DGL JrR[ ;}RS TOFJT H6FjIF[ CTF[P
EÎGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
V[ VG[ . SÙFDF\ VF[KF 5F+F[ VFJ[ K[P
0L SÙF D[/JGFZ !5 8SF 5F+F[ K[P
AF/FVF[DF\ V[S H AF/F . SÙFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
KF[SZFVF[DF\ V[ SÙFDF\ SF[. H VFJT]\ GYLP
67
s!f
sZf
s!f
sZf
s!f
s!f
s!f
s!f
sZf
RU R\lãSF H[P GF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
VFlY"S ;FDFlHS DF5N\0 VG[ X{Ùl6S VG]S},G JrR[ SF[. ;\A\W D/TF[ G
CTF[P
;F\J[lUS VG]S},GDF\ 56 VFlY"S ;FDFlHS DF5N\0 ÝDF6[ SF[. TOFJT HF[JF
D/TF[ G CTF[P
T],5],[ V[DPGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF\ Ù[+DF\ #_ 8SF lJnFlY"GLVF[ lGdG VG]S},G WZFJTL
CTLP
jIJ;FI SZTL VG[ jIJ;FI G SZTL :+LVF[GF\ AF/SF[GF\ VG]S},GDF\
TOFJT G CTF[P
UF[:JFDL V[GPGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
p\DZ JWJFGL ;FY[ VG]S},G ;D:IFVF[ HF[JF D/L CTLP TZ]6LVF[ ;F\J[lUS
VG[ DFGl;S Ù[+DF\ ;F{YL JW] ;D:IFVF[ VG]EJL CTLP
U]%TF V[PS[PGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\YL VFJTF T~6F[ X{Ùl6S ;FDFlHS VG[ :JF:YIGF\ Ù[+DF\
;FZ]\ VG]S},G WZFJTF\ CTF\P ;F\J[lUS VG]S},G VG[ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G 5Z
S]8]\AGF ÝSFZGL ;LWL V;Z G CTLP
DF8F[ ALPS[PGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
TZ]6F[GF\ SF{8]lA\S VG]S},GDF\ ;FDFlHS VFlY"S NZßHFG]\ :YFG VY";}RS
HF[JF D?I]\ CT]\P
3GSF[8 hZLGF V[PGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
SgIFVF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G S]DFZF[ SZTF JWFZ[ CT]\P
S]DFZF[G]\ ;FDFlHS VG]S},G SgIFVF[ SZTF\ JWFZ[ CT]\P
68
s!f
s!f
s!f
sZf
s#f
s$f
s!f
sZf
N;,F6LIF VFZPALPGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
5]Z]Ø TFl,DFYL"VF[ SZTF\ :+L TFl,DFYL"VF[ JW] ;FZ]\ VG]S},G WZFJTL CTLP
;ÄW V[;P0LPGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
;FDFlHS4 EFJFtDS4 VFZF[uI4 U'C VG[ lXÙ6DF\ l;lâ VG[ VG]S},G B}A
H lGdG SÙFV[ ;\AW\ L WZFJTF\ CTFP
5JFZ ALPV[;PGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
VFlNJF;L AF/SF[GF ;FDFlHS VG[ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G JrR[ ;FY"S ;\AW\ CTF[P
S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G ;ZB]\ CT]\P
SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G 5Z WF[Z6GL V;Z G CTLP
WF[Z6 GJGF\ 5F+F[ JW] VG]S}l,T CTFP
ZFJ, JLPVFZP GF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
;F\J[lUS V:J:Y AF/SF[ VG]S},GGL AFATDF\ SXL TS,LO VG]EJTF G
CTF\P
J{IlÉTS VG]S},GGL AFATDF\ ;F\J[lUS V:J:Y AF/SF[ T[DGL JIGF\ SFZ6[
H]NF 50TF G CTFP
s!f
sZf
S]DFZ V[;PGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
ÝlTEF ;\5gG VG[ ;FDFgI lJnFYL"VF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GDF\ TOFJT G CTF[P
ÝlTEF ;d5gG AF/SF[ :JF:Y VG]S},G Ù[+DF\ ;FZ]\ VG]S},G WZFJTF\ CTF\P
s!f
sZf
NF[\UF V[GPV[;PGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
:+L TFl,DFYL"VF[ 5]Z]Ø TFl,DFYL"VF[ SZTF JW] VG]S},G WZFJTF CTFP
TFl,DFYL"VF[GF VFlY"S l:YlTGL V;Z VG]S},G 5Z HF[JF D/TL G CTLP
s!f
S,F 5LP V[;PGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
SFD SZTL VG[ SFD G SZTL DlC,FVF[GF\ AF/SF[GF\ ;FDFgI VG]S},G JrR[
SF[. 56 HFTGF[ VY" ;}RS TOFJT HF[JF D?IF[ G CTF[P
69
s!f
sZf
s#f
5LP8LP 5\0IFGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
lJlEgG jIJ;FI SZTL DFTFVF[GF ;\TFGF[G]\ ;FDFlHS VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
GF[SZL G SZTL DFTFGL SgIFVF[G]\ DFGl;S VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
GF[SZL G SZTL DFTFGL SgIFVF[G]\ ;FDFlHS VG]S},G S]DFZF[ SZTF ;FY"S ZLT[
êR]\ CT]\P
s!f
sZf
hLaAF VFXF 0LPGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
;FDFgI lJnFYL"VF[ VG[ V5\U lJnFYL"VF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
;\I]ÉT S]8]\AGF ;FDFgI VG[ V5\U lJnFYL"VF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G ;DFG
CT]\P
s!f
sZf
UF[lC, ÒPV[;PGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
VG]S},G VG[ X{Ùl6S l;lâ JrR[GF\ ;\A\WF[ 5Z HFTLITF VG[ XF/FGF
ÝSFZGL V;Z HF[JF D/TL CTLP
VG]S},G VG[ X{Ùl6S l;lâ JrR[GF\ ;\AW\ F[ 5Z lJ:TFZGL VFlX\S ÝDF6DF\
V;Z HF[JF D/[, CTLP
ZP!_ l;lâÝ[Z6F V\U[GF ;\XF[WGF[ o
5]ZF[UFDL VeIF;DF\ l;lâÝ[Z6F V\U[GF ;F{YL JW] ;\XF[WGF[ ÝF%T YI[,F
CTF\P H[DGL S], ;\bIF ;tIFJL; CTLP l;lâÝ[Z6F 5Z !)*! YL !))# NZlDIFG
YI[,F ;\XF[WGF[ ÝF%T YIF CTF\P Ý:T]T ;\XF[WGDF\ p\DZ VG[ VFlY"S ;FDFlHS
5lZA/ 5Z l;lâÝ[Z6FGF[ ;\A\W4 l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ VFSF\ÙF4 lJnFSLI l;lâ VG[
l;lâÝ[Z6F\S4 l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ HFTLITF VG]S},G4 lSXF[ZFJ:YF VG[ l;lâÝ[Z6F4
lJnFSLI l;lâ VG[ l;lâÝ[Z6F 5KFT VG[ lAG 5KFT lJnFYL"VF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F
JrR[GF[ ;\A\W4 HFTLITF VG[ VFlY"S 5lZl:YlTGF\ ;\NE[" l;lâÝ[Z6F4 lR\TF VG[
l;lâÝ[Z6F4 XF/FSLI l;lâ 5Z l;lâÝZ[6F VG[ jIlÉTtJ JrR[GF[ ;C;\A\W4 5}J"[
T~6F[GL :J ;\S<5GF VG[ l;lâÝ[Z6F H[JF R,F[GF ;\NE[" l;lâÝ[Z6FGF VeIF;F[
ÝF%T YIF CTFP
70
Ý:T]T ;\XF[WGDF\ +[JL; ;\XF[WGF[ 5LV[RP0LP SÙFGF CTF HIFZ[ +6
V[DPV[0ŸP SÙFGF CTFP V[S ;\XF[WG VC[JF, CTF[P l;lâÝ[Z6F ;\A\lWT YI[,F
;\XF[WGF[GL DFlCTL Ý:T]T ;FZ6L v ZP&DF\ VF5JFDF\ VFJL K[P
;FZ6L v ZP&
l;lâÝ[Z6F DF8[ ÝF%T YI[, F ;\XF[WGF[
ÊD
;\XF[WSG]\ GFD
;F,
I]lGJl;"8L
##P
RF{WZL V[GP
!)*!
DGF[5FGP I]lGP
#$P
N[;F. 0LPALP
!)*!
J<,E lJnFGUZ I]lGP
#5P
UF[S],GFY 5LP5LP
!)*Z
Dib Uni.
#&P
VU|JF, 5LP;LP
!)*$
S6F"8S I]lGP
#*P
A[GZÒ 0LP
!)*$
Vadi. Uni.
#(P
5F9S ;LP;LP
!)*$
T.V. Rao (ett al)
#)P
N[;F. I]P
!)*5
;F{ZFQ8= I]lGP
$_P
5ZLB 5LPV[P
!)*&
D]\A. I]lGP
$!P
D]\A[ ÒP
!)*&
V[GPV[;P I]lGP
$ZP
lSl`RIG H[PV[P
!)**
V[;P5LP I]lGP
$#P
U]%TF H[P5LP
!)*(
lN<CL I]lGP
$$P
l;lNŸSL ALPALP
!)*)
U]HZFT I]lGP
$5P
G~<,F S[P
!)*)
V[DPV[;P I]lGP
$&P
5L5/JF V[DPALP
!)*)
;F{ZFQ8= I]lGP
$*P
ZFHIU]~ ALPALP
!)(_
EFJGUZ I]lGP
$(P
N¿ V[DP
!)(#
M.Su.
$)P
EFZYL ÒP
!)($
VF[:DFlGIF I]lGP
5_P
uIFGF[DL 8LP
!)($
VFU|F I]lGP
5!P
VC,]JFl,IF VF.P
!)(5
VFU|F I]lGP
71
5ZP
D[JF S[P5LP
!)(5
;F{ZFQ8= I]lGP
5#P
ZFWJF ÒP
!)(5
D{;]Z I]lGP
5$P
DG;]ZL V[GPVFZP
!)(&
V[;P5LP I]lGP
55P
l+5F9L VFZP;LP
!)(&
UF[Z I]lGP
5&P
zLJF:TJ V[;P S[P
!)(&
5\HFA I]lGP
5*P
EÎ V[DP H[P
!)(*
;F{ZFQ8= I]lGP
5(P
NJ[ V[;P H[P
!)()
;F{ZFQ8= I]lGP
5)P
5\0IF 5LP8LP
!))#
;F{ZFQ8= I]lGP
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
ZP!! l;lâÝ[Z6F ;\XF[WGGL ,F1Fl6STFG]\ lJ`,[QF6 VG[ VY"38G
ÝIF[HS[ 5F[TFGF lJØI ;FY[ ;\Al\ WT S], ;tIFJL; ;\XF[WGF[G]\ JF\RG SI]" CT]\P
VF ;\XF[WGGL lJUTJFZ ;DLÙF VF ÝDF6[ K[P !)*! YL !))) ;]WLDF\
YI[,F\ ;\XF[WGF[GF[ ;DFJ[X YIF[ CTF[P H[DF\ RF{WZL V[GP s!)*!f4 N[;F. 0LPALP
s!)*!f4 UF[S],GFY 5LP5LP s!)*Zf4 VU|JF, 5LP;LP s!)*$f4 A[GZÒ 0LP
s!)*$f4 5F9S ;LP;LP s!)*$f4 N[;F. I]P s!)*5f4 5ZLB 5LPV[P s!)*&f4
D\]A[ ÒP s!)*&f4 lÊl`RIG H[PV[P s!)**f4 U]%TF H[P5LP s!)*(f4 l;lNŸSL
ALPALP s!)*)f4 G~<,F S[P s!)*)f4 5L5/JF V[DP ALP s!)*)f4 ZFHIU]~
ALPALP s!)(_f4 N¿ V[DP s!)(#f4 EFZYL ÒP s!)($f4 uIFGF[DL 8LP
s!)($f4 VC,]JFl,IF VF.P s!)(5f4 D[JF S[P5LP s!)(5f4 ZFWJ ÒP
s!)(5f4 DG;]ZL V[GP VFZP s!)(&f4 l+5F9L VFZP;LP s!)(&f4 zL JF:TJ
V[;P S[P s!)(&f4 EÎ V[DP H[P s!)(*f4 NJ[ V[;P H[P s!)()f4 5\0IF 5LP8LP
s!))#fDF\ ;\XF[WGF[ SIF" CTF\P
VF ;\XF[WGDF\ GD}GFG]\ SN Z__ 5F+F[YL !5_& 5F+F[ ;]WLG]\ HF[JF D?I]\
CT]\P H[ VG]ÊD[ ZFWJ ÒP VG[ D]\A. ÒP GF\ ;\XF[WGDF\YL Ol,T YI]\ CT]\4 HIFZ[
VgI ;\XF[WSF[ RF{WZL V[GP $_)4 N[;F. 0LP !___4 UF[S],GFY 5LP #(#4
VU|JF, 5LP !___4 A[GZÒ 0LP XF/FGF lJnFYL"VF[4 5F9S ;LP z[6Lv)GF\
lJnFYL"VF[4 N[;F. I]P z[6L v ) GF\ lJnFYL"VF[4 5ZLB 5LPV[P !_5_ lJnFYL"VF[4
lÊl`RIG H[PV[P 5__4 U]%TF H[P #&_4 l;lNŸSL ALP $5_4 G~<,F S[P &_(4
5L5/JF V[DP $554 ZFHIU]~ ALPALP 5!_4 N¿ V[DP $__4 EFZYL #&_4
uIFGF[DL 8LP #__4 VC,]JFl,IF $(_4 D[JF S[P 5)&4 DG;]ZL V[GP !!__4
l+5F9L VFZP 5__4 zLJF:TJ Z__4 EÎ V[DP H[ Z!Z4 NJ[ V[;P z[6L !! GF
lJnFYL"GLVF[ 5F+F[GF GD]GF SN CT]\P
:J~5GL ãlQ8V[ A[ ;\XF[WS[ ÝFYlDS XF/FGF lJnFYL"VF[ 5;\N SIF" CTFP AFZ
;\XF[WSF[V[ DFwIlDS XF/FGF lJnFYL"VF[ 5;\N SIF" CTFP HIFZ[ +6 ;\XF[WSF[V[
DFwIlDS VG[ prR¿Z DFwIlDS XF/FGF lJnFYL"VF[4 5F\R ;\XF[WSF[V[ prR¿Z
DFwIlDS XF/FGF\ lJnFYL"VF[ VG[ 5F\R ;\XF[WSF[V[ SF[,[HGF\ lJnFYL"VF[ 5;\N SIF"
81
CTFP RF{WZLV[ prR¿Z DFwIlDS XF/FGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[4 N[;F.V[ prR¿Z
DFwIlDS XF/FGF lJnFYL"VF[4 UF[S],GFY[ prR¿Z DFwIlDS XF/FGF S]DFZF[ VG[
SgIFVF[4 A[GZÒV[ DFwIlDS XF/FGF lJnFYL"VF[4 5F9S[ DFwIlDS XF/FGF z[6L
GJGF\ lJnFYL"VF[4 5ZLB[ DFwIlDS VG[ prR¿Z DFwIlDS XF/FGF lJnFYL"VF[4
D]\A[V[ DFwIlDS VG[ prR¿Z DFwIlDS XF/FGF lJnFYL"VF[4 lÊl`RIG[ SF[,[HGL
SgIFVF[4 U]%TFV[ DFwIlDS XF/FGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[4 l;lNŸSLV[ SF[,[HGF
lJnFYL"VF[4 G~<,FV[ SF[,[HGF TFl,DFYL"VF[4 5L5/JFV[ DFwIlDS XF/FGF S]DFZF[
VG[ SgIFVF[4 ZFHIU]~V[ DFwIlDS XF/FGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[4 N¿[ DFwIlDS VG[
prR¿Z DFwIlDS XF/FVF[GF lJnFYL"VF[4 EFZYLV[ H]lGIZ SF[,[HGF S]DFZF[ VG[
SgIFVF[4 uIFGF[DLV[ SF[,[HGF lJnFYL"VF[4 VC,]JFl,IFV[ ÝFYlDS XF/FGF
AF/SF[4 D[JFV[ DFwIlDS XF/FGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[4 ZFWJFV[ DFwIlDS XF/FGF\
lJnFYL"VF[4 DG;]ZLV[ ÝFYlDS XF/FGF lJnFYL"VF[4 l+5F9LV[ DFwIlDS XF/FGF
S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[4 zLJF:TJ[ DFwIlDS XF/FGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[4 EÎ[ prR¿Z
DFwIlDS XF/FGL SgIFVF[4 NJ[V[ prR¿Z DFwIlDS XF/FGF lJnFYL"VF[ VG[
5\0IFV[ DFwIlDS XF/FGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF[ GD]GFDF\ ;DFJ[X SZ[, CTF[P
;\XF[WSF[V[ DFlCTL V[Sl+SZ6 DF8[ H[ p5SZ6F[GF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[ T[GL
DFlCTL VF ÝDF6[ K[P RF{WZLV[ l;lâÝ[Z6F DF5G DF8[ DC[TF S;F[8L4 N[;F.V[
lR+JFTF" ,[BG S;F[8L DF8[ K lR+F[ 5;\N SIF" CTFP HIFZ[ UF[S],GFY[ cDC[TF ZlRT
l;lâÝ[Z6F ;\XF[lWGLc VG[ S]%5] :JFDLV[ T{IFZ SZ[, DF5N\0GF[ p5SZ6 TZLS[
p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P VU|JF,[ :JlGlD"T Ý`GFJl,4 A[GZÒV[ ÝIFU DC[TFGF ÝÙ[56
lR+F[4 VG]S},G DF5N\0 VG[ S]%5]:JFDLV[ T{IFZ SZ[, DF5N\0GF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P
5F9S[ D[S,[,[g0GL lR+JFTF" ,[BG S;F[8L4 lJnFYL" J,6 XF[lWGL4 XaN ;CRI"
S;F[8L4 lXÙ6 lJØIS D}<IF[ HF6JF DF8[GL Ý`GFJl,GF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P N[;F.V[
NF[,TEF. N[;F.V[ T{IFZ SZ[, SFI"ÊDGL ~5Z[BF4 D[S,[,[g0GL lR+ JFTF" ,[BG
S;F[8L4 5ZLBV[ DC[TF 8LPV[P8LP S;F[8L4 D]\A[V[ cDC[TF 8LPV[P8LP 8[:8c4 :JZlRT
cU]6JTF VlEÝFIFJl,cGF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P lÊl`RIG[ 5ZLB VG[ l+J[NL 'SES'
ZlRT :S[,4 S]%5]:JFDL ZlRT 'SES'
:S[,4 U]%TFV[ N¿GL jIlÉTtJ DF5G
82
;\XF[lWGL4 D]BZÒ ZlRT l;lâÝ[Z6F S;F[8L4 l;lNŸSLV[ T.A.T. S;F[8L4 D]BZÒGL
l;lâÝ[Z6F S;F[8LGF[ p5SZ6 TZLS[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P G~<,FV[ T.A.T. S;F[8L
l;\CFGF[ Anxiety Scale, 5L5/JFV[ ÝIFU DC[TFGL l;lâÝ[Z6F\S ;\XF[lWGL4
V[PV[DPVF.P 8[:8 HIFZ[ ZFHIU]~V[ ÝIFU cDC[TFc ZlRT S;F[8LGF[ p5SZ6 TZLS[
p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P N¿[ HGZ, D[g8,L V[lA,L8L 8[:84 V[;P H,F[8F .G lCgNL 8[:84
lR\TFT]ZTFJF/L DF5G S;F[8L4 EFZYLV[ cZFJ SES :S[,c4 cDC[TF l;lâÝ[Z6F
S;F[8LcGF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P uIFGF[DLV[ CTFXFGF ÝtIFWFTGL 8[:84 K lR+F[JF/L
l;lâÝ[Z6FGL S;F[8L4 VC,]JFl,IFV[ :JZlRT cVFlzT DFlCTL 5+Sc4 SF[, ZlRT
VFlzTTF S;F[8LcGF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P ZFWJFV[ SEC :S[, l;lâÝ[Z6F ;\A\lWT
:JlGlD"T Ý`GFJl, HIFZ[ DG;]ZLV[ ALPJLP 58[, SES :S[,4 VF.PV[P JF[ZF H[
:S[,GF[ p5SZ6 TZLS[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P l+5F9LV[ DC[TF ÝIFU ZlRT cl;lâD}<I
S;F[8Lc4 zLJF:TJ[ UF[5F, ZFJ ZlRT l;lâÝ[Z6F S;F[8L4 EÎ[ S[P5LP D[JFGL
l;lâÝ[Z6F ;\XF[lWGL4 N[;F.4 EÎ ;D}C A]lâ S;F[8L4 S[P ÒP N[;F. SES :S[,GF[
p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P HIFZ[ NJ[V[ l;lâÝ[Z6F ;\XF[lWGL4 A]lâDF5G S;F[8L4 0F[P S[PÒP
N[;F.V[ T{IFZ SZ[, ;FDFlHS4 VFlY"S NZßHFGF DF5N\0GF[ p5SZ6 TZLS[ p5IF[U
SIF[" CTF[P 5\0IFV[ lDGFÙL E8GFUZ ZlRT l;lâÝ[Z6F DF5N\0GF[ p5IF[U SIF["
CTF[P
HIFZ[ 5'YÞZ6GL ÝlJlW DF8[ RF{WZLV[ 8LvS;F[8L4 N[;F.V[ lR+JFTF"
,[BG S;F[8L4 UF[S],GFY[ S]%5]:JFDLV[ T{IFZ SZ[, DF5N\04 VU|JF,[ 8LvS;F[8LGF[
p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P A[GZÒV[ VG]S},G DF5N\04 5F9S[ lXÙ6 lJØIS D}<IF[ HF6JF
DF8[GL Ý`GFJl,4 N[;F.V[ D[S,[,[g0GL lR+JFTF" ,[BG S;F[8L4 5ZLB[ 8LvS;F[8LGF[
p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P HIFZ[ D]\A[V[ ;ZF;ZL ÝDF6lJR,G4 8LvS;F[8L4 ;C;\A\WF\S4
lÊl`RIG[ ;C;A\WF\S4 U]%TFV[ D]BZÒ ZlRT l;lâÝ[Z6F S;F[8L4 l;lNŸSLV[ T.A.T.
S;F[8L4 G~<,FV[ T.A.T. S;F[8LGF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P 5L5/JFV[ V[GPVF.P 8[:84
ZFHIU]~V[ ;ZF;ZL4 ÝDF6lJR,G4 ÊF\lTS 5âlT4 VG[ 8LvS;F[8LGF[ 5'YÞZ6GL
ÝlJlW DF8[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P N¿[ lR\TFT]ZTFJF/L DF5G S;F[8L4 EFZYLV[
8LvS;F[8L4 uIFGF[DLV[ 8Lv8[:84 V:S[, 8[:84 VC,]JFl,IFV[ 8LvS;F[8L4 D[JFV[
83
8LvS;F[8L4 ZFWJFV[ ;C;\A\WF\S4 DG;]ZLV[ VJIJL 5'YÞZ6 ;ZF;ZLGF[ p5IF[U
SIF[" CTF[P l+5F9LV[ ;Z[ZFX4 XTDFG4 ;C;\AW\ F\S4 zLJF:TJ[ 8LvS;F[8L4 EÎ[
;ZF;ZL4 ;C;\AW\ F\S4 8LvS;F[8L VG[ NJ[V[ A]lâDF5G S;F[8LGF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P
HIFZ[ 5\0IFV[ ÝDF6 lJR,GGF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P
s!f
RF{WZL V[GPGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
S]DFZF[GF l;lâÝ[Z6F\S SgIFVF[GF l;lâÝ[Z6F\S SZTF\ lGdG HF[JF D?IF CTF\P
s!f
sZf
N[;F. 0LPGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
lJnFYL"VF[GF[ A]lâVF\S l;lâÝ[Z6F 5Z V;Z SZ[ K[P
DFTFvl5TFGF lXÙ6GL V;Z lJnFYL"VF[ 5Z HF[JF D/L CTLP
s!f
sZf
s!f
sZf
s!f
sZf
UF[S],GFY 5LPGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
;DU| H}YGF KF[SZLVF[GF l;lâÝ[Z6F\S VF\S KF[SZFVF[ SZTF\ B}A êRF CTF\P
Non - Tribal lJnFYL"VF[ SZTF Tribal lJnFYL"VF[V[ l;lâÝ[Z6FDF\ B}A H
êRF ÝF%TF\SF[ D[/jIF CTFP
VU|JF, 5LPGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ ;FDFlHS VFlY"S l:YlT JrR[ CSFZFtDS VY";}RS ;\A\W
HF[JF D?IF[ CTF[P
S]DFZF[ SZTF\ SgIFVF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F prR HF[JF D/L CTLP
A[GZÒ 0LPGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ :5WF"tDS J,6 JrR[GF[ ;\A\W 36F[ GLRF[ VG[ DCÀJGF[ G
CTF[P
lCgN] VG[ 5KFT ,F[SF[DF\ VG]S},G DCÀJ5}6" H6FI] VG[ T[ l;lâÝ[Z6F ;FY[
;3G ZLT[ ;\S/FI[,]\ CT]\P
84
s!f
sZf
s!f
sZf
s!f
sZf
s!f
sZf
s!f
s!f
5F9S ;LPGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
êRL l;lâÝ[Z6F WZFJTF lJnFYL"VF[GF VG[ GLRL l;lâÝ[Z6F WZFJTF
lJnFYL"VF[GF VeIF; 5ZtJ[GF J,6 V\U[GF ÝF%TF\SF[GF[ TOFJT 36F[ H
U6GF5F+ HF[JF D?IF[P
êRL l;lâÝ[Z6F WZFJTF lJnFYL"VF[ VG[ GLRL l;lâÝ[Z6F WZFJTF
lJnFYL"VF[GF XaN ;FCRFI" H]NF 50TF CTFP
N[;F. I]PGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
ÝIF[U 5C[,FGF VG[ ÝIF[U 5KLGF l;lâÝ[Z6F VF\SDF\ DF[8F[ TOFJT N[BFIF[
CTF[P
lJnFYL"GF l;lâÝ[Z6F VF\S VG[ XF/FSLI l;lâ JrR[ 3G ;\A\W N[BFIF[P
5ZLB 5LPGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
SgIFVF[GF\ l;lâÝ[Z6F\S S]DFZF[GF l;lâÝ[Z6F\S SZTF prR HF[JF D/[, CTF[P
prR ;FDFlHS VFlY"S l:YlT WZFJTF lJnFYL"VF[GF[ l;lâÝ[Z6F\S4 DwID VG[
lGdG ;FDFlHS VFlY"S l:YlT WZFJTF\ lJnFYL"VF[ SZTF\ prR H6FIF[ CTF[P
D]\A[ ÒPGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
SF[.56 ÝSFZGL XF/FDF\ VeIF; SZTL VG];}lRT HGHFlTGL SgIFVF[GF
l;lâÝ[Z6F\S prR HF[JF D?IF[ CTF[P
5KFT JU"GL XF/FDF\ VeIF; SZTL lJnFlY"GLVF[GF[ l;lâÝ[Z6F\S lGdG
HF[JF D?IF[ CTF[P
lÊl`RIG H[PGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
lJnFYL"GF\ ;FDFlHS VFlY"S NZßHFGL T[DGL l;lâÝ[Z6F 5Z V;Z 50[ K[P
U]%TF H[PGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
prR lR\TF H}Y SZTF\ lGdG lR\TF H}YGF 5F+F[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F ;ZF;ZLGF[ VF\S
êRF[ HF[JF D?IF[ CTF[P
85
s!f
sZf
s!f
sZf
s!f
s!f
sZf
l;lNŸSL ALPGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
A]lâ4 l;lâ VG[ jIlÉTtJ JrR[ ;FZF[ ;\A\W ZC[,F[ K[P
jIlÉTtJ VG[ l;lâÝ[Z6F JrR[ B}A H ;FZF[ ;\A\W HF[JF D/[ K[P
G~<,F S[PGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
:+L TFl,DFYL"VF[ SZTF 5]Z]Ø TFl,DFYL"VF[V[ Ý[Z6FDF\ êRF ÝF%TF\SF[ D[/jIF
CTFP
A]lâVF\S VG[ lR\TF JrR[ SF[. ;\A\W HF[JF D?IF[ G CTF[P
5L5/JF V[DPGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
l;lâÝ[Z6F\S VG[ XF/FSLI l;lâVF\S JrR[ _P!&) H[8,F[ ;C;\A\WF\S HF[JF
D/[ K[P H[ _P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"STF NXF"J[ K[P
ZFHIU]~ ALPGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF l;lâÝ[Z6F\SGF :TZDF\ TOFJT G CTF[P
5F+F[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F TYF T[GF JF,LGL VFJS JrR[ ;\AW\ G CTF[P
sZf
N¿ V[DPGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
,F[SHFlTGF lJnFYL"VF[ ;FDFgI HFlTGF lJnFYL"VF[ SZTF l;lâÝ[Z6FDF\ JW]
;FZF CTFP
,F[SHFlTGF lJnFYL"VF[ ;FDFgI HFlTGF lJnFYL"VF[ SZTF VFU/ 50TF CTFP
s!f
EFZYL ÒPGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
l;lâÝ[Z6F\S 5Z HFTLITFGF TOFJTGL V;Z HF[JF D/L G CTLP
s!f
s!f
sZf
uIFGF[DL 8LPGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
VFU/ 50TF DFvAF5GF AF/SF[ CTFXFGL 5lZl:YlTDF\ VFÊDS ZC[TF GYL
VG[ lGlQÊI ZC[ K[P
H[ lJnFYL"VF[DF\ JWFZ[ lR\TFT]ZTF CF[I K[ T[DGFDF\ V0R,4 CTFXF JW] HF[JF
D/[ K[P 5Z\T] ;FY[ ;FY[ VFÊDSTF 56 HF[JF D/[ K[P
86
s!f
sZf
VC,]JFl,IFGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
AF/SF[GL HFlT l;lâÝ[Z6F 5Z V;Z SZTL GYLP
DFTFvl5TFGL VFlY"S l:YlT l;lâÝ[Z6F 5Z V;Z SZTL GYLP
s!f
D[JF S[PGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[ l;lâÝ[Z6FGL AFATDF\ ;DFG CTFP
s!f
s!f
ZFWJF ÒPGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
lGdG ;FDFlHSvVFlY"S l:YlTJF/F lJnFYL"VF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F prR HF[JF
D/L CTLP
DG;]ZL V[PGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
prR ;FDFlHS VFlY"S l:YlT WZFJTF lJnFYL"VF[ l;lâÝ[Z6FGL AFATDF\
lGdG ;FDFlHS VFlY"S l:YlT WZFJTF\ lJnFYL"VF[ SZTF\ VY";}RS ZLT[ prR
H6FIF CTFP
s!f
l+5F9L VFZPGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
S]DFZGL ;ZBFD6LDF\ SgIFVF[GF[ ;Z[ZFX l;lâÝ[Z6F\S lGdG HF[JF D?IF[
CTF[P
s!f
zLJF:TJ V[;PGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
XC[ZL VG[ U|FdI lJ:TFZGL XF/FVF[DF\ S]DFZ VG[ SgIFVF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F
:TZDF\ SF[. TOFJT HF[JF D?IF[[ G CTF[P
s!f
s!f
EÎ V[DPGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
lJnFYL"GLGF\ l;lâÝ[Z6F\S G[ A]lâVF\S ;FY[ VY" ;}RS ;C;A\W GYLP
NJ[ V[;PGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
5F+F[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ ;FDFlHS VFlY"S 5lZl:YlT JrR[ k6 ÝSFZGF[
;C;\AW\ F\S HF[JF D/[, K[P
87
sZf
s!f
sZf
AC[GF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ A]lâVF\S JrR[ SF[. ÝSFZGF[ ;FY"S ;\A\W HF[JF
D/TF[ GYLP
5\0IF 5LP 8LPGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
GF[SZL SZTL VG[ GF[SZL G SZTL DFTFGF ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F ;DFG CTLP
GF[SZL SZTL DFTFGF S]DFZF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F GF[SZL G SZTL DFTFGF S]DFZF[GL
l;lâÝ[Z6F SZTF ;FY"S ZLT[ êRL CTLP
ZP!Z X{1Fl6S l;lâ ;\A\lWT 5}J[" YI[,F ;\XF[WGF[ o
X{Ùl6S l;lâ ;A\lWT 5}J[" YI[,F !)*Z YL !))_ NZlDIFGGF\ ÝIF[HSG[
S], RF{N ;\XF[WGF[ ÝF%T YI[,F CTF\P Ý:T]T ;\XF[WGDF\ X{Ùl6S l;lâG[ V[S 5ZT\+
R, TZLS[ ;DFJJFDF\ VFJ[, CTF[P ÝF%T YI[, ;\XF[WGF[DF\ X{Ùl6S l;lâ4
HFTLITF4 z[6L4 ;FDFlHSvVFlY"S :TZ H[JF R,F[GF[ ;DFJ[X SZJFDF\ VFJ[, CTF[P
H[GL DFlCTL ;FZ6LvZP(DF\ NXF"J[, K[P
88
;FZ6L v ZP(
lJnFYL"V F[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ V\U[ ÝF%T YI[, F ;\XF[WG[ ;FZ6L
ÊD
;\XF[WSG]\ GFD
;F,
I]lGJl;"8L
&_P
UF[S],GFYG
!)*Z
0LPVF.PALP I]lGP
&!P
VDZRF[,L
!)(!
EFJGUZ I]lGP
&ZP
Ùl;gNlZIF
!)(!
EFJGUZ I]lGP
&#P
JF/F
!)(!
EFJGUZ I]lGP
&$P
;]WF S]DFZL
!)(Z
5FG I]lGP
&5P
HF;]HF V[;P S[P
!)(#
VFU|F I]lGP
&&P
l;\C[
!)(#
lN<CL I]lGP
&*P
jIF;
!)(#
EFJGUZ I]lGP
&(P
5\0IF
!)($
EFJGUZ I]lGP
&)P
lDlY,[XS]DFZL
!)(5
SFG5]Z I]lGP
*_P
J[SZLIF
!)(&
;F{ZFQ8= I]lGP
*!P
;],TFGF
!)((
S[PI]PVFZP I]lGP
*ZP
l+J[NL
!)((
EFJGUZ I]lGP
*#P
JF/F
!))_
EFJGUZ I]lGP
89
90
91
92
ZP!# X{1Fl6S l;lâ ;\A\lWT ;\XF[WGGL ,F1Fl6STFG]\
lJ`,[QF6 VG[ VY"38G o
ÝIF[HS[ 5F[TFGF lJØI ;FY[ ;\A\lWT S], RF{N ;\XF[WGF[G]\ JF\RG SI]" CT]\P VF
;\XF[WGGL lJUTJFZ ;DLÙF VF D]HA K[P !)*Z YL !))_ ;]WLDF\ YI[,F
;\XF[WGF[GF[ ;DFJ[X YIF[ CTF[ H[DF\ UF[S],GFY s!)*Zf4 VDZRF[/L s!)(!f4
SF;LgNlZIF s!)(!f4 JF/F s!)(!f4 ;]WF S]DFZL s!)(Zf4 HF;]HF s!)(#f4
l;\C[ s!)(#f4 jIF; s!)(#f4 5\0IF s!)($f4 lDlY,[XS]DFZL s!)(5f4
J[SZLIF s!)(&f4 ;],TFGF s!)((f4 l+J[NL s!)((f VG[ JF/F s!))_fDF\
;\XF[WGF[ SIF" CTFP
VF ;\XF[WGDF\ GD}GFG]\ SN !)_ 5F+F[YL !5Z$ 5F+F[ ;]WLG]\ HF[JF D?I]\ CT]\
H[ VG]ÊD[ J[SZLIF VG[ l;\C[GF ;\XF[WGDF\YL Ol,T YI] CT]\P HIFZ[ VgI ;\XF[WSF[
UF[S],GFYG Z)#4 VDZRF[,L #(#4 SF;LgNlZIF v $(!4 JF/Fv$__4 ;]WF
S]DFZL 5Z)4 HF;]HF 5__4 jIF;vZ_*4 5\0IF !)(4 lDlY,[XS]DFZLv(__4
;],TFGF 5__4 l+J[NLv$*Z VG[ JF/F #(! 5F+F[GF GD}GFG]\ SN CT]\P
:J~5GL ãlQ8V[ GJ ;\XF[WSF[V[ DFwIlDS XF/FGF lJnFYL"VF[ 5;\N SIF"
CTFP V[S ;\XF[WS[ VwIF5G D\lNZGF TFl,DFYL"VF[ 5;\N SIF" CTFP +6 ;\XF[WSF[V[
prR¿Z DFwIlDS XF/FGF lJnFYL"VF[ 5;\N SIF" CTF HIFZ[ V[S ;\XF[WS[ ÝFYlDS
XF/FGF\ lJnFYL"VF[ 5;\N SIF" CTFP +6 ;\XF[WSF[V[ prR¿Z DFwIlDS XF/FGF
lJnFYL"VF[ 5;\N SIF" CTF HIFZ[ V[S ;\XF[WS[ ÝFYlDS XF/FGF\ lJnFYL"VF[ 5;\N SIF"
CTFP UF[S],GFYG[ DFwIlDS XF/FGF lJnFYL"VF[4 VDZRF[/LV[ DFwIlDS XF/FGF
lJnFYL"VF[4 SF;LgNlZIF4 ;]WFS]DFZL4 HF;]HFV[ DFwIlDS XF/FGF lJnFYL"VF[ 5;\N
SIF" CTFP JF/FV[ z[6L ;FTGF\ S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[ 5;\N SIF" CTFP l;\C VG[ jIF;[
prR¿Z DFwIlDSGF\ WF[Z6v!! GF\ lJnFYL"VF[ 5;\N SIF" CTFP 5\0IFV[ z[6Lv) GF
lJnFYL"VF[ 5;\N SIF" CTFP lDlY,[XS]DFZLV[ prR¿Z DFwIlDS XF/FGF S]DFZF[ VG[
SgIFVF[ 5;\N SIF" CTF HIFZ[ J[SZLIF4 ;],TFGF VG[ JF/FV[ DFwIlDS XF/FGF
S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[ 5;\N SIF" CTFP l+J[NLV[ VwIF5G D\lNZGF\ TFl,DFYL"VF[ 5;\N
SIF" CTFP
93
;\XF[WSF[V[ DFlCTL V[Sl+SZ6 DF8[ H[ p5SZ6F[GF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[ T[GL
DFlCTL VF ÝDF6[ K[P UF[S],GFYG[ XF/FGF\ U]65+SF[ V[ S.E.S. :S[,GF[ p5IF[U
SIF[" CTF[P VDZRF[/L4 JF/F4 ;]WFS]DFZL VG[ HF;]HFV[ XF/FGF 5lZ6FD5+SF[GF[
p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P SF;LgNlZIFV[ Ý`GFJl,GF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P l;\C[ JFlØ"S
5ZLÙFGF U]65+SGF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P T[ H ZLT[ jIF;4 5\0IF4 lDlY,[XS]DFZL
VG[ J[SZLIFV[ XF/FSLI U]65+SF[GF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P ;],TFGFV[ ÝDFl6T
7FG,laW S;F[8LGF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P l+J[NL VG[ JF/FV[ S.E.S. :S[,GF[ p5IF[U
SIF[" CTF[P
HIFZ[ 5'YÞZ6GL ÝlJlW DF8[ UF[S],GFYG[ 8LvS;F[8LGF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P
VDZRF[/L VG[ JF/FV[ ;ZF;ZL4 ÝDF6lJR,GGF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P SF;LgNlZIF
VG[ HF;]HFV[ 8LvS;F[8LGF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P ;]WFS]DFZLV[ 5lZA/ U]6FSFZ VG[
;C;\AW\ F\SGF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P l;\C[ 5LI";G ;C;\AW\ F\S VG[ 8LvU]6F[¿ZGF[
p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P jIF;[ 8LvU]6F[¿ZGF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P 5\0IFV[ 5lZA/ U]6FSFZ
VG[ ;C;\AW\ F\SGF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P lDlY,[XS]DFZL VG[ ;],TFGFV[ ;ZF;ZL VG[
;C;\A\WF\SGF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P J[SZLIFV[ XTDFG ÝI]lÉTGF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P
l+J[NLV[ 5LI;"G ;C;\AW\ F\SGF[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[ VG[ JF/FV[ XF/F ÝUlT5+S
VG[ 8LvS;F[8LGF[ p5IF[U SIF["P
!P
ZP
!P
UF[S],GFYGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I] S[ o
DwID4 ;FDFlHS4 VFlY"S l:YlTJF/F H}YGF S]DFZF[GL l;lâ prR ;FDFlHS4
VFlY"S l:YlT WZFJTF H}YGF S]DFZF[ SZTF VY";}RS ZLT[ JW] HF[JF D/L
CTLP
S]DFZF[GF l;lâVF\S SZTF SgIFVF[GF[ l;lâVF\S VY";}RS ZLT[ êRF[ H6FIF[
CTF[P
VDZRF[/LGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
VW"XC[ZL lJ:TFZGF\ S]DFZvSgIFVF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ JrR[ TOFJT HF[JF
D?IF[ CTF[P
94
ZP
U|FdI lJ:TFZGF S]DFZ VG[ SgIFVF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ ;DFG CTLP
!P
ZP
#P
SF;LgNlZIFGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GL lGdG l;lâGF SFZ6F[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT G CTF[P
lGdG l;lâ DF8[ ;\I]ÉT S]8]\A VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\AGL SF[. ;FY"S V;Z G CTLP
S]8]\AGL VFlY"S l:YlT lGdG l;lâ DF8[ HJFANFZ 5lZA/ TZLS[ HF[JF D/[,
CTLP
!P
ZP
!P
JF/FGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I] S[ o
5KFT JU"GF S]DFZ v SgIFVF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâVF[DF\ HFTLI TOFJT G CTF[P
lAG5KFT JU"GF S]DFZvSgIFVF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ ;DFG CTLP
;]WFS]DFZLGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I\] S[ o
l;lâGL AFATDF\ lJlJW ;FDFlHSvVFlY"S H}YF[ JrR[ VY";}RS TOFJT HF[JF
D?IF[ CTF[P
!P
HF;]HFGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
S]DFZF[GL l;lâGL ;ZBFD6LDF\ SgIFVF[GL l;lâ prR CTLP
!P
l;\C[GF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL H6JF D?I]\ S[ o
SgIFVF[GL l;lâ S]DFZF[GL l;lâ SZTF z[Q9 CTLP
!P
jIF;GF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[o
S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GL V\U|[Ò lJØIGL ;Z[ZFX l;lâ JrR[ SF[. VY";}RS
;\A\W HF[JF D?IF[ G CTF[P
!P
5\0IFGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
GD}GFGF S], 5F+F[4 S]DFZ 5F+F[ VG[ SgIF 5F+F[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ JrR[
VY";}RS TOFJT HF[JF D?IF[ CTF[P
95
!P
lDlY,[XS]DFZLGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[o
SgIFVF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ S]DFZF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ SZTF JW] CTLP
!P
J[SZLIFGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
VFlY"S ;]lJWFVF[ WZFJGFZF lJnFYL"VF[GL l;lâ prR HF[JF D/L CTLP
!P
;],TFGFGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
SFD G SZTL DFTFGF AF/SF[ SFD SZTL DFTFGF AF/SF[ SZTF JW] ;FZL l;lâ
D[/JL CTLP
!P
l+J[NLGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
TFl,DFYL"VF[GL l;lâ VG[ VFlY"S v ;FDFlHS l:YlT JrR[ ;FY"S ;C;\A\WF\S
HF[JF D?IF[ CTF[P
!P
JF/FGF ;\XF[WG 5ZYL HF6JF D?I]\ S[ o
VFlY"S ;FDFlHS NZßHFGF ;\NE"DF\ S]DFZF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ÝF%TF\SF[DF\
;FY"STF HF[JF D/L CTLP
ZP!$ Ý:T]T VeIF;GL lJlXQ8TFVF[ o
!P
5]ZF[UFDL VeIF;F[DF\ ÝFYlDSXF/FGF lJnFYL"VF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF4 VG]S},G4
l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ X{Ùl6S l;lâ V\U[ RFZ VeIF;F[ YIF K[ H[ B]A V<5 U6L
XSFIP VFYL Ý:T]T VeIF; 5]ZF[UFDL ;\XF[WGF[YL V,U K[P
ZP
5]ZF[UFDL YI[,F VeIF;F[DF\YL V[S56 VeIF;DF\ :JT\+ R, TZLS[ GF[SZL
SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[G[ ,[JFDF\ VFjIF G CTFP HIFZ[
Ý:T]T VeIF;DF\ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[G[ :JT\+
R, TZLS[ 5;\N SZJFDF\ VFjIF\ K[P
#P
5]ZF[UFDL YI[,F VeIF;F[DF\YL ;DLÙF DF8[ ÝF%I TF[T[Z VeIF;F[ 5{SL V[S
56 VeIF;DF\ 5ZT\+ R, TZLS[ lR\TFT]ZTF4 VG]S},G4 l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[
96
X{Ùl6S l;lâG[ ÝFYlDS XF/FGF\ AF/SF[ DF8[ ,[JFDF\ VFjIF G CTF HIFZ[
Ý:T]T VeIF;DF\ lR\TFT]ZTF4 VG]S},G4 l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ X{Ùl6S l;lâ
5ZT\+ R, TZLS[ 5;\N SZJFDF\ VFjIF CTFP
$P
5}J[" YI[,F ;\XF[WGF[GF[ VeIF; SZTF\ :5Q8 HF[. XSFI K[ S[ V[S56
VeIF;DF\ HFTLITF4 z[6L VG[ S]8]\AGF[ ÝSFZ V[ 5lZJT"S R,F[GL V[S ;FY[
V;Z T5F;JFDF\ VFJL G CTLP 5Z\T] Ý:T]T VeIF;DF\ 5ZT\+ R,F[
lR\TFT]ZTF4 VG]S},G4 l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ X{Ùl6S l;lâ 5Z 5lZJT"S R,F[GL
V;Z DF5JFDF\ VFJL CTLP
5P
ÝFYlDS XF/FGF lJnFYL"VF[ V\U[ 5}J"[ YI[,F VeIF;F[ 5{SL ÝF%T VeIF;F[DF\
VG]S},GGF\ lJlJW ÝSFZF[4 SF{8]\lAS4 XFZLlZS4 DFGl;S4 XF/FSLI4
;FDFlHS VG[ ;DU| VG]S},GGF\ ;\NE"DF\ V[S ;FY[ VeIF; YI[, HF[JF
D/[, GYL HIFZ[ Ý:T]T VeIF;DF\ VF TDFD K ÝSFZGF\ VG]S},GGF[
VeIF; SZJFDF\ VFjIF[ CTF[P
&P
5]ZF[UFDL VeIF;F[DF\YL ÝF%T YI[,F VeIF;F[DF\ lJlJW z[6LGF\
lJnFYL"VF[GL T],GF 5ZT\+ R,F[GF ;\NE"DF\ SZJFDF\ VFJL G CTLP Ý:T]T
VeIF;DF\ z[6L 5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTGF lJnFYL"VF[GF\ lR\TFT]ZTF4 VG]S},G4
l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ X{Ùl6S l;lâGL TZ[C HF6JFDF\ VFJL CTLP
*P
ÝFYlDS XF/FGF\ AF/SF[ p5Z YI[,F 5]ZF[UFDL VeIF;F[DF\YL ÝF%T VeIF;F[
5{SL V[S 56 VeIF;DF\ 5ZT\+ R, 5Z S]8]\AGF ÝSFZGL V;Z T5F;JFDF\
VFJL G CTL HIFZ[ Ý:T]T VeIF;DF\ S]8]\AGF ÝSFZG[ 5lZJT"S R, TZLS[
:JLSFZL lR\TFT]ZTF4 VG]S},G4 l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ X{Ùl6S l;lâ 5Z T[GL
V;Z T5F;DF\ VFJL CTLP
(P
TF[T[Z 5]ZF[UFDL VeIF;F[GL ;DLÙF SZTF HF6JF D?I]\ K[ S[ DF[8FEFUGF\
VeIF;DF\ jIF5lJ`JGF[ lJ:TFZ V[S lH<,F[4 V[S ;\:YF S[ VD]S ;\:YFVF[
97
5}ZTF[ H CTF[P HIFZ[ Ý:T]T VeIF;DF\ ;DU| ;F{ZFQ8=vSrKGF\ VF9
lH<,FVF[GF[ jIF5lJ`JDF\ ;DFJ[X SZJFDF\ VFjIF[ CTF[P
)P
5}J[" YI[,F VeIF;F[DF\YL TF[T[Z VeIF;F[DF\ ;F{YL VF[KF[ GD}GF[ 5\RFJG 5F+F[
VG[ ;F{YL JWFZ[ 5F+F[ !((_ ALPV[0ŸP SF[,[HGF TFl,DFYL"VF[ CTFP Ý:T]T
GD}GFDF\ (Z( 5F+F[ 5F;[YL DFlCTL D[/JJFDF\ VFJL CTL H[DF\ GF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF $$! VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF #(* 5F+F[GF[
;DFJ[X SZJFDF\ VFjIF[ CTF[P
98
ÝSZ6 v #
;\X F[ W GGL VFWFZlX,F VG[ ;\XF[WG IF[HGF
#P!
#PZ
#P#
#P$
#P5
Ý:TFJGF
jIF5lJ`J
GD}GF 5;\NUL
;\XF[WG 5âlT
p5SZ6 5;\NUL
#P5P! ÝS8 lR\TF DF5N\0
#P5PZ VG]S},G ;\XF[lWGL
#P5P# l;lâÝ[Z6F DF5N\0
#P5P$ X{Ùl6S l;lâ DF5N\0
#P& DFlCTLG]\ V[Sl+SZ6
#P&P! lR\TFT]ZTF V\U[GL DFlCTLG]\ V[Sl+SZ6
#P&PZ VG]S},G V\UG
[ L DFlCTLG]\ V[Sl+SZ6
#P&P# l;lâÝ[Z6F V\UG
[ L DFlCTLG]\ V[Sl+SZ6
#P&P$ l;lâ V\UG
[ L DFlCTLG]\ V[Sl+SZ6
#P* U]6F\SG ÝlJlW
#P*P! lR\TFT]ZTF DF5N\0 5ZGF ÝlTRFZF[GL U]6F\SG ÝlJlW
#P*PZ VG]S},G ;\XF[lWGL 5ZGF ÝlTRFZF[GL U]6F\SG ÝlJlW
#P*P# l;lâÝ[Z6F DF5N\0 5ZGF ÝlTRFZF[GL U]6F\SG ÝlJlW
#P( DFlCTL 5'YÞZ6GL V\SXF:+LI ÝI]lÉTVF[
#P(P! 8LvU]6F[¿Z
99
ÝSZ6 v #
;\XF[WGGL VFWFZlX,F VG[ ;\XF[WG IF[HGF
#P!
Ý:TFJGF
AF/SGF ;JFÅUL lJSF;DF\ DFTFvl5TFGF[ OF/F[ DCÀJGF[ K[P EFZTGL ;DFH
jIJ:YF H V[ ZLT[ UF[9JJFDF\ VFJL K[ S[ AF/SGL ÝUlTDF\ DFTFvl5TF 5}ZTF[ ;DI
VF5L XS[ 5Z\T] DFTFvl5TF HIFZ[ SF[. jIJ;FI ;FY[ HF[0FI[, CF[I TF[ T[ 3ZDF\
AF/S DF8[ 5}ZTF[ ;DI OF/JL G XS[ T[ :JFEFlJS K[P VFYL AF/SGL ÝUlTDF\
VFGL SF[. V;ZF[ 50[ K[ BZL m VF T5F;JF DF8[ ;\XF[WS[ DFTFvl5TFGF jIJ;FIG[
D]bI R, TZLS[ :JLSFZL AF/SF[GF lJSF;DF\ S[8,F\S D]bI 5lZA/F[ H[JF\ S[
lR\TFT]ZTF4 VG]S},G4 l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ X{Ùl6S l;lâG[ 5ZT\+ R, TZLS[ ,.
VeIF; CFY WIF[" CTF[P
#PZ
jIF5lJ`J
;F{ZFQ8= VG[ SrK lJ:TFZ VF9 lH<,FVF[DF\ JC[\RFI[,F[ K[P VF VF9
lH<,FVF[DF\ Z__ZvZ__#GF JØ"DF\ BFGUL ÝFYlDS XF/FVF[GL ;\bIF !)(*4
lH<,F 5\RFIT ;\RFl,T ÝFPXF/FVF[GL ;\bIF (Z_& VG[ GUZ5Fl,SF ;\RFl,T
ÝFYlDS XF/FVF[GL ;\bIF #5* CTL VF XF/FVF[ 5{SL WF[Z6 5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTDF
VeIF; SZTF\ lJnFYL"VF[GF[ jIF5lJ`JDF\ ;DFJ[X SZJFDF\ VFjIF[ CTF[P
#P#
GD}GF 5;\NUL o
jIF5lJ`JGL S], BFGUL ÝFYlDS XF/F !)(*4 lH<,F 5\RFIT ;\RFl,T
S], ÝFYlDS XF/F (Z_& VG[ GUZ5Fl,SF ;\RFl,T S], ÝFYlDS XF/F #5* DF\YL
ÝtI[S lH<,FGL V[S 8SF XF/FVF[G[ GD}GFDF\ ;DFJJFG]\ GÞL SI]ÅP VF ZLT[
jIF5lJ`JGL XF/FVF[DF\YL :TZLS'T VG[ IFÎlrKS h}DBF 5âlTYL GD}GFDF\ !!$
XF/FVF[G[ 5;\N SZJFDF\ VFJLP ;FZ6L v #P!DF\ ;F{ZFQ8= VG[ SrKDF\ VFJ[, VF9
lH<,FVF[4 T[DF\ Z__Zv_#GF JØ" NZdIFG VFJ[,L S], ÝFYlDS XF/FVF[GL ;\bIF4
100
jIF5lJ`JGL XF/FVF[GF V[S XTDFGG[ VFWFZ[ XF/FVF[GL ;\bIF TYF GD}GFDF\
5;\N YI[, XF/FVF[GL ;\bIF NXF"JJFDF\ VFJL K[P
;FZ6L v #P!
GD}GFDF\ ;DFlJQ8 XF/FVF[
ÊD
lH<,FG] \
GFD
Z__#vZ__$GL l:YlTV[
lH<,FDF\ VFJ[ , ÝFYlDS
XF/FVF[GL ;\bIF
BFGUL lH<,F
GUZ
ÝFP
5\RFIT 5Fl,SF
XF/F
;\RFP
;\RFP
ÝFP
ÝFP
XF/F
XF/F
jIF5lJ`JGL XF/FVF[ GF\
GD} GF 5;\ N ULDF\ 5;\ N
XTDFGGF\ VFWFZ[
SZ[ , XF/FVF[GL ;\bIF
XF/FVF[GL ;\bIF
BFGUL lH<,F
GUZ BFGUL lH<,F
GUZ
ÝFP
5\RFIT 5Fl,SF
ÝFP
5\RFIT 5Fl,SF
;\RFP
XF/F
;\RFP
;\RFP
XF/F
;\RFP
ÝFP
ÝFP
ÝFP
ÝFP
XF/F
XF/F
XF/F
XF/F
1
VDZ[,L
82
772
15
0.82
7.72
0.15
01
08
02
2
EFJGUZ
221
1006
136
2.21
10.06
1.36
03
10
02
3
HFDGUZ
104
1244
58
1.04
12.44
0.58
01
13
01
4
H}GFU-
786
1251
-
7.86
12.51
-
08
13
-
5
ZFHSF[8
554
1239
138
5.54
12.39
1.38
06
12
03
6
;]PGUZ
70
924
10
0.70
9.24
0.10
01
9
01
7
5F[ZA\NZ
60
303
-
0.60
3.03
-
01
03
-
8
SrK
110
1467
-
1.10
14.67
-
01
15
-
S],
1987
8206
357
3.57
22
83
09
19.87 82.06
;FZ6L #P!GF VJ,F[SG 5ZYL SCL XSFI S[ jIF5lJ`JGL S], BFGUL
ÝFYlDS XF/FVF[GL ;\bIF !)(* CTL H[ 5{SL GD}GFDF\ ZZ XF/FVF[G[ 5;\N SZJFDF\
VFJL CTLP T[ H ZLT[ jIF5lJ`JGL lH<,F 5\RFIT ;\RFl,T ÝFYlDS XF/FVF[GL S],
;\bIF (Z_& CTL H[ 5{SL GD}GFDF\ (# XF/FVF[G[ 5;\N SZJFDF\ VFJL CTL VG[
jIF5lJ`JGL GUZ5Fl,SF ;\RFl,T ÝFYlDS XF/FVF[ S], #5* CTL H[ 5{SL
GD}GFDF\ ) XF/FVF[G[ 5;\N SZJFDF\ VFJL CTLP
ÝtI[S lH<,FDF\YL H[ XF/FDF\ z[6L 5F\R4 K VG[ ;FT CF[I T[ AFAT wIFG[
ZFBL XF/FVF[G[ GD}GFDF\ ;DFJJFDF\ VFJL CTLP ÝtI[S XF/FDF\YL z[6L 5F\R4 K
VG[ ;FTGF V[SvV[S JU"G[ IFÎlrKS GD}GF 5;\NULGL 5âlTYL 5;\N SZJFDF\
101
VFjIF[P 5;\NUL SZTL JBT[ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[4 GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[ VG[ HFTLITFG[ wIFGDF\ ZFBJFDF\ VFJL CTLP
GD}GFDF\ ;DFI[, !!$ XF/FVF[DF\YL 5;\N YI[, z[6L 5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTGF
lJnFYL"VF[GL ;\bIF ;FZ6L #PZDF\ NXF"J,
[ K[P
;FZ6L v #PZ
GD}GFDF\ ;DFI[, lJlJW z[6LGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[
z[6 L
5
GF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[
GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[
S]DFZF[ SgIFVF[
57
71
S]DFZF[ SgIFVF[
49
36
S],
128
V[S \NZ[
S],
85
213
6
71
62
133
80
53
133
266
7
87
93
180
83
86
169
349
215
226
441
212
175
387
828
;FZ6L #PZGF VFWFZ[ SCL XSFI K[ S[ GD}GFDF\ (Z( lJnFYL"VF[G[
;DFJJFDF\ VFjIF CTF4 H[DF\ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF VG]ÊD[ $$! VG[ #(* CTLP GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[
5{SL z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GL ;\bIF VG]ÊD[ 5* VG[ *!
CTLP z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[YL ;\bIF VG]ÊD[ *! VG[ &Z
CTL VG[ z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GL ;\bIF VG]ÊD[ (* VG[
)# CTLP
VF ZLT[ z[6L 5F\RGF lJnFYL"VF[GL S], ;\bIF s!Z(´(5f Z!# CTLP z[6L
K GF lJnFYL"VF[GL S], ;\bIF s!##´!##f Z&& CTL VG[ z[6L ;FTGF
lJnFYL"VF[GL S], ;\bIF s!(_´!&)f #$) CTLP VF p5ZYL SCL XSFI S[
GD}GFDF\ z[6L ;FTDF\ 5F+F[GL ;\bIF ;F{YL JW] CTL HIFZ[ z[6L 5F\RGF 5F+F[GL
;\bIF ;F{YL VF[KL CTL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GL ;\bIF
VG]ÊD[ Z!5 VG[ ZZ& CTLP GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
S]DFZ TYF SgIFVF[GL ;\bIF Z!Z VG[ !*5 CTLP
102
GD}GFGF 5F+F[DF\ ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL
;\bIF !5_ CTLP HIFZ[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF !&$ CTLP
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF Z)! CTLP HIFZ[
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF ZZ# CTLP
#P$
;\XF[WG 5âlT
Ý:T]T VeIF; DF8[ ;J["Ù6 5âlTGF[ p5I[FU SZJFDF\ VFjIF[ CTF[P
VeIF;GF C[T]VF[GL 5}lT" VY[" GD}GFGF 5F+F[ 5F;[YL R,F[ V\U[GL DFlCTL ÝF%T
SZJFDF\ VFJL CTLP GD}GFDF\ ;DFlJQ8 (Z( 5F+F[GL lR\TFT]ZTF4 VG]S},G4
l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ X{Ùl6S l;lâ lJX[GL DFlCTL V[S+ SZJFGL CTLP VF DF8[ lJlJW
p5SZ6F[ äFZF DFlCTL ÝF%T SZJF ;J["Ù6 5âlTGF[ p5IF[U SZJFDF\ VFjIF[ CTF[P
;J[1" F6 5âlT
X{Ùl6S4 ;ZSFZL4 VF{nF[lUS VG[ ZFHSLI Ù[+F[DF\ 50[, jIlÉTVF[ 5F[TFGL
;D:IFGF pS[, DF8[ 36LJFZ ;J["Ù6 CFY WZ[ K[P VCÄ JT"DFG 5lZl:YlTGL ê0L
DFlCTL D[/JL T[G]\ 5'YÞZ6 SZL JT"DFG l:YlT S[8,F V\X[ IF[uI K[ T[GL RSF;6L
SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P ElJQIGF VFIF[HGGL ãlQ8V[ 56 JT"DFG l:YlTG]\ ;J["Ù6
SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P S[8,LSJFZ VFNX" l:YlT VYJF ÝDF6E}T l:YlTGL T],GFDF\
JT"DFG l:YlT S[JL K[ T[ 56 T5F;JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
;J["Ù6 lJXF/ 56 CF[. XS[ VG[ ;LlDT 56 CF[. XS[P S[8,LSJFZ ;DU|
jIF5lJ`JG]]\ ;J["Ù6 SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ TF[ S[8,LSJFZ T[ DF8[ lGWF"lZT GD}GF[ 5;\N
SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P ;J["Ù6DF\ VG[S R,F[ ;DFJL XSFI VYJF VD}S 5;\NULGF R,F[
V\U[ T5F; YFIP ;J["Ù6GL DF+F VG[ jIF5GF[ VFWFZ ;D:IFGF ÝSFZ 5Z ZC[ K[P
X{Ùl6S ;J["Ù6GF H]NF H]NF ÝSFZ CF[. XS[ K[P s!f XF/FSLI ;J["Ù6F[ sZf
jIJ;FI 5'YÞZ6 s#f N:TFJ[Ò ;J["Ù6 s$f HGDT ;J["Ù6 VG[ s5f ;DFH
;J["Ù6P
103
#P5 p5SZ6 5;\NUL
Ý:T]T VeIF;DF\ RFZ 5ZT\+ R,F[ CTF H[JF S[ lR\TFT]ZTF4 VG]S},G4
l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ X{Ùl6S l;lâ VF 5ZT\+ R,F[ V\U[GL DFlCTL ÝF%T SZJF DF8[ RFZ
p5SZ6F[ p5IF[UDF\ ,LWF CTFP H[ VF ÝDF6[ K[P
!P ÝU8 lR\TF DF5N\0
ZP VG]S},G ;\XF[lWGL
#P l;lâÝ[Z6F DF5N\0
$P XF/F 5lZ6FD 5+S
#P5P! ÝU8 lR\T F DF5N\0
jIlÉT 5F[T[ S. S. lR\TFVF[YL l50FI K[ T[ ÝNlX"T SZ[4 T[ p5ZYL T[GL ÝU8
lR\TFG]\ DF5 GLS/L XS[ K[P VF DF5N\0DF\ S], 5\RF[T[Z lJUTF[ CTL H[GL ÝFYlDS
VHDFIX 5KL 5rRL; lJUTF[GF[ ;DFJ[X SZ[, G CTF[P K[J8[ 5RF; lJUTF[GF[
DF5N\0 AGFJJFDF\ VFjIF[ CTF[P lJUT 5'YÞZ6 DF8[ ;tIFJL; 8SF JW] lR\TFJF/F
VG[ ;tIFJL; 8SF VF[KL lR\TFJF/F lJnFYL"VF[GF A[ H]YF[ 5F0L T[DGL JrR[GL
TOFJTGL 5âlTGF[ p5IF[U SZJFDF\ VFjIF[ CTF[ VG[ AF6\] lJnFYL"VF[GF H}Y 5ZYL
T[GF[ ÝlTXTÊDF\S XF[WJFDF\ VFjIF[ CTF[P 5F\RDF WF[Z6GF lJnFYL"VF[YL DF\0LG[
SF[.56 5]bT JIGL jIlÉTG[ T[ VF5L XSFI K[P
DF5N\0F[GF pTZF[ T5F;JF TYF D}<IF\SG SZJF U]6F\SG RFJLGF[ p5IF[U
SZJFGF[ CTF[P JW] U]6 ÝF%T SZGFZ 5F+ JW] lR\TFT]ZTF WZFJTF[ CF[JFG]\ GÞL YFI
K[P
S;F[8L 5]GoS;F[8L 5âlTYL ;\XF[WlGSFGL lJ`J;GLITF RSF;JFDF\ VFJL
CTLP T[GF 5F+F[GL ;\bIF 5F+L; CTL VG[ T[GF[ ;C;\AWF\S _P(# CTF[P
;\XF[WlGSFGL IYFY"TF XF[WJF DF8[ AFCIDFGF\SF[ p5,aW G CTFP 5Z\T]
;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8LGF 5LV[RP0LPGF V[S lJnFYL"GF VeIF;DF\ N[;F. ÝU8 lR\TF
S;F[8LGF[ p5IF[U SZJFDF\ VFjIF[ CTF[ VG[ T[DF\ VGFYF,IF[DF\ ZC[TF VGFY
AF/SF[GF VF S;F[8L 5ZGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ T[DGF JU"GF VgI ;FDFgI
104
lJnFYL"VF[GF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ SZTF 36F\ JW] HF[JF D?IF CTF VG[ TOFJT ;FY"S
DF,]D 50IF[ CTF[P H[ NXF"J[ K[ S[4 VGFY AF/SF[ JW] lR\TFYL l50FI K[ VG[ T[DG]
V5FG]S},G JW] K[P
#P5PZ VG]S },G ;\X F[l WGL
Ý:T]T VeIF;DF\ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
ÝFYlDS XF/FDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G[ wIFGDF\ ZFBLG[ T[DG]\ VG]S},G DF5J]\
H~ZL CT]\P VG]S},G DF5G DF8[ lGdGNlX"T p5SZ6F[ U]HZFTL DFwIDDF\ ÝF%I CTFP
•
N[;F. VG]S},G ;\XF[lWGL
•
CZSF\T ANFDL SF{8]\lAS ;DIF[HG ;\XF[WlGSF
•
;S;[GF jIlÉTtJ VG]S},G Ý`GFJl,P
•
A[, VG]S},G ;\XF[lWGL
•
5lZS VG[ VgI VG]S,
} G S;F[8LP
;\XF[WS[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF
VG]S},GGL DFlCTL D[/JJFGL CTLP H[DF\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGL lJX[Ø VUtI CTL
H[ p5Z NXF"J[, p5SZ6F[DF\YL D/L XS[ T[D G CTL VFYL ;\XF[WS[ VG]S},G
;\XF[lWGLGL zL 5LP 8LP 5\0IFV[ ÝDFl6T SZ[, VG]S},G ;\XF[lWGLGF[ p5IF[U
SZJFG]\ GÞL SI]ÅP VF VG]S},G Ý`GFJl,G[ 5F\R lJEFUF[DF\ JC[\RL CTL H[ 5F\R
lJEFUF[ VF ÝDF6[ CTFP
s!f SF{8]\lAS
sZf XFZLlZS
s#f DFGl;S
s$f XF/FSLI
s5f ;FDFlHS
s!f SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF lJEFUDF\ S], JL; Ý`GF[ ZH] SZJFDF\ VFjIF CTFP H[DF\
;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ DFTFvl5TF ;FY[GF[ jIJCFZ4 EF.vEF\0] ;FY[GL ZLTvEFT4
3ZG]\ JFTFJZ64 ;D}C EF[HG4 V\UT D]xS[,L4 3ZSFD4 DC[DFGF[G]\ :JFUT4
VeIF;DF\ lJÙ[54 BFJFGF lG6"IF[4 8LPJLP NX"G4 DFTFvl5TF TZOYL
105
sZf
s#f
s$f
s5f
Ý;\XF4 3ZSFDDF\ ;\SF[R4 3ZDF\ V[S,TF4 5ZLÙFGF 5lZ6FD DF8[ S]8]\A
HJFANFZ H[JL AFATF[G[ S[gãDF\ ZFBLG[ Ý`GF[GL ZRGF SZJFDF\ VFJL CTLP
XFZLlZS VG]S},G lJEFUDF\ S], RF{N Ý`GF[GF[ ;DFJ[X SZJFDF\ VFjIF[ CTF[P
T[DF\ XFZLlZS T\N]Z:TL4 RC[ZFGF[ N[BFJ4 5F{lQ8S VFCFZ4 XFZLlZS A\WFZ64
jIFIFD4 XFZLlZS ÙlT4 T\NZ] :TLGL HF/J6L4 XFZLlZS :JrKTF4 XFZLlZS
N[BFJG[ SFZ6[ ÙF[E4 CF[8, ,FZLGF BF[ZFS ÝtI[ HFU'lT4 YFSGL OlZIFN4
R[5L ZF[U V\U[ ;FJR[TL4 XFZLlZS zD ÝtI[GL ;}U H[JL AFATF[GF[ ;DFJ[X
SZL Ý`GF[G] lGDF"6 YI[, CT]\P
DFGl;S VG]S},GGF lJEFUDF\ S], AFJL; Ý`GF[GF[ ;DFJ[X SZJFDF\ VFjIF[
CTF[P H[DF\ ,FU6LXL, :JEFJ4 VFSl:DS 38GFVF[4 JF,LGL ZF[S8F[S4
lGQO/TF4 V[SFSL56]\4 lO<D NX"GGL V;Z4 êW4 VS/FD64 BZFA
lJRFZF[4 U]:;F[4 DFGl;S TF64 J[NGF4 X\SFvS]X\SF4 V5DFGGF ;DI[
:J:YTF4 S\8F/F[4 lCdDT4 0Z H[JL AFATF[G[ Ý`G ;\ZRGFDF\ :YFG VF5JFDF\
VFjI]\ CT]\P
XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF lJEFUDF\ S], V-FZ Ý`GF[ CTFP H[DF\ XF/FG]\
JFTFJZ64 lXÙSF[G] J,64 JU" jIJCFZ4 ;CSFZGL ÝFl%T4 XF/FGF
lGIDF[4 Ý[Z6F4 lJlJW ÝJ'l¿VF[DF\ EFULNFZL4 VwIIG VG[ VwIF5G SFI"4
ZHFGF lNJ;F[4 lXÙSF[GF[ 5Ù5FT4 VgI XF/FGL ;ZBFD6L4 lXÙSF[ ;FY[
VFtDLITF4 JU"DF\ ;TT VG];\WFG ÝlÊIF4 5ZLÙFGF[ 0Z H[JL AFATF[GF[
;DFJ[X Ý`GFJl,DF\ YI[, CTF[P
;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF lJEFUDF\ S], ;F[/ Ý`GF[ CTFP H[DF\ ;CFwIFIL
;FY[GF ;\AW\ 4 lJHFTLI jIlÉT ;FY[G\] JT"G4 ;FD]lCS SFI"DF\ G[TFULZL4
;FDFlHS ZLT lZJFHF[G]\ A\WG4 ;ClXÙ64 ;\I]ÉT S]8]\A4 HFC[ZDF\ HTF\
;\SF[R4 ;F\:S'lTS SFI"ÊDDF\ EFU ,[JF[4 ÝJF; v 5I"8G4 VgIG[ DNN~5
YJ]\4 VgI ;FY[ ;CHTFYL D/J]\4 VgIFIGF Ý;\UF[V[ ZH]VFT SZJL4
;FDFlHS HJFANFZLG]\ JCG4 ;D]CDF\ ZC[J]\ H[JL AFATF[G[ ;DHFJJFDF\
VFJL CTLP
106
VG]S},G ;\XF[lWGL DF8[GF S], G[J]\ Ý`GF[ ;FZ6L #P#DF\ NXF"J[, K[P
;FZ6L #P#
VG]S },G ;\X F[l WGLGF
ÊD
lJUT
Ý`GFJl,GF Ý`GF[GL
;\bIF
!
SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G
Z_
Z
XFZLlZS VG]S},G
!$
#
DFGl;S VG]S},G
ZZ
$
XF/FSLI VG]S},G
!(
5
;FDFlHS VG]S},G
!&
S],
)_
VF Ý`GFJl,GL lJ`J;lGITF\S GÞL SZJF DF8[GL lJlJW ZLTF[ 5{SLGL
S;F[8L 5]GoS;F[8L lJ`J;lGITF 5âlT äFZF VG]S},G ;\XF[lWGLGF[ lJ`J;lGITF\S
GÞL SZJFDF\ VFjIF[ CTF[P ;F[ 5F+F[V[ ÝYD JBT D[/J[, ÝF%TF\S VG[ OZLYL
VG]S},G ;\XF[lWGL p5ZGF ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ 5lZA/ U]6FSFZ 5âlTYL ;C;A\WFS
XF[WJFDF\ VFjIF[ CTF[ H[GL lS\DT _P( CTL H[ _P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S CTLP
VG]S},G ;\XF[lWGLGL IYFY"TF Ý:YFl5T SZJFDF\ VFJL CTLP VF DF8[
S[PÒPN[;F. lGlD"T cVG]S},G ;\XF[WlGSFc ÝDF6E}T S;F[8L 5;\N SZJFDF\ VFJL
CTLP A\G[ S;F[8L äFZF ÝF%T ÝlTRFZF[G]\ U]6F\SG SZLP VG]S},G ÝF%TF\SF[ D[/JJFDF\
VFjIF CTFP VG]S},G ÝF%TF\S JrR[GF[ ;C;A\WFS 5lZA/ U]6FSZ 5âlTYL
XF[WJFDF\ VFjIF[ CTF[P VF ZLT[ lJØIJ:T] ÝDF6E}TGF V\SGL lS\DT _P_# CTL H[
_P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S CTL V[8,[ S[ VF S;F[8L H[ R,GF DF5G DF8[ AGFJJFDF\ VFJL
K[ T[H R,G]\ DF5G SZ[ K[P
VG]S},G ;\XF[lWGLDF\ G[J]\ Ý`GF[ CTFP VF G[J]\ Ý`GF[ lJnFYL"G]\ 5F\R ÝSFZG]\
VG]S},G DF5TF CTF4 H[DF\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G DF8[ JL;4 XFZLlZS VG]S},G DF8[
RF{N4 DFGl;S VG]S},G DF8[ AFJL;4 XF/SLI VG]S},G DF8[ V-FZ VG[ ;FDFlHS
VG]S},G DF8[GF ;F[/ Ý`GF[ CTFP VF 5F\R[I ÝSFZGF Ý`GF[G[ IFNŸlrKS 5âlTYL
107
VÊlDS ZLT[ D}SJFDF\ VFjIF CTFP VF ÝDF6[ lälA\N] ÊD DF5N\0GF[ p5IF[U SZJFDF\
VFjIF CTF[P lJnFYL"G[ ÝtI[S lJWFG 5Z VGgI ÝlTRFZ VF5JFGF[ CTF[P
S;F[8L 5Z ÝlTRFZ VF5JF DF8[ SF[. RF[Þ; ;DIDIF"NF VF5JFDF\ VFJL G
CTLP S;F[8L VF5GFZG[ ;}RGF VF5JF DF8[ TYF lJnFYL"VF[G[ S;F[8L 5Z ÝlTRFZ
VF5JF DF8[ ,UEU RF,L;YL l5:TF,L; lDlG8GF[ ;DI HF[.TF[ CTF[P
S;F[8LGF ÝYD 5FGF 5Z ÝlTRFZ VF5GFZ DF8[ DFU"NX"S ;}RGFVF[
VF5JFDF\ VFJL CTLP lJnFYL"GL jIlSUT DFlCTL DFUTL S,DF[ ÝYD 5FGF 5Z
D}SJFDF\ VFJL CTLP VeIF;G]\ D]bI :JT\+ R, DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[
T[DH 5lZJT"S R,F[4 HFTLITF4 z[6L S]8]\AGF[ ÝSFZ ;\AW\ L DFlCTL D[/JJFGL S,DF[
56 ;\XF[lWGLGF ÝYD 5FGF 5Z D}SJFDF\ VFJL CTLP ;\XF[lWGL S], RFZ 5FGFDF\
T{IFZ Y. CTLP 5FGF G\AZ A[ 5Z T[+L; Ý`GF[4 5FGF G\P +6 5Z A+L; Ý`GF[
VG[ 5FGF G\P RFZ 5Z 5rRL; Ý`GF[ D/L S], G[J]\ Ý`GF[GL S;F[8LGF[ GD}GF[
5lZlXQ8DF\ ZH} SZJFDF\ VFJ[, K[P
#P5P# l;lâÝ[Z6F DF5N\0
Ý:T]T VeIF;DF\ GD}GFGF 5F+F[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F DF5JF DF8[ lDGFÙL
E8GFUZ ZlRT l;lâÝ[Z6F S;F[8LGF lJWFGF[G]\ S[P5LP D[JFV[ SZ[, U]HZFTLSZ6
sl;lâÝ[Z6F DF5N\0fGF[ p5IF[U SZJFDF\ VFjIF[ CTF[P VF DF5N\0DF\ l;lâÝ[Z6FGF
lJlJW 5F;FVF[ V\U[ S], V-FZ 5F;FVF[GL HF[0 CTLP cVc VG[ cAc GF ÊDDF\ AaA[
lJWFGF[GF[ lJS<5 VF5[, H[DF\YL SF[.56 V[S lJWFG 5;\N SZJFG]\ CT]\P VF lJWFGF[
5{SL S], ;¿Z HF[0 sRF[+L;f lJWFGF[ CSFZFtDS VG[ V[S HF[0 sA[f lJWFGF[
GSFZFtDS CTFP
l;lâÝ[Z6F DF5N\0GF lJWFGF[ ;FD[ ÝlTRFZ VF5JF DF8[ SF[. RF[Þ; ;DI
DIF"NF VF5JFDF\ VFJL GYL 5Z\T] S;F[8L ;\RF,SG[ VwI[TFVF[G[ ;}RGF VF5JF VG[
ÝlTRFZ D[/JJF DF8[ ,UEU +L; lDlG8 H[8,F[ ;DI ,FuIF[ CTF[P
VwI[TFVF[V[ VF5[,F ÝlTRFZGF VFWFZ[ U]6F\SG SZJF DF8[ ÝtI[S ;FRF
ÝlTRFZ DF8[ V[S U]6 VF5JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VFD S], V-FZ lJWFGF[GL HF[0 5{SL S],
V-FZ U]6 D/JFGL XSITF CTLP
108
l;lâÝ[Z6F DF5N\0GL lJ`J;GLITF XF[WJF DF8[ VW"lJrK[NG 5âlTGF[
p5IF[U SZ[,P DF5N\0DF\ ,[JFI[, V-FZ S,DF[G[ A[ ;ZBF EFUDF\ JC[\RJFDF\ VFJL
CTLP V[8,[ S[ NZ[S EFUDF\ S], GJ S,D CTL4 H[ lJEFHG D}/ S;F[8L D]HA CT]\P
l;lâÝ[Z6F DF5N\0 EZGFZ S], 5F+F[DF\YL !__ 5F+F[G[ VFSl:DS ZLT[ 5;\N SIF"
CTFP VF 5F+F[GF A\G[ EFU 5ZGF ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF[ ;C;\AW\ :5LIZD[Gv
A|FpG;}+GL DNNYL XF[WJFDF\ VFjIF[ CTF[ H[ _P#Z CTF[P
VF ;C;\A\WF\S 5ZYL ~A[GGF ;}+GF[ p5IF[U SZL VFBL S;F[8LGF[
lJ`J;GLITF V\S XF[WJFDF\ VFjIF[P H[G]\ D}<I _P&Z VFjI]\P VFD4 VF S;F[8LGL
lJ`J;GLITF _P&Z K[P VF p5SZ6 VgI p5SZ6G]\ DF+ U]HZFTL ~5F\TZ H
CF[JFYL T[GL ÝDF6E}TTF XF[WJFG]\ H~ZL G H6FTF Ý:T]T p5SZ6GL ÝDF6E}TTF
XF[WJFDF\ VFJL GYLP ÝDFl6T YI[, D}/ l;lâÝ[Z6F ;\XF[lWGLGL ÝDF6E}TTF
ÝFYlDS XF/FGF AF/SF[ 5Z SZJFDF\ VFJL CTLP
#P5P$ X{1 Fl6S l;lâ DF5N\0
ZFHI ;ZSFZ äFZF lGIT YI[,F lJØIF[ VG[ JØ" NZdIFG ,[JFI[,
S;F[8LVF[GF VFWFZ[ lJnFYL"G]\ JØFÅT 5lZ6FD5+S T{IFZ YT]\ CF[I K[P XF/FGF
VFWFZE}T VG[ VUtIGF N:TFJ[HF[DF\ XF/F 5lZ6FD5+SGL U6TZL YFI K[P H[GF
VFWFZ[ 5F+F[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ GF[\WJFDF\ VFJL CTLP lJnFYL"V[ D[/J[, S], U]6GF
XTDFGGF[ p5IF[U SZJFDF\ VFjIF[ CTF[P
#P&
DFlCTLG]\ V[S+LSZ6 o
Ý:T]T ;\XF[WG ;J["Ù6 ÝSFZG]\ CT]\P VFYL VeIF; DF8[ H~ZL DFlCTL
D[/JJF 5F+F[GL ~A~ D],FSFT ,[JFDF\ VFJL CTLP ;%8[dAZvHFgI]VFZL Z__#DF\
DFlCTL V[S+ SZJFDF\ VFJL CTLP GD}GFDF\ 5;\N YI[, XF/FVF[GF VFRFI"zLVF[GF[
VUFpYL ;\5S" SZJFDF\ VFjIF[ CTF[P XF/FGF VFRFI"zLG[ ;\XF[WGGF C[T]VF[ TYF
S;F[8LVF[YL 5lZlRT SZJFDF\ VFjIF CTFP VG[ VF ;\XF[WGSFI"DF\ T[DGF[ ;CSFZ
DFUJFDF\ VFjIF[ CTF[P VG[ S;F[8LGF ;\RF,G DF8[GF[ ;DI lGl`R\T SZL ,[JFDF\
VFjIF[ CTF[P GÞL SZ[,F ;DI[ XF/FDF\ H. VFRFI"zL ;FY[ ;\5S" SZL IFNlrKS ZLT[
JU"GL 5;\NUL SZJFDF\ VFJL CTLP 5;\N YI[,F JU"DF\ H. GD}GFGF 5F+F[ 5;\N
109
SZTL JBT[ XF/FGF JU" lXÙS ;FY[ ZCIF CTFP T[D6[ JU"G] ZÒ:8Z 5F[TFGL ;FY[
ZFbI]\ CT]\P ;F{ ÝYD JU"DF\ JU" lXÙS[ ÝIF[HSGF[ 5lZRI SZFjIF[ CTF[P ;\XF[WG lJX[
YF[0L JFT SZL CTL VG[ ;CSFZ VF5JF H6FjI]\ CT]\P VFYL lJnFYL"VF[GF RC[ZF 5Z
;CSFZGF[ EFJ HF[JF D?IF[ CTF[P JU"DF\ H[ lJnFYL"VF[GF DFTFvl5TF GF[SZL SZTF\
CF[I T[JF lJnFYL"VF[G[ VF\U/L êRL SZJF H6FjI]\ CT]\P SIF SIF SFDG[ GF[SZLDF\
;DFJ[, K[4 T[G\] VCÄ :5Q8LSZ6 SZJFDF\ VFjI]\4 H[YL lJnFYL"VF[ :5Q8 Y. XSIF
CTFP H[ lJnFYL"VF[V[ VF\U/L êRL SZL CTL T[ lJnFYL"VF[GF ZÒ:8ZDF\ T[GF[
ÊDG\AZ XF[WJFDF\ VFjIF[ CTF[P VF ;\bIFG[ wIFGDF\ ZFBLG[ VFXZ[ T[8,L ;\bIF
D[/JJF DF8[ H[ T[ ÊDDF\ 5F\R pD[ZTF\ H[ ÊD VFjIF[ T[ lJnFYL"G[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFG TZLS[ GD}GFDF\ ;DFJJFDF\ VFjIF CTFP VF ZLT[ IFNlrKS ZLT[
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[ D[/JTL JBT[ HFTLITFG]\ 5}Z[5}Z]\ wIFG
ZFBJFDF\ VFjI]\ CT]\P V[8,[ S[ V[S JU"DF\YL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF H[8,F S]DFZF[
VG[ SgIFVF[ CFHZ CTF ,UEU T[8,F S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[G[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[DF\ IFNlrKS 5âlTYL 5;\N SZJFDF\ VFjIF CTFP GF[SZL
SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF 5;\N YI[,F ;\TFGF[G[ V[S BF,L JU"DF\
DF[S,L VF5JFDF\ VFjIF CTFP VF ZLT[ GD}GFDF\ 5;\N YI[, 5F+F[G[ V[S JU"DF\
A[;F0JFDF\ VFjIF VG[ T[DGL 5F;[YL H~ZL 5ZT\+ R, TYF :JT\+ R,F[GL DFlCTL
D[/JJFDF\ VFJL CTLP
#P&P! lR\T FT]ZTF V\U [ DFlCTLG]\ V[S l+SZ6
clR\TFT]ZTF DF5N\0c 5Z lJnFYL"VF[ 5F;[ ÝlTRFZ DFUJFDF\ VFjIF CTFP
X~VFTDF\ ÝYD 5FGF 5Z lJnFYL"GL jIlÉTUT DFlCTL DFUJFDF\ VFJL CTLP T[
EZFJJFDF\ VFJL CTLP S;F[8LDF\ ÝlTRFZ VF5JF V\U[GL ;FDFgI ;}RGFVF[ JF\RJF
DF8[ V[SYL A[ lDlG8 H[8,F[ ;DI VF5JFDF\ VFjIF[ CTF[P tIFZAFN lJnFYL"VF[G[
ÝlTRFZ VF5JFG]\ SC[JFDF\ VFjI]\ CT]\P lJnFYL"VF[ jIlÉTUT ZLT[ ;DH65}J"S
ÝlTRFZ VF5[ T[ V\U[ SF/Ò ,[JFDF\ VFJL CTLP S;F[8LGF 5RF; lJWFGF[ 5Z
ÝlTRFZ VF5TF lJnFYL"VF[G[ VFXZ[ JL;YL 5rRL; lDlG8 H[8,F[ ;DI ,FuIF[ CTF[P
110
AWF lJnFYL"VF[V[ S;F[8L 5}6" SIF" AFN4 lJnFYL"VF[GL DNNYL AWL S;F[8LVF[ V[S+
SZJFDF\ VFJL CTLP
#P&PZ VG]S },G V\U [GL DFlCTLG]\ V[S l+SZ6
;\XF[lWGLG]\ GD}GFDF\ 5;\N YI[,F 5F+0F[ 5Z ;\RF,G SZJFDF\ VFjI]\ CT]\P
VF DF8[ GD}GFDF\ 5;\N YI[,F lJnFYL"VF[GL XF/FDF\ V,FINF VF[Z0FDF\ A[9S
jIJ:YF SZJFDF\ VFJL CTLP X~VFTDF\ ;FDFgI JFTRLT SZL TYF DFlCTL V[S+
SZJFG]\ SFZ6 ;DHFJL lJnFYL"VF[ ;FY[ 5lZRI S[/JL4 ;FI]HI :YF5JFDF\ VFjI]\
CT]\P tIFZAFN ÝtI[SG[ VG]S},G ;\XF[lWGL VF5JFDF\ VFJL CTLP ;\XF[lWGLGF ÝYD
5FGF 5Z 5F+F[GL ;FDFgI DFlCTL DFUJFDF\ VFJL CTLP T[ lJUTF[ EZJFGL ;DH
VF5L TYF ÝtI[SG[ 5F[TFGL lJUT ,BJFG]\ SC[JFDF\ VFjI]\ CT]\P ;FDFgI DFlCTL
,BF. UIF AFN4 S;F[8LGF ÝlTRFZ VF5TF 5C[,F\4 VUtIGL ;}RGF JF\RL HJF A[
lDlG8 H[8,F[ ;DI VF5JFDF\ VFjIF[ CTF[P 5F[TFGL HFTGF ;\NE"DF\ ;\XF[lWGLDF\
ÝlTRFZ VF5JF AFAT[ ;DH VF5JFDF\ VFJL CTLP lJnFYL"VF[G[ S;F[8LGF ÝlTRFZ
VF5JFDF\ SF[. V:5Q8TF GYL4 T[GL BFTZL S;F[8L ;\RF,S[ SZL ,LWL CTLP tIFZAFN
ÝlTRFZ VF5JFG]\ SC[JFDF\ VFjI]\ CT]\P ÝtI[S lJnFYL" 5F[TFGL HFT[ jIJl:YT
ÝlTRFZ VF5[ T[GL TS[NFZL ZFBJFDF\ VFJL CTLP ;\5}6" lJUT EZ[,L ;\XF[lWGL
lJnFYL"VF[GL DNNYL V[S+ SZL 5ZT ,[JFDF\ VFJL CTLP lJnFYL"VF[V[ ;\XF[lWGL
5Z ÝlTRFZ VF5JFDF\ VFXZ[ 5F\+L;vRF,L; lDlG8 H[8,F[ ;DI ,LWF[ CTF[P
#P&P# l;lâÝ[Z6F V\U [ DFlCTLG]\ V[S l+SZ6
lJnFYL"GL l;lâÝ[Z6F HF6JF DF8[4 cl;lâÝ[Z6F DF5N\0c lJnFYL"VF[G[
VF5JFDF\ VFJ[,P cVG]S},G ;\XF[lWGLc 5ZT ,LWF 5KL ;/\U A[9S[ l;lâÝ[Z6F
DF5N\0 VF5JFDF\ VFJ[,P X~VFTDF\ S;F[8LGL ÝYD 5FGF 5Z DFUJFDF\ VFJ[,
lJUTF[ EZFJJFDF\ VFJL CTLP S;F[8L VF5GFZ DF8[GL ;}RGF JF\RJFGF[ ;DI
VF5JFDF\ VFjIF[ CTF[P ÝlTRFZ VF5JF AFAT[ lJnFYL"VF[DF\ SF[. V:5Q8TF GYL4
T[JL BFTZL SIF" 5KL lJnFYL"VF[G[ ÝlTRFZ VF5JFG]\ SC[JFDF\ VFJ[,P l;lâÝ[Z6F
DF5N\0G]\ ;DU| ;\RF,G VFXZ[ 5\NZ lDlG8DF\ YI]\ CT]\P
111
#P&P$ l;lâ V\U [GL DFlCTLG]\ V[S l+SZ6
;G[ Z__ZvZ__# X{Ùl6S JØ"G[ V\T[ DFR"vV[lÝ,vZ__#DF\ ,[JFI[,
5ZLÙFGF U]6 lJnFYL"GL l;lâ TZLS[ ,[JFDF\ VFJ[, CTFP DFlCTL ÝFl%T JBT[
lJnFYL" H[ z[6LDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ CTF4 T[GFYL GLR[GL z[6LGF JFlØ"S 5lZ6FDGF
XTDFGG[ lJnFYL"GF[ l;lâV\S U6JFDF\ VFjIF[ CTF[P
#P*
U] 6F\ S G ÝlJlW o
Ý:T]T VeIF;DF\ p5IF[UL DFlCTL p5SZ6F[ J0[ V[S+ SZJFDF\ VFJL CTLP
T[ 5{SL +6 p5SZ6DF\ D/[,F ÝlTRFZF[G]\ H[ T[ p5SZ6GF ;}RGF5+DF\ VF5[,
cU]6F\SG RFJLc J0[ U]6F\SG SZJFDF\ VFjI]\ CT]\P p5SZ6F[ J0[ D/[, DFlCTLG]\ :J~5
VF ÝDF6[ CT]\P
#P*P! lR\T FT]ZTF DF5N\0 5ZGF ÝlTRFZF[GL U]6F\S G ÝlJlW
l\R\TFT]ZTF DF5N\0 5Z D/[,F ÝlTRFZ DF8[ lälA\N]ÊD DF5N\0GF[ p5IF[U SZL
U]6F\SG SZJFDF\ VFjI]\ CT\]P lJW[IFtDS ÝlTRFZ DF8[ V[S U]6 VG[ lGØ[WFtDS
ÝlTRFZ DF8[ X}gI U]6 VF5JFDF\ VFjIF CTFP VF DF5N\0DF\ S], 5RF; lJWFGF[ DF8[
5RF; ÝF%TF\SF[ XSI CTFP
#P*PZ VG]S },G ;\X F[l WGL 5ZGF ÝlTRFZF[GL U]6F\S G ÝlJlW
VG]S},G ;\XF[lWGLDF\ lJW[IFtDS VG[ lGØ[WFtDS Ý`GGF[ ;DFJ[X YTF[
CTF[P S], lJW[IFtDS Ý`GF[GL ;\bIF VF[U6RF,L; CTLP VG[ lGØ[WFtDS Ý`GF[GL
;\bIF V[SFJG CTLP lJW[IFtDS Ý`GF[DF\ cCFc HJFA VF5GFZG[ V[S ÝF%TF\S VG[
cGFc HJFA VF5GFZG[ X}gI ÝF%TF\S VF5JFDF\ VFjIF[ CTF[P HIFZ[ lGØ[WFtDS
Ý`GF[DF\ cCFc HJFA VF5GFZG[ X}gI ÝF%TF\S VG[ cGFc HJFA VF5GFZG[ V[S
ÝF%TF\S VF5JFDF\ VFjIF[ CTF[P VG]S},G ;\XF[lWGL 5Z D/[,F ÝlTRFZ DF8[
lälA\N]ÊD DF5N\0GF[ p5IF[U SZL U]6F\SG SI]" CT]\P
#P*P# l;lâÝ[Z6F DF5N\0 5ZGF ÝlTRFZF[GL U]6F\S G ÝlJlW
Ý:T]T VeIF;DF\ l;lâÝ[Z6FGF[ VeIF; SZJFDF\ VFjIF[ CTF[P cTDFZF DF8[G]\
IF[uI ,FU[ K[ mc S;F[8L 5Z VwI[TFV[ VF5[, ÝlTRFZGF VFWFZ[ S;F[8LGL DFU"NlX"SF
TYF S;F[8LDF\ VF5[, SF[Q8SGL DNNYL ÝF%TF\S D[/JJFDF\ VFjIF CTFP ÝtI[S
112
lJW[IFtDS ÝlTRFZ DF8[ V[S U]6 VG[ lGØ[WFtDS ÝlTRFZ DF8[ X}gI U]6 VF5JFDF\
VFjIF CTFP VF S;F[8LDF\ S], V-FZ lJWFGF[GL HF[0 CTL H[DF\ ÝtI[S ;FRF pTZ DF8[
V[S U]6 D/L S], V-FZ U]6 D/JFGL XSITF CTLP
#P(
DFlCTL 5' YÞZ6GL V\ S XF:+LI ÝI] l STVF[ o
Ý:T]T VeIF;DF\ S], !Z& ptS<5GFVF[ RSF;JF DF8[ DFlCTLG]\ 5'YÞZ6
8LvU]6F[¿Z äFZF SZJFDF\ VFjI]\ CT]\P 8LvD}<I SF[d%I]8Z äFZF D[/jIF CTF\P
#P(P! 8LvU]6F[¿ Z
8LvS;F[8LV[ A[ H}YF[GL ;ZF;ZL JrR[GF[ TOFJT ;FY"S CF[JF DF8[ TOFJT
S[8,F[ CF[JF[ H~ZL K[ T[ GÞL SZJF DF8[ J5ZFI K[P ccA[ H}YF[GL ;ZF;ZLVF[ ;FY"S
ZLT[ H]NL GYL V[8,[ S[ AgG[GL ;ZF;ZLVF[ V[8,L ;DFG K[ S[ A\G[ H}YF[ ;DFG
jIF5lJ`JDF\YL 5;\N YIF K[Pcc VYF"TŸ Ho : H1 = H2 sHIF\ H1 VG[ H2 V[ A[
jIF5lJ`JGL SF<5lGS ;ZF;ZLVF[ K[f VF ptS<5GFG[ RSF;JF DF8[ 8LvS;F[8L
p5IF[UDF\ ,[JFDF\ VFJ[, CTLP 8LvS;F[8LGL 5}J" WFZ6FVF[ VF ÝDF6[ CTLP s!f
GD}GF[ VFSl:DS ZLT[ 5;\N YI[,F[ CF[JF[ HF[.V[ sZf V[S+ SZ[,L DFlCTL V\TZF,
DF5 5âlTDF\ ZH} YI[, CF[JL HF[.V[ VG[ s#f DF5 C[9/ R, ,Ù6 jIF5lJ`JDF\
;DWFlZT ZLT[ lJ:TZ[,]\ CF[J]\ HF[.V[P
HIF\ 8LvG]\ D}<I !P)& S[ T[YL JW] VFjI]\ tIF\ X}gI ptS<5GFVF[GF[ V:JLSFZ
SZJFDF\ VFjIF[ CTF[P V[8,[ S[ X}gI ptS<5GF Ho : H1 = H2 K[ T[GF[ :JLSFZ SZJFDF\
VFJTF[ GYLP V[8,[ S[ H1 = H1 ≠ H2 V[8,[ A\G[ H}YF[GL ;ZF;ZLDF\ N[BFTF[ TOFJT
VFSl:DS TSF[YL 5Z K[P T[D :JLSFZFI]\ CT]\P HIF\ 8LvG]\ D}<I !P)& YL VF[K]\ VFjI]\
CT]\ tIF\ X}gI ptS<5GFGF[ V:JLSFZ YTF[ GYL T[D :JLSFI]" CT]\P
D]bI :JT\+ R, DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ VG[ 5lZJT"S R,F[GL
SÙF VG];FZ 5F0[,F H}YF[4 5ZT\+ R,F[ VG]S},G4 l;lâÝ[Z6F4 lR\TFT]ZTF VG[
X{Ùl6S l;lâGL AFATDF\ ;FY"S ZLT[ H]NF 50[ K[ S[ S[D m T[ 8L U]6F[¿Z J0[
RSF;JFDF\ VFjIF CTFP ÝtI[S 5ZT\+ R, 5Z :JT\+ R,GL V;Z GF ;\NE"DF\ !Z&
ptS<5GFVF[ 8LvU]6F[¿Z J0[ RSF;JFDF\ VFJL CTLP VG]S},GG[ H]NF H]NF K
lJEFUF[DF\ :JT\+ ZLT[ DF5[, CF[JFYL ÝtI[S lJEFUG[ V[S H]NF R, TZLS[ U6TZLDF\
113
,[JFDF\ VFJ[, CTF[P VFYL VG]S},GGL S], ($ ptS<5GFVF[ RSF;JFDF\ VFJL CTLP
VF ZLT[ RFZ 5ZT\+ R,F[ DF8[ S], !Z& ptS<5GFVF[ RSF;JF DF8[ 8LvU]6F[¿Z J0[
DFlCTLG]\ 5'YÞZ6 SZJFDF\ VFjI]\ CT]\P
•
D]bI :JT\+ R, DFTFvl5TFGF jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF VG];FZ A[ H}YF[
5F0JFDF\ VFjIF CTFP
s!f GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
sZf GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
•
HFTLITF VG];FZ A[ H}YF[ 5F0JFDF\ VFjIF CTFP
s!f S]DFZ
sZf SgIF
•
z[6L VG];FZ +6 H}YF[ 5F0JFDF\ VFjIF CTFP
s!f z[6L 5F\R
sZf z[6L K
s#f z[6L ;FT
•
S]8]\AGF ÝSFZ VG];FZ A[ H}YF[ 5F0JFDF\ VFjIF CTF\P
s!f ;\IÉ] T S]8\]A
sZf lJEÉT S]8]\A
114
ÝSZ6 v $
ÝF%T DFlCTLG]\ 5'YÞZ6 VG[ VY"3 8G
$P!
$PZ
Ý:TFJGF
lR\T FT]ZTF V\U [ ÝF%T DFlCTLG]\ 5'YÞZ6 VG[ VY"38G
!P lR\TFT]ZTF VG[ DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[
ZP lR\T FT]ZTF VG[ HFTLITF
#P lR\T FT]ZTF VG[ z[6L
$P lR\TFT]ZTF VG[ S]8 ]\AGF[ ÝSFZ
$P#
VG]S },G V\U [ ÝF%T DFlCTLG]\ 5'YÞZ6 VG[ VY"38G
$P#P! SF{8 ]\l AS VG]S },G V\U [ ÝF%TF\S F[G]\ 5'YÞZ6 VG[ VY"38G
!P SF{8 ]\l AS VG]S },G VG[ DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[
ZP SF{8 ]\l AS VG]S },G VG[ HFTLITF
#P SF{8 ]\l AS VG]S },G VG[ z[6L
$P SF{8 ]\l AS VG]S },G VG[ S]]8 ]\AGF[ ÝSFZ
$P#PZ XFZLlZS VG]S },G V\U [ ÝF%TF\S F[G]\ 5'YÞZ6 VG[ VY"38G
!P XFZLlZS VG]S },G VG[ DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[
ZP XFZLlZS VG]S },G VG[ HFTLITF
#P XFZLlZS VG]S },G VG[ z[6L
$P XFZLlZS VG]S },G VG[ S]8 \]AGF[ ÝSFZ
$P#P# DFGl;S VG]S },G V\U [ ÝF%TF\S F[G]\ 5'YÞZ6 VG[ VY"38G
!P DFGl;S VG]S },G VG[ DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[
ZP DFGl;S VG]S },G VG[ HFTLITF
#P DFGl;S VG]S },G VG[ z[6L
$P DFGl;S VG]S },G VG[ S]8 ]\AGF[ ÝSFZ
115
$P#P$ XF/FSLI VG]S },G V\U [ ÝF%TF\S F[G]\ 5'YÞZ6 VG[ VY"38G
!P XF/FSLI VG]S },G VG[ DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[
ZP XF/FSLI VG]S },G VG[ HFTLITF
#P XF/FSLI VG]S },G VG[ z[6L
$P XF/FSLI VG]S },G VG[ S]8 ]\AGF[ ÝSFZ
$P#P5 ;FDFlHS VG]S },G V\U [ ÝF%TF\S F[G]\ 5'YÞZ6 VG[ VY"38GP
!P ;FDFlHS VG]S },G VG[ DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[
ZP ;FDFlHS VG]S },G VG[ HFTLITF
#P ;FDFlHS VG]S },G VG[ z[6L
$P ;FDFlHS VG]S },G VG[ S]8 ]\AGF[ ÝSFZ
$P#P& ;DU| VG]S },G V\U [ ÝF%TF\S F[G]\ 5'YÞZ6 VG[ VY"38G
!P ;DU| VG]S },G VG[ DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[
ZP ;DU| VG]S },G VG[ HFTLITF
#P ;DU| VG]S },G VG[ z[6L
$P ;DU| VG]S },G VG[ S]8 ]\AGF[ ÝSFZ
$P$
l;lâÝ[Z6F V\U [ ÝF%T DFlCTLG]\ 5'YÞZ6 VG[ VY"38GP
!P l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[
ZP l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ HFTLITF
#P l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ z[6L
$P l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ S]8 ]\AGF[ ÝSFZ
$P5
X{Ùl6S l;lâ V\U [ ÝF%T DFlCTLG]\ 5'YÞZ6 VG[ VG]S },G
!P X{Ùl6S l;lâ VG[ DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[
ZP X{Ùl6S l;lâ VG[ HFTLITF
#P X{Ùl6S l;lâ VG[ z[6L
$P X{Ùl6S l;lâ VG[ S]8 ]\AGF[ ÝSFZP
116
ÝSZ6 v $
ÝF%T DFlCTLG]\ 5'YÞZ6 VG[ VY"3 8G
$P! Ý:TFJGF
Ý:T]T ÝSZ6DF\ lR\TFT]ZTF4 VG]S},G sSF{8]\lAS4 XFZLlZS4 DFGl;S4
XF/FSLI4 ;FDFlHS VG[ ;DU|f4 l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ÝF%TF\SF[G]\
5'YÞZ6 VG[ VY"38G ÊDXo ZH} SZJFDF\ VFjIF\ K[P 5ZT\+ R,F[ 5Z D]bI :JT\+
R, DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ VG[ 5lZJT"S R,F[ o !P HFTLITF ZP z[6L
VG[ #P S]8]\AGF ÝSFZGL V;Z T5F;JF DF8[ ZRJFDF\ VFJ[,L !Z& X}gI
ptS<5GFVF[ RSF;JFDF\ VFJL CTLP
VF 5'YÞZ6 DF8[ D]bI :JT\+ R, VG[ +6 5lZJT"S R,F[GL SÙFVF[
VG];FZ GD}GFDF\ 5F+F[GF\ H}YF[ 5F0JFDF\ VFJ[,FP H}YF[GL ZRGF VF ÝDF6[ SZJFDF\
VFJ[,LP
SP DFTFvl5TFGF jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF VG];FZ H]YF[P DFTFvl5TFGF jIFJ;FlIS
NZßHF VG];FZ ;DU| GD}GFGF\ 5F+F[GF\ A[ H}YF[ ZRJFDF\ VFjIF\P
!P GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[
ZP GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[
BP HFTLITF VG];FZ H}YF[ o HFTLITF VG];FZ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF RFZ H}YF[ ZRJFDF\ VFjIF CTFP
!P GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[P
ZP GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[P
#P GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[P
$P GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[P
UP z[6L VG];FZ H}YF[ o DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ VG[ ;\TFGF[GF
VeIF;GL z[6LG[ VFWFZ[ lJnFYL"VF[G[ K H}YDF\ JC[\RJFDF\ VFjIFP
!P GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[P
117
ZP GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[P
#P GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[P
$P GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[P
5P GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[P
&P GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[P
3P S]8]\AGF ÝSFZ VG];FZ H}YF[ o DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ VG[ S]8]\AGF
ÝSFZGF VFWFZ[ lJnFYL"VF[G[ RFZ H}YDF\ JC[\RJFDF\ VFjIFP
!P ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCLG[ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[P
ZP ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCLG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[P
#P lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCLG[ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[P
$P lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCLG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[P
VF ÝDF6[ ÝtI[S UF{6 :JT\+ R, TYF 5lZJT"S R, VG];FZ RF{N H}YF[
5F0JFDF\ VFjIF CTFP ÝtI[S 5ZT\+ R,G[ wIFGDF\ ZFBL A[ H}YF[G[ ;ZBFJJFDF\
VFjIF CTF\P ;ZBFJ[,F H}YF[ VF ÝDF6[ CTFP
!P GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[P
ZP GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
S]DFZF[P
#P GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL
SgIFVF[P
$P GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[P
5P GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[P
&P GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RGF lJnFYL"VF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RGF lJnFYL"VF[P
*P GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L K GF lJnFYL"VF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L K GF lJnFYL"VF[P
118
(P
GF[SZL SZTF DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTGF lJnFYL"VF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTGF lJnFYL"VF[P
)P
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF lJlJW z[6LDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[P
!_P GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF lJlJW z[6LDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[P
!!P ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCLG[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[P
!ZP lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCLG[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[P
!#P ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCLG[ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[ VG[ lJEÉT
S]8]\ADF\ ZCLG[ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[P
!$P ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCLG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[ VG[ lJEÉT
S]8]\ADF\ ZCLG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[P
VF ÝDF6[ ÝtI[S A[ H}YF[G[ lJlJW 5ZT\+ R,F[GF VFWFZ[ ;ZBFJJF DF8[ H[ T[
5ZT\+ R,GF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL TYF ÝDF6 lJR,GGL U6TZL SZL 8LvD}<I
XF[WJFDF\ VFjI\] CT]\P
Ý:T]T ;\XF[WGGF 5ZT\+ R,F[4 lR\TFT]ZTF4 VG]S},G4 l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[
X{Ùl6S l;lâG[ VG],ÙLG[ 5'YÞZ6 ÊDX o ZH} SZJFDF\ VFjI]\ K[P
$PZ lR\TFT]ZTF V\U[ ÝF%T DFlCTLG]\ 5'YÞZ6 VG[ VY"38G
Ý:T]T VeIF;DF\ lR\TFT]ZTFG[ V[S 5ZT\+ R, TZLS ,[JFDF\ VFJ[,P GF[SZL
SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF HF6JF DF8[
S[PÒPN[;F. lGlD"T clR\TFT]ZTF DF5N\0c 5F+F[G[ VF5JFDF\ VFJ[,P clR\TFT]ZTF
DF5N\0cDF\ 5RF; lJWFGF[ CTFP VF lJWFGF[ lälA\N]ÊD DF5G äFZF 5F+F[V[ VF5[,
ÝlTRFZGF VFWFZ[ U]6F\SG RFJLGL DNNYL 5F+F[GF l\R\TFT]ZTF ÝF%TF\S D[/JJFDF\
VFjIFP
lR\TFT]ZTF 5Z D]bI :JT\+ R,4 DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ VG[
5lZJT"S R,F[ s!f HFTLITF sZf z[6L VG[ s#f S]8]\AGF[ ÝSFZGL V;Z T5F;JF
119
ZR[,L ptS<5GFVF[ RSF;JF 5'YÞZ6 SZJFDF\ VFJ[,P VF 5'YÞZ6 DF8[ D]bI
:JT\+ R, VG[ +6 5lZJT"S R,F[GL SÙFVF[ VG];FZ GD}GFGF\ 5F+F[GF\ H}YF[
5F0JFDF\ VFJ[,F\P VF ÝDF6[ lR\TFT]ZTF 5Z :JT\+ R, VYJF 5lZJT"S R,GL
V;ZGF ;\NE"DF\ RF{N X}gI ptS<5GFVF[ ZRJFDF\ VFJL CTLP H[DF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHFGF ;\NE"DF\ V[S4 ;\TFGF[GL HFTLITFGF ;\NE"DF\ RFZ4 ;\TFGF[GL
VeIF; z[6LGF\ ;\NE"DF\ 5F\R TYF S]8]\AGF ÝSFZGF ;\NE"DF\ RFZ ptS<5GFVF[ ZRL
CTLP ÝF%T DFlCTLGF VFWFZ[ lR\TFT]ZTF ;\A\lWT RF{N X}gI ptS<5GFVF[ RSF;JFDF\
VFJLP
ÝtI[S :JT\+ R,GL SÙFDF\ 5F+F[GL ;\bIF4 ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4 ÝDF6
lJR,G TYF 8LvU]6F[¿Z D[/JJFDF\ VFjIF[P 8L U]6F[¿ZGL DNNYL lR\TFT]ZTFGF
;ZF;ZL V\SF[GF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF RSF;JFDF\ VFJLP
!P
lR\T FT]ZTF VG[ DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF $$! ;\TFGF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
#(* ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF D[/JJFDF\ VFJLP ;FZ6L $P!DF\ DFTFvl5TFGF[
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4 ;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF4 lR\TFT]ZTFGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4 ÝDF6
lJR,G TYF ÝtI[S A[ ;ZF;ZL JrR[GF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF T5F;JF DF8[GF[
8LvU]6F[¿Z NXF"J[, K[P
;FZ6L $P!
GF[S ZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[S ZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GL
lR\T FT]ZTFGF ÝF%TF\S F[GL ;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"S TF
DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ ;\bIF ;ZF;ZL ÝDF6 lJR,G 8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
5.97
441 28.72
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
1.09
28.28
5.47
387
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
;FZ6L $P!G]\ VJ,F[SG NXF"J[ K[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P_) CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI
120
ptS<5GFv! ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ÝFYlDS
XF/FGF ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP VYF"TŸ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF ,UEU ;DFG CTLP
ZP
lR\TFT]ZTF VG[ HFTLITF
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ sZ!5f VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ sZ!ZfG]\ T[DH GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ sZZ&f
VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ s!*5f GL lR\TFT]ZTF DF5JFDF\ VFJLP
;FZ6L $PZDF\ ;\TFGF[GL HFTLITF4 DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4 ;\TFGF[GL
;\bIF4 lR\TFT]ZTFGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4 ÝDF6 lJR,G TYF ÝtI[S A[ ;ZF;ZL
JrR[GF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF RSF;JF DF8[GF 8LvU]6F[¿Z ZH} SZ[, K[P
;FZ6L $PZ
GF[S ZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[S ZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GL
lR\T FT]ZTFGF ÝF%TF\S F[GL ;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"S TF
HFTLITF
DFTFvl5TFGF[
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[
;\bIF ;ZF;ZL
S]DFZ
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
215 29.05
SgIF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF 212 29.18
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF 226 28.40
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF 175 27.19
S]DFZ q
SgIF
8LvU]6 F[¿Z
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
!P!$
ÝDF6
lJR,G
5.61
5.41
6.28
5.36
8LvU]6 F[¿Z
0.24
2.04*
8LvU]6 F[¿Z
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
#P&!**
*_P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S¸ **_P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S
121
;FZ6L $PZ 5ZYL :5Q8 YFI K[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG\] D}<I _PZ$ CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI
ptS<5GFvZ ccGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]D FZF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF[ TOFJT
;FY"S GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ G YIF[P V[8,[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF ,UEU ;DFG CTLP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I ZP_$ CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[
;FY"S CT]P\ VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv# ccGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[
VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;Z[ZFX
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ VYF"TŸ GF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ SZTF
VY";}RS ZLT[ êRL CTLP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;ZF;ZL
ÝF%TF\SF[GF TOFJTGF 8L U]6F[¿ZG\] D}<I !P!$ CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P
VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv$ ccGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GL
lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[
GCÄP VYF"TŸ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF ,UEU
;DFG CTLP
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;ZF;ZL
ÝF%TF\SF[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I #P&! CTLP H[ _P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P
VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv5 ccGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GL
lR\TFT]ZTF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[P
V[8,[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ SZTF GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
S]DFZF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF ;FY"S ZLT[ êRL HF[JF D/L CTLP
VFD GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF
;DFG CTLP GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF
122
;DFG G CTLP VFYL SCL XSFI S[ lJnFYL"VF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF VG[ DFTFvl5TFGF
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF JrR[GF ;\A\W 5Z 5lZJT"S R, cHFTLITFc GL V;Z CTLP
#P
lR\T FT]ZTF VG[ z[6L
DFTFvl5TFGL jIFJ;FlIS NZßHFGF AgG[ :TZ[ z[6L 5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ VG]ÊD[ !Z( VG[ (54 !## VG[ !##4 !(_ VG[ !&)
lJnFYL"VF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF DF5JFDF\ VFJLP ;FZ6L $P#DF\ ;\TFGF[GF VeIF;GL
z[6L4 DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4 ;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF4 lR\TFT]ZTFGF
ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4 ÝDF6 lJR,G TYF ÝtI[S A[ ;ZF;ZL JrR[GF TOFJTGL
;FY"STF RSF;JF DF8[GF 8LvU]6F[¿Z NXF"J,
[ K[P
;FZ6L $P#
GF[S ZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[S ZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6LDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\T FGF[GL lR\T FT]ZTFGF ÝF%TF\S F[GL ;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"S TF
z[6 L
DFTFvl5TFGF[
;\bIF ;ZF;ZL ÝDF6 8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[
lJR,G
5.43
0.08
5F\R
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF 128 27.77
5.44
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF 85 27.82
0.27
5.40
K
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF 133 27.67
5.41
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF 133 27.85
6.44
2.05*
;FT
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF 180 30.17
5.51
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF 167 28.84
8LvU]6 F[¿Z
8LvU]6 F[¿Z
sGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf
sGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf
0.14
0.03
z[6Lv5q&
3.43**
1.40
z[6L 5q*
3.62**
1.57
z[6L &q*
*_P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S¸ **_P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S
;FZ6L $P#DF\ HF[. XSFI K[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[
123
JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P_( CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G U6FIP
VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv& ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
z[6 L 5F\R DF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ G YIF[P V[8,[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF ,UEU
;DFG CTLP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I
_PZ* CT]P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv* ccGF[SZL SZTF\
VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6 L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF ;\TFGF[GL
lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ
YIF[ GCÄP VYF"TŸ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF ,UEU ;DFG CTLP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I ZP_5 CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P VFYL X}gI
ptS<5GFv( ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6 L ;FTDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT
GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[P V[8,[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF SZTF VY";}RS ZLT[ êRL CTLP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lJlEgG z[6Ls5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTf GF
VFWFZ[ 5F0[,F +6 H}YF[ 5{SL AaA[ H}YF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF
TOFJTGF D/[,F +6 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P!$4 #P$# VG[ #P&Z 5{SL A[ 8LvU]6F[¿Z
_P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S CTFP GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\R VG[ ;FTDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ T[DH z[6L K VG[ ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I VG]ÊD[ #P$# VG[ #P&Z
124
CT]\ H[ _P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv) ccGF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6 L s5F\R 4 K VG[ ;FTfDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[
V:JLSFZ YIF[P VYF"TŸ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\R VG[ KDF\ VeI F;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[ SZTF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF ;FY"S ZLT[ êRL
CTLP
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[
;FTfGF VFWFZ[ 5F0[,F +6 H}YF[ 5{SL AaA[ H}YF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[
JrR[GF TOFJTGF D/[,F +6 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P_#4 !P$_ VG[ !P5* 5{SL V[S 56
8LvU]6F[¿Z _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CTF[P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv!_ ccGF[SZL G
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6 L s5F\R 4 K VG[ ;FTfDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[
V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP V[8,[ S[ lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTfDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF ,UEU ;DFG CTLP
VFD GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF ,UEU ;DFG CTLP GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF ,UEU ;DFG
CTLP HIFZ[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF ,UEU ;DFG G CTLP V[8,[ S[4 DFTFvl5TFGF[
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ VG[ lR\TFT]ZTF JrR[GF ;\AW\ 5Z 5lZJT"S R, cz[6Lc GL V;Z
CTLP
$P
lR\T FT]ZTF VG[ S]8 ]\AGF[ ÝSFZ
;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF T[DH
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL
lR\TFT]ZTF DF5JFDF\ VFJLP ;FZ6L $P$DF\ S]8]\AGF[ ÝSFZ4 DFTFvl5TFGF[
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4 ;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF4 lR\TFT]ZTFGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;Z;ZL4 ÝDF6
125
lJR,G TYF ÝtI[S A[ ;ZF;ZL JrR[GF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF RSF;JF DF8[GF
8LvU]6F[¿Z NXF"J[, K[P
;FZ6L v $P$
;\I]É VG[ lJEÉ S]8 ]\ADF\ ZCL GF[S ZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[S ZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\T FGF[GL lR\T FT]ZTFGF ÝF%TF\S F[GL
;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"S TF
S]8 ]\AGF[
ÝSFZ
;\I]ÉT
lJEÉT
DFTFvl5TFGF[
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
;\bIF ;ZF;ZL
150 29.20
164 28.62
291 28.47
223 28.03
ÝDF6 8LvU]6 F[¿Z
lJR,G
6.35
0.83
5.97
5.76
0.91
5.07
8LvU]6 F[¿Z
8LvU]6 F[¿Z
sGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf sGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf
1.22
1.05
;\I]ÉT q lJEÉT
;FZ6L $P$ VG];FZ ;\I]ÉT S]8\]ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF
TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P(# CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL
X}g I ptS<5GFv!! cc;\I]ÉT S]8\]ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT
GCÄ CF[I ccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP VYF"TŸ ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF ,UEU
;DFG CTLP
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I
_P)! CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv!Z cclJEÉT
126
S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[ SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL
lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\S JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[Icc GF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[
GCÄP VYF"TŸ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF ,UEU ;DFG CTLP
;\I]ÉT T[DH lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL
lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !PZZ CT]\ H[
_P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv!# cc;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT
S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;ZF;ZL
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄ VYF"TŸ ;\I]ÉT VG[
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF ,UEU
;DFG CTLP
;\I]ÉT T[DH lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL
lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF\%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P_5 CT]\ H[
_P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv!$ cc;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT
S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;ZF;ZL
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCLP VYF"TŸ ;\I]ÉT
VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF
,UEU ;DFG CTLP
VFD ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF ,UEU ;DFG CTLP lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL4 GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF ,UEU ;DFG CTLP V[8,[ S[
DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ VG[ lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;\AW\ 5Z 5lZJT"SR, cS]8]\AGF[
ÝSFZc GL V;Z G CTLP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL
lR\TFT]ZTFDF\ ;FY"S TOFJT HF[JF D?IF[ G CTF[P ÝIF[HSG]\ DFGJ]\ K[ S[4 DFTFvl5TF
127
GF[SZL SZTF\ CF[JFG[ SFZ6[ S[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ CF[JFG[ SFZ6[ ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFDF\ OZS
50TF[ GCÄ CF[IP VF SFZ6YL H VFJ]\ 5lZ6FD ÝF%T YI]\ CX[P
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF ,UEU ;DFG CTL ßIFZ[ GF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ SZTF
JW] CTLP ÝIF[HSGF DTFG];FZ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[V[ SF{8]\lAS4
;FDFlHS TYF VgI HJFANFZLVF[ lJX[Ø lGEFJJFGL ZC[TL CX[P VFYL T[DGL
lR\TFT]ZTF JWFZ[ HF[JF D/LP GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GL
lR\TFT]ZTF ,UEU ;DFG HF[JF D/L CTL ßIFZ[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
S]DFZF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[ SZTF JWFZ[ HF[JF
D/LP ÝIF[HSG]\ DFGJ]\ K[ S[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ ElJQIGL
SFZlS"NLGL AFATDF\ JWFZ[ lR\lTT CX[P
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L 5F\R
VG[ KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFDF\ ;FY"S TOFJT HF[JF D/[, GYLP
5Z\T] z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[ SZTF GF[SZL
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[DF\ JWFZ[ lR\TFT]ZTF HF[JF D/LP ÝIF[HSG]\ DFGJ]\ K[ S[
DFTFvl5TFGL GF[SZLGF SFZ6[ z[6L ;FTGF lJnFYL"VF[V[ JWFZ[ HJFANFZL VNF
SZJL 50TL CX[P VF HJFANFZLG[ SFZ6[ z[6L ;FTGL 5ZLÙFGF DFwIlDS lXÙ6GF
VFWFZ~5 5lZ6FD p5Z DF9L V;Z YX[ V[J\] lJRFZJFYL VF lJnFYL"VF[ JWFZ[
lR\lTT CX[P H[YL VFJF 5lZ6FDF[ D?IF CX[P
;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFDF\ ;FY"S TOFJT G CTF[P T[JL H ZLT[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFDF\ ;FY"S
TOFJT G CTF[P T[DH DFTFvl5TF GF[SZL SZTF\ CF[I S[ G SZTF CF[I4 ;\I]ÉT VG[
lJEÉT S]8]\AGF AF/SF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFDF\ ;FY"S TOFJT G CTF[P ÝIF[HSG]\ DFGJ]\ K[ S[
128
;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8\]ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF ;DFG CX[P H[G[ SFZ6[ VFJF 5lZ6FDF[ D?IF CX[P
$P# VG]S,
} G V\U[ ÝF%T DFlCTLG]\ 5'YÞZ6 VG[ VY"38G
Ý:T]T VeIF;DF\ VG]S},GG[ V[S 5ZT\+ R, TZLS[ ,[JFDF\ VFJ[,P GF[SZL
SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ VG]S},G HF6JF DF8[ cVG]S},G
;\XF[lWGLc GL ZRGF SZJFDF\ VFJLP VG]S},G ;\XF[lWGLDF\ 5F\R lJEFUGF[ ;DFJ[X
SZJFDF\ VFjIF[ CTF[P
!P
SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G
ZP
XFZLlZS VG]S},G
#P
DFGl;S VG]S},G
$P
XF/FSLI VG]S},G
5P ;FDFlHS VG]S},G
VF ZLT[ 5F\R lJEFU p5ZF\T ;DU| VG]S},G V[D K lJEFUDF\ ÝF%TF\SF[G[
lJEFUJFDF\ VFjIFP VG]S},GGF VF K ÝF%TF\SF[ 5{SL ÝtI[S ÝSFZGF VG]S},G 5Z
D]bI :JT\+ R, DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ VG[ 5lZJT"S R,F[ s!f
HFTLITF sZf z[6L VG[ s#f S]8]\AGF[ ÝSFZGL V;Z T5F;JF DF8[ ZRFI[,L
ptS<5GFVF[ RSF;JF 5'YÞZ6 SZJFDF\ VFJ[,P VF 5'YÞZ6 DF8[ D]bI :JT\+ R,
VG[ +6 5lZJT"S R,F[GL SÙFVF[ VG];FZ GD}GFGF 5F+F[GF H}YF[ 5F0JFDF\ VFJ[,F\P
VF ÝDF6[ ÝtI[S VG]S},GGF :JT\+ R, VG[ 5lZJT"S R, VG];FZ 5F0[,F\ H}YF[
JrR[ 5ZT\+ R, VG]S},GGL AFATDF\ TOFJTGL ;FY"STF 8LvS;F[8L J0[ RSF;JFDF\
VFJL CTLP
V+[ ÝF%T YI[, VG]S},GGF\ lJlJW lJEFUF[GF ÝF%TF\SF[DF\ TOFJTGL
;FY"STF V\U[ 5'YÞZ6 VG[ VY"38G VG]ÊD[ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G4 XFZLlZS
VG]S},G4 DFGl;S VG]S},G4 XF/FSLI VG]S},G4 ;FDFlHS VG]S},G VG[ ;DU|
VG]S},G V[ ÊDDF\ ZH} SZ[, K[P
129
$P#P! SF{8 ]\l AS VG]S },G V\U [ ÝF%TF\S F[G]\ 5'YÞZ6 VG[ VY"38G
SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G V[ Ý:T]T VeIF;GF 5ZT\+R, VG]S},GGF K lJEFUF[
5{SLG]\ V[S K[P cVG]S},G ;\XF[lWGLcDF\ G[J]\ Ý`GF[ CTFP H[ 5{SL SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GG]\
DF5G SZTF JL; Ý`GF[ 5Z 5F+F[V[ VF5[, ÝlTRFZ 5ZYL SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G
U]6F\SG RFJLGL DNNYL 5F+F[GF SF{\8]lAS VG]S},G ÝF%TF\S D[/jIFP ;\XF[WS[
;\XF[lWGLGF VFWFZ[ D/[, SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G ;\A\lWT RF{N X}gI ptS<5GFVF[GL
ZRGF SZL CTLP H[DF\ DFTFvl5TFGF jIFJ;FlIS NZßHFGF ;\NE"DF\ V[S4
HFTLITFGF ;\NE"DF\ RFZ4 ;\TFGF[GL VeIF;GL z[6LGF ;\NE"DF\ 5F\R TYF S]8]\AGF
ÝSFZGF ;\NE"DF\ RFZ ptS<5GFVF[ ZRL CTLP ÝF%T DFlCTLGF VFWFZ[ SF{8]\lAS
VG]S},G ;\Al\ WT RF{N X}gI ptS<5GFVF[ RSF;JFDF\ VFJLP
ÝtI[S :JT\+ R,GL SÙFDF\ 5F+F[GL ;\bIF4 ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4 ÝDF6
lJR,G TYF 8LvU]6F[¿Z D[/JJFDF\ VFjIFP 8LvU]6F[¿ZGL DNNYL SF{8]\lAS
VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX V\SF[GF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF RSF;JFDF\ VFJLP
!P SF{8 ]\l AS VG]S },G VG[ DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF $$! ;\TFGF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
#(* ;\TFGF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G DF5JFDF\ VFjI]\P ;FZ6L $P5DF\ DFTFvl5TFGF[
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4 ;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF4 SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4
ÝDF6 lJR,G TYF ÝtI[S A[ ;ZF;ZL JrR[GF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF RSF;JF DF8[GF[
8LvU]6F[¿Z NXF"J[, K[P
;FZ6L v $P5
GF[S ZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[S ZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\T FGF[GF
SF{8 ]\l AS VG]S },GGF ÝF%TF\S F[GL ;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"S TF
DFTFvl5TFGF[ NZßHF[
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
;\bIF ;ZF;ZL ÝDF6 lJR,G 8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
441 12.95
2.62
0.61
387 13.06
2.53
;FZ6L $P5 G\] VJ,F[SG NXF"J[ K[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF\%TFSF[ JrR[GF
130
TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P&! CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL
X}g I ptS<5GFv!5 ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
ÝFYlDS XF/FGF ;\TFGF[GF SF{8 ]\lAS VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄ VYF"TŸ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
ZP
SF{8 ]\l AS VG]S },G VG[ HFTLITF
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ sZ!5f VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ sZ!ZfG]\ T[DH GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ sZZ&f
VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ s!*5fG]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G DF5JFDF\
VFjI]\P ;FZ6L $P&DF\ ;\TFGF[GL HFTLITF4 DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4
;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF4 SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4 ÝDF6 lJR,G TYF
ÝtI[S A[ ;ZF;ZL JrR[GF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF RSF;JF DF8[GF 8LvU]6F[¿Z ZH} SZ[,
K[P
;FZ6L v $P&
GF[S ZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[S ZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[
SgIFVF[GF SF{8 ]\l AS VG]S },GGF ÝF%TF\S F[GL ;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"S TF
HFTLITF
DFTFvl5TFGF[
;\bIF ;ZF;ZL ÝDF6 8LvU]6 F[¿Z
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[
lJR,G
0.66
S]DFZ
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF 215 13.50 2.39
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF 212 13.33 2.54
1.11
SgIF
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF 226 12.44 2.73
GF[SZL GF SZTF DFTFvl5TF 175 12.73 2.47
8LvU]6F[¿Z
8LvU]6F[¿Z
sGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf
sGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf
S]DFZqSgIF
$P#Z**
ZP#**
*_P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S¸ **_P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S
131
;FZ6L $P& 5ZYL :5Q8 YFI K[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[GF SF{8\]lAS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P&& CT\] H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\ VFYL X}g I
ptS<5GFv!& ccGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]D FZF[GF SF{8 ]\lAS VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF[
TOFJT ;FY"S GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ G YIF[P V[8,[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[GF SF{8]\lAS
VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P!! CT]\ H[
_P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\ VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv!* ccGF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[GF
SF{8 ]\lAS VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[
V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP VYF"TŸ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I $P#Z CT]\ H[ _P_! SÙFV[
;FY"S CT]\ VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv!( ccGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[
VG[ SgIFVF[GF SF{8 ]\lAS VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ VYF"TŸ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS
VG]S},G GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ SZTF VY" ;}RS ZLT[ êR] CT]\P
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I ZP#* CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[
;FY"S CT]\P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv!) ccGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
S]D FZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF SF{8 ]\lAS VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[P V[8,[ S[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
S]DFZF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ SZTF VY";}RS
ZLT[ êR]\ CT]\P
132
VFD ;DU| GD}GFDF\ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT] GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[
VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
T[JL H ZLT[ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL
SgIFG]\ SF{8\]lAS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P VYF"TŸ 5lZJT"S R, cHFTLITFGLc
DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ VG[ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;\AW\ p5Z V;Z G
CTLP
#P SF{8 ]\l AS VG]S },G VG[ z[6L
DFTFvl5TFGF jIFJ;FlIS NZßHFGF AgG[ :TZ[ z[6L 5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ VG]ÊD[ !Z( VG[ (54 !## VG[ !##4 !(_ VG[ !&)
lJnFYL"VF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G DF5JFDF\ VFjI]\ ;FZ6L $P*DF\ ;\TFGF[GF VeIF;GL
z[6L4 DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4 ;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF4 SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF
ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4 ÝDF6 lJR,G TYF ÝtI[S A[ ;ZF;ZL JrR[GF TOFJTGL
;FY"STF RSF;JF DF8[GF 8LvU]6F[¿Z NXF"J,
[ K[P
133
;FZ6L v $P*
GF[S ZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[S ZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG
z[6LDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\T FGF[GF SF{8 ]\l AS VG]S },GGF ÝF%TF\S F[GL ;ZF;ZLGF
TOFJTGL ;FY"S TF
z[6 L DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS ;\bIF ;ZF;ZL
NZßHF[
128 12.02
5F\R
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
85 13.11
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
133 12.88
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
K
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF 133 12.44
180 13.67
;FT
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF 169 13.54
z[6L 5q&
z[6L 5q*
z[6L &q*
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
sGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf
ZP&&**
5P&$**
ZP****
ÝDF6
lJR,G
2.62
2.63
2.57
2.47
8LvU]6 F[¿Z
2.45
0.51
2.95**
1.44
2.42
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
sGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf
!P)_
!P#_
#P()**
*_P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S¸ **_P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S
;FZ6L $P*DF\ HF[. XSFI K[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I ZP)5 CT]\ H[ _P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S
U6FIP VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFvZ_ ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6 L 5F\R DF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF SF{8 ]\lAS VG]S}, GGF
;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ V[8,[ S[ GF[SZL
G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G
134
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[ SZTF VY";}RS ZLT[
êR] HF[JF D?I]\ CT]\P
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\
D}<I !P$$ CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFvZ! ccGF[SZL
SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6 L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GF SF{8 ]\lAS VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄ VYF"TŸ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P5! CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I
ptS<5GFvZZ ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6 L ;FTDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF SF{8 ]\lAS VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄ V[8,[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G ,UEU
;DFG CT]\P
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTfGF
VFWFZ[ 5F0[,F +6 H}YF[ 5{SL AaA[ H}YF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[
JrR[GF TOFJTGF D/[,F +6 8LvU]6F[¿Z ZP&&4 5P&$ VG[ ZP** 5{SL +6[I
8LvU]6F[¿Z _P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S CTFP VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFvZ# ccGF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6 L s5F\R 4 K VG[ ;FTfDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GF SF{8 ]\lAS VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[P VYF"TŸ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6L 5F\R
VG[ KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[ SZTF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS
VG]S},G ;FY"S ZLT[ êR]\ CT]\P
135
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[
;FTfGF VFWFZ[ 5F0[,F\ +6 H}YF[ 5{SL AaA[ H}YF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿Z !P)_4 !P#_ VG[ #P() D?IFP VF +6
5{SL V[S 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S CTF[P GF[SZL G SZTF DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L
v K VG[ ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[
JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I #P() CT]\ H[ _P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S CT]\ VFYL
X}g I ptS<5GFvZ$ ccGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6 L s5F\R 4
K VG[ ;FTfDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF SF{8 ]\lAS VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[
JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[P VYF"TŸ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[ SZTF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G ;FY"S ZLT[ µR]\ CT]\P
VFD GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF\ z[6L 5F\RDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G
,UEU ;DFG CT]\P V[ H ZLT[ z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS
VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P VYF"TŸ 5lZJT"S R, cz[6Lc GL SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G VG[
DFTFvl5TFGF jIFJ;FlIS NZßHFGF ;\AW\ p5Z V;Z HF[JF D/L CTLP
$P
SF{8 \]l AS VG]S },G VG[ S]8 ]\AGF[ ÝSFZ
;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF T[DH
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\
SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G DF5JFDF\ VFjI]\P ;FZ6L $P(DF\ S]8]\AGF[ ÝSFZ4 DFTFvl5TFGF[
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4 ;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF4 SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4
ÝDF6 lJR,G TYF ÝtI[S A[ ;ZF;ZL JrR[GF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF RSF;JF DF8[GF
8LvU]6F[¿Z NXF"J[, K[P
136
;FZ6L v $P(
;\I]É VG[ lJEÉ S]8 ]\ADF\ ZCL GF[S ZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[S ZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\T FGF[GF SF{8 ]\l AS VG]S },GGF ÝF%TF\S F[GL
;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"S TF
S]8 ]\AGF[
ÝSFZ
;\I]ÉT
lJEÉT
DFTFvl5TFGF[
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
;\bIF ;ZF;ZL
150 13.33
164 13.09
291 12.76
223 13.04
ÝDF6 8LvU]6 F[¿Z
lJR,G
2.59
0.78
2.61
2.62
1.22
2.47
8LvU]6F[¿Z
8LvU]6F[¿Z
sGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf sGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf
;\IÉ] TqlJEÉT
ZP!$*
_PZZ
*_P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S¸ **_P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S
;FZ6L $P( VG];FZ ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[
JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P*( CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P
VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFvZ5 cc;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF SF{8 \]lAS VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄ VYF"TŸ ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G
,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\
D}<I !PZZ CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\ VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFvZ& cclJEÉT
S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[ SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF
137
SF{8 \]lAS VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\S JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[Icc GF[
V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄ VYF"TŸ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL
G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
;\I]ÉT T[DH lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF
SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I ZP!$
CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFvZ* cc;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT
S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF
;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[P VYF"TŸ;\I]ÉT
S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\
ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G SZTF VY";}RS ZLT[
êR]\ CT]\P
;\I]ÉT T[DH lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF
SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _PZZ
CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFvZ( cc;\I]ÉT VG[
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF SF{8 ]\lAS
VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[
GCÄ V[8,[ S[ ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
VFD ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL4 GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[G\] SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\
VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
V[8,[ S[4 SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G VG[ DFTFvl5TFGF jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF JrR[GF ;\A\W
5Z 5lZJT"S R, cS]8]\AGF[ ÝSFZc GL V;Z G CTLP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS
VG]S},GDF\ ;FY"S TOFJT HF[JF D?IF[ GYLP ÝIF[HSG]\ DFGJ]\ K[ S[4 GF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[ 5F[T[ U'CSFI"GL HJFANFZL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL H[D H
lGEFJTF CX[P H[YL T[DGF ;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GDF\ TOFJT H6FTF[ GYLP VF
138
SFZ6YL H GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ TYF SgIFVF[ JrR[
SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGL AFATDF\ TOFJT HF[JF D?IF[ GCÄ CF[I4 GF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ SZTF GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ JW] ;FZ] SF{8]\lAS
VG]S},G WZFJTF H6FIF CTFP T[JL H ZLT[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[
SZTF GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ SF{8]\lAS ZLT[ JW] VG]S}l,T CTFP
ÝIF[HSG]\ DFGJ]\ K[ S[ DFTFvl5TF GF[SZL SZTF\ CF[I S[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ CF[I 5Z\T]
S]8]\ADF\ S]DFZF[ SZTF SgIFVF[V[ JW] HJFANFZL JCG SZJFGL ZC[ K[ 5lZ6FD[ S]DFZF[
SZTF SgIFVF[DF\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G VF[K] HF[JF D/[, CX[P
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS
VG]S},G SZTF GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G lGdG
HF[JF D?I]\ CT]\P GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L K VG[ ;FTDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GDF\ SF[. TOFJT H6FIF[ G CTF[P lJlJW
z[6LDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GDF\
z[6L 5F\R VG[ K SZTF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G êR]
H6FI] CT]P\ ÝIF[HSG]\ DFGJ\] K[ S[ VeIF;GL z[6L JWJFGL ;FY[ GF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TF ;\TFGF[G[ 3ZGL SF{8]\lAS HJFANFZL VF[KL VF5TF CX[P H[YL VFJF
5lZ6FDF[ ÝF%T YIF CX[P VF H SFZ6[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G[
SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GDF\ z[6L K SZTF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS
VG]S},G êR]\ HF[JF D?I]\ CX[P
;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GDF\ ;FY"S TOFJT H6FIF[ GYLP T[JL H ZLT[ lJEÉT
S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS
VG]S},GDF\ ;FY"S TOFJT H6FIF[ GYLP 5Z\T] GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[
5{SL lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZC[TF AF/SF[ SZTF ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZC[TF AF/SF[DF\ SF{8]\lAS
VG]S},G êR] HF[JF D?I] CT]\P ßIFZ[ ;\I]ÉT S[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GDF\ ;FY"S TOFJT G CTF[P ÝIF[HSG]\
139
DFGJ]\ K[ S[ ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ S]8]\AGF VgI ;eIF[GL DNN D/TL CF[JFYL lJnFYL" ;FZ]
SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G D[/JL XSTF CX[ ßIFZ[ lJEÉT S]8]\AGF AF/SF[G[ 3ZGL HJFANFZL
;lJX[Ø ZC[TL CF[JFYL SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G ;FWJFDF\ TS,LO 50TL CX[P
$P#PZ XFZLlZS VG]S },G V\U [ ÝF%TF\S F[G]\ 5'YÞZ6 VG[ VY"38G
XFZLlZS VG]S},G V[ Ý:T]T VeIF;GF 5ZT\+ R, VG]S},GF K lJEFUF[
5{SLG]\ V[S K[P cVG]S},G ;\XF[lWGLcDF\ G[J]\ Ý`GF[ CTFP H[ 5{SL XFZLlZS VG]S},GG]
DF5G SZTF T[Z Ý`GF[ 5Z 5F+F[V[ VF5[, ÝlTRFZ 5ZYL XFZLlZS VG]S},G U]6F\SG
RFJLGL DNNYL 5F+F[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},G ÝF%TF\S D[/jIFP ;\XF[WS[ ;\XF[lWGLGF
VFWFZ[ D/[, XFZLlZS VG]S},G ;\A\lWT RF{N X}gI ptS<5GFVF[GL ZRGF SZL CTLP
H[DF\ DFTFvl5TFGF jIFJ;FlIS NZßHFGF ;\NE"DF\ V[S4 ;\TFGF[GL HFTLITFGF
;\NE"DF\ RFZ4 ;\TFGF[GL VeIF;GL z[6LGF ;\NE"DF\ 5F\R TYF S]8]\AGF ÝSFZGF
;\NE"DF\ RFZ ptS<5GFVF[ ZRL CTLP ÝF%T DFlCTLGF VFWFZ[ XFZLlZS VG]S},G
;\Al\ WT RF{N X}gI ptS<5GFVF[ RSF;JFDF\ VFJLP
ÝtI[S :JT\+ R,GL SÙFDF\ 5F+F[GL ;\bIF4 ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4
ÝDF6lJR,G TYF 8LvU]6F[¿Z D[/JJFDF\ VFjIFP 8LvU]6F[¿Z DNNYL XFZLlZS
VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX V\SF[GF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF RSF;JFDF\ VFJLP
!P
XFZLlZS VG]S },G VG[ DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF $$! ;\TFGF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
#(* ;\TFGF[G]\ XFZLlZS VG]S},G DF5JFDF\ VFjI]\P ;FZ6L $P)DF\ DFTFvl5TFGF[
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4 ;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF4 XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4
ÝDF6 lJR,G TYF ÝtI[S A[ ;ZF;ZL JrR[GF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF RSF;JF DF8[GF[
8LvU]6F[¿Z NXF"J[, K[P
140
;FZ6L v $P)
GF[S ZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[S ZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\T FGF[GF
XFZLlZS VG]S },GGF ÝF%TF\S F[GL TOFJTGL ;FY"S TF
DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS
NZßHF[
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
;\bIF ;ZF;ZL
441
1096
387 10.88
ÝDF6
lJR,G
2.08
2.04
8LvU]6 F[¿Z
0.56
;FZ6L $P)G]\ VJ,F[SG NXF"J[ K[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF
TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P5& CT]P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\ VFYL X}g I
ptS<5GFvZ) ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ÝFYlDS
XF/FGF ;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT
GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCLP VYF"TŸ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\
XFZLlZS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
ZP
XFZLlZS VG]S },G VG[ HFTLITF
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ sZ!5f VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ sZ!ZfG]\ T[DH GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ sZZ&f
VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ s!*5fG]\ XFZLlZS VG]S},G DF5JFDF\
VFjI]\P ;FZ6L $P!_DF\ ;\TFGF[GL HFTLITF4 DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4
;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF4 XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4 ÝDF6 lJR,G TYF
ÝtI[S A[ ;ZF;ZL JrR[GF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF RSF;JF DF8[GF 8LvU]6F[¿Z ZH} SZ[,
K[P
141
;FZ6L v $P!_
GF[S ZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[S ZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[
SgIFVF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S },GGF ÝF%TF\S F[GL ;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"S TF
HFTLITF
S]DFZ
SgIF
S]DFZqSgIF
DFTFvl5TFGF[
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
;\bIF ;ZF;ZL
215 11.28
212 10.96
226 10.65
175 10.78
ÝDF6
lJR,G
1.98
2.07
2.13
1.99
8LvU]6 F[¿Z
1.67
0.63
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
sGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf sGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf
#PZ5**
_P(&
*_P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S¸ **_P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S
;FZ6L $P!_ 5ZYL :5Q8 YFI K[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P&* CT]P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]P VFYL X}g I
ptS<5GFv#_ ccGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]D FZF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ G YIF[P V[8,[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[G]\ XFZLlZS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[GF XFZLlZS
VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P&# CT]\ H[
_P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv#! ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ G YIF[P V[8,[ S[ GF[SZL
SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[G]\ XFZLlZS VG]S},G ,UEU
;DFG CT]\P
142
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I #PZ5 CT]\P H[ _P_! SÙFV[
;FY"S CT]\P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv#Z ccGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[
VG[ SgIFVF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[P VYF"TŸ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[G]\ XFZLlZS
VG]S},G GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF SgIFVF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},G SZTF VY";}RS
ZLT[ êR] CT]\P
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P(& CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[
;FY"S G CT]\ VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv## ccGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCLP VYF"TŸ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[G]\ XFZLlZS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
VFD ;DU| GD}GFDF\ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
;\TFGF[G]\ XFZLlZS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
S]DFZF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[G]\ XFZLlZS VG]S},G ,UEU
;DFG CT]\P T[JL H ZLT[ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[G]\ XFZLlZS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P VYF"TŸ
5lZJT"S R, cHFTLITFc GL DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ VG[ XFZLlZS
VG]S},G p5Z V;Z G CTLP
#P
XFZLlZS VG]S },G VG[ z[6L
DFTFvl5TFGF jIFJ;FlIS NZßHFGF AgG[ :TZ[ z[6L 5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ VG]ÊD[ !Z( VG[ (54 !## VG[ !##4 !(_ VG[ !&)
lJnFYL"VF[G]\ XFZLlZS VG]S},G DF5JFDF\ VFjI]\P ;FZ6L $P!!DF\ ;\TFGF[GF
VeIF;GL z[6L DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[P ;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF4 XFZLlZS
143
VG]S},GGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4 ÝDF6 lJR,G TYF ÝtI[S A[ ;ZF;ZL JrR[GF
TOFJTGL ;FY"STF RSF;JF DF8[GF 8LvU]6F[¿Z NXF"J,
[ K[P
;FZ6L v $P!!
GF[S ZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[S ZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG
z[6LDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\T FGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S },GGF ÝF%TF\S F[GL
;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"S TF
z[6 L DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS ;\bIF ;ZF;ZL
NZßHF[
128 10.45
5F\R
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
85 10.86
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
133 10.83
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
K
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF 133 10.75
180 11.41
;FT
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF 169 10.98
z[6L 5q&
z[6L 5q*
z[6L &q*
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
sGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf
!P$5
$P_$**
ZP5!*
ÝDF6
lJR,G
2.18
1.88
2.06
2.09
8LvU]6 F[¿Z
1.93
1.98*
1.40
0.33
2.07
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
sGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf
_P#(
_P$&
_P)5
*_P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S¸ **_P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S
;FZ6L $P!!DF\ HF[. XSFI K[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P$_ CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S
G U6FIP VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv#$ ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6 L 5F\R DF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S}, GGF
;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ G YIF[P V[8,[ S[
144
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[G]\ XFZLlZS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\
D}<I _P## CT] H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G U6FIP VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv#5
ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GL z[6 L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP VYF"TŸ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ XFZLlZS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG
CT]\P
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P)( CT] H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P VFYL X}g I
ptS<5GFv#& ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[ GF z[6 L
;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;TFGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[P V[8,[ S[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ XFZLlZS VG]S},G GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[ GF XFZLlZS VG]S},G SZTF VY";}RS ZLT[ êR]
CT]\P
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R K VG[ ;FTf GF\
VFWFZ[ 5F0[,F +6 H}YF[ 5{SL AaA[ H}YF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[
JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿Z !P$54 $P_$ VG[ ZP5! D?IFP VF +6 5{SL V[S
8LvU]6F[¿Z _P_! SÙFV[ VG[ V[S 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S CTFP GF[SZL
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\R VG[ ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS
VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I $P_$ CT]\P H[
_P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L K VG[ ;FTDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
145
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I ZP5! CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P VFYL X}g I
ptS<5GFv#* ccGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6 L s5F\R 4 K VG[
;FTfDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[P V[8,[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
z[6L 5F\R VG[ KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[ SZTF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[G]\ XFZLlZS VG]S},G ;FY"S ZLT[ êR] CT]\P
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTf
VFWFZ[ 5F0[,F +6 H}YF[ 5{SL AaA[ H}YF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[
JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P#(4 _P$& VG[ _P)5 D?IFP VF +6 5{SL V[S
56 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CTF[P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv#( ccGF[SZL
G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6 L s5F\R 4 K VG[ ;FTfDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT
GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP V[8,[ S[ lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTfDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ XFZLlZS VG]S},G ,UEU
;DFG CT]\P
VFD GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L 5F\RDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ XFZLlZS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[G]\ z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ XFZLlZS
VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L
;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ XFZLlZS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG G CT]\P VYF"TŸ
5lZJT"S R, cz[6Lc GL XFZLlZS VG]S},G VG[ DFTFvl5TFGF jIFJ;FlIS NZßHFGF
;\AW\ p5Z V;Z HF[JF D/L CTLP
$P
XFZLlZS VG]S },G VG[ S]8 ]\AGF[ ÝSFZ
;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\
XFZLlZS VG]S},G DF5JFDF\ VFjI]\P ;FZ6L $P!ZDF\ S]8]\AGF[ ÝSFZ4 DFTFvl5TFGF[
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4 ;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF4 XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4
146
ÝDF6 lJR,G TYF ÝtI[S A[ ;ZF;ZL JrR[GF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF RSF;JF DF8[GF
8LvU]6F[¿Z NXF"J[, K[P
;FZ6L v $P!Z
;\I]É VG[ lJEÉ S]8 ]\ADF\ ZCL GF[S ZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[S ZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\T FGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S },GGF ÝF%TF\S F[GL
;ZFZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"S TF
S]8]\AGF[
ÝSFZ
;\I]ÉT
lJEÉT
DFTFvl5TFGF[
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
;\I]ÉTqlJEÉT
;\bIF ;ZF;ZL
150 10.93
164 10.85
291 10.97
223 10.89
ÝDF6 8LvU]6 F[¿Z
lJR,G
2.08
0.34
2.04
2.08
0.42
2.04
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
sGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf sGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf
_P!*
_P!(
;FZ6L $P!Z VG];FZ ;\I]ÉT S]]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[
JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P#$ CT]P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]P
VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv#) cc;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP VYF"TŸ ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ XFZLlZS VG]S},G
,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\
D}<I _P$Z CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv$_
147
cclJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},G GF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP VYF"TŸ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ XFZLlZS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
;\I]ÉT T[DH lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF
XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P!*
CT] H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv$! cc;\I]ÉT VG[
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS
VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[
GCÄP V[8,[ S[ ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\
XFZLlZS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
;\I]ÉT T[DH lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF
XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P!(
CT] H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv$Z cc;\I]ÉT VG[
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS
VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[
GCLP V[8,[ S[ ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[G]\ XFZLlZS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
VFD ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL4 GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[G]\ XFZLlZS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\
VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ XFZLlZS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
V[8,[ S[4 XFZLlZS VG]S},G VG[ DFTFvl5TFGF jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF JrR[GF ;\AW\
5Z 5lZJT"S R, cS]8]\AGF[ ÝSFZc GL V;Z G CTLP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS
VG]S},GDF\ ;FY"S TOFJT HF[JF D?IF[ GYLP ÝIF[HSG]\ DFGJ]\ K[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[ 56 5F[TFGF ;\TFGF[GF :JF:yI VG[ XFZLlZS ;]BFSFZLGL ;\EF/
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GL H[D H ZFBTF CX[P H[YL T[DGF ;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS
148
VG]S},GDF\ TOFJT H6FTF[ GYLP GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ SZTF GF[SZL
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ JW] XFZLlZS VG]S},G WZFJTF H6FIF CTFP ßIFZ[
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[G]\ XFZLlZS VG]S},G ,UEU
;DFG HF[JF D?I] CT]\P ÝIF[HSG]\ DFGJ]\ K[ S[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF 5F[TFGF
S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF :JF:yIGL 5}ZTL SF/Ò ,[TF CX[P 5Z\T] GF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[DF\ S]DFZ SZTF SgIFG[ 3ZGL HJFANFZLVF[ JWFZ[ ;F[\5FTL
CF[JFYL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF T[GL JWFZ[ SF/Ò GCÄ ,. XSIF CF[I 5lZ6FD[
SgIFVF[G]\ XFZLlZS VG]S},G VF[K]\ CX[P
z[6L 5F\R VG[ KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GDF\ ;FY"S TOFJT HF[JF D?IF[ G CTF[P
ßIFZ[ z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[ SZTF
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[G]\ XFZLlZS VG]S},G êR] H6FI]\ CT]\P
ÝIF[HSG]\ DFGJ]\ K[ S[4 GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTGF ;\TFGF[ XFZLlZS
;]BFSFZL VG[ :JF:yI DF8[ JW] HFU'T CX[ VFYL T[DG]\ XFZLlZS VG]S},G êR] CX[P
ßIFZ[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF XFZLlZS :JF:yI DF8[ VF[KL HFU'TTF ATFJTF
CF[JFG[ SFZ6[ VFJF 5lZ6FDF[ HF[JF D?IF CX[P
;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GDF\ ;FY"S TOFJT G CTF[P T[JL H ZLT[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\
ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF XFZLlZS VG]S},GDF\ ;FY"S
TOFJT G CTF[P T[DH DFTFvl5TF GF[SZL SZTF CF[I S[ G SZTF CF[I T[JF ;\I]ÉT VG[
lJEÉT S]8]\AGF AF/SF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GDF\ ;FY"S TOFJT G CTF[P ÝIF[HSG]\
DFGJ]\ K[ S[ ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ XFZLlZS VG]S},G ;DFG CX[P H[G[ SFZ6[ VFJF 5lZ6FDF[
D?IF CX[P
149
$P#P# DFGl;S VG]S },G V\U [ ÝF%TF\S F[G]\ 5'YÞZ6 VG[ VY"38G
DFGl;S VG]S},G V[ Ý:T]T VeIF;GF 5ZT\+ R, VG]S},GGF K lJEFUF[
5{SLG]\ V[S K[P cVG]S},G ;\XF[lWGLcDF\ G[J]\ Ý`GF[ CTFP H[ 5{SL DFGl;S VG]S},GG]\
DF5G SZTF +[JL; Ý`GF[ 5Z 5F+F[V[ VF5[, ÝlTRFZ 5ZYL DFGl;S VG]S},G
U]6F\SG RFJLGL DNNYL 5F+F[GF DFGl;S VG]S},G ÝF%TF\S D[/jIFP ;\XF[WS[
;\XF[lWGLGF VFWFZ[ D/[, DFGl;S VG]S},G ;\A\lWT RF{N X}gI ptS<5GFVF[GL
ZRGF SZL CTLP H[DF\ DFTFvl5TFGF jIFJ;FlIS NZßHFGF ;\NE"DF\ V[S4 ;\TFGF[GL
HFTLITFGF ;\NE"DF\ RFZ4 ;\TFGF[GL VeIF;GL z[6LGF ;\NE"DF\ 5F\R TYF S]8]\AGF
ÝSFZGF ;\NE"DF\ RFZ ptS<5GFVF[ ZRL CTLP ÝF%T DFlCTLGF VFWFZ[ DFGl;S
VG]S},G ;\Al\ WT RF{N X}gI ptS<5GFVF[ RSF;JFDF\ VFJLP
ÝtI[S :JT\+ R,GL SÙFDF\ 5F+F[GL ;\bIF4 ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4 ÝDF6
lJR,G TYF 8LvU]6F[¿Z D[/JJFDF\ VFjIFP 8LvU]6F[¿ZGL DNNYL DFGl;S
VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX V\SF[GF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF RSF;JFDF\ VFJLP
!P
DFGl;S VG]S },G VG[ DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF $$! ;\TFGF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
#(* ;\TFGF[G]\ DFGl;S VG]S},GGF DF5JFDF\ VFjI\]P ;FZ6L $P!#DF\
DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[P ;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF
ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4 ÝDF6 lJR,G TYF ÝtI[S A[ ;ZF;ZL JrR[GF TOFJTGL
;FY"STF RSF;JF DF8[GF[ 8LvU]6F[¿Z NXF"J[, K[P
;FZ6L v $P!#
GF[S ZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[S ZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\T FGF[GF
DFGl;S VG]S },GGF ÝF%TF\S F[GL ;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"S TF
DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS
NZßHF[
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
;\bIF ;ZF;ZL
441 15.96
387 15.64
ÝDF6
lJR,G
3.08
3.19
8LvU]6 F[¿Z
1.44
150
;FZ6L $P!#G]\ VJ,F[SG NXF"J[ K[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL
G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF
TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P$$ CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL
X}g I ptS<5GFv$# ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
ÝFYlDS XF/FGF ;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP VYF"TŸ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ DFGl;S VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
ZP
DFGl;S VG]S },G VG[ HFTLITF
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ sZ!5f VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ sZ!ZfG]\ T[DH GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ sZZ&f
VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ s!*5fG]\ DFGl;S VG]S},G DF5JFDF\
VFjI]\P ;FZ6L $P!$DF\ ;\TFGF[GL HFTLITF4 DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4
;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF4 DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4 ÝDF6 lJR,G TYF
ÝtI[S A[ ;ZF;ZL JrR[GF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF RSF;JF DF8[ 8LvU]6F[¿Z ZH} SZ[, K[P
151
;FZ6L v $P!$
GF[S ZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[S ZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[
SgIFVF[GF DFGl;S VG]S },G ÝF%TF\S F[GL ;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"S TF
HFTLITF
S]DFZ
SgIF
S]DFZqSgIF
DFTFvl5TFGF[
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
;\bIF ;ZF;ZL ÝDF6 8LvU]6 F[¿Z
lJR,G
215 16.33 2.99
1.07
212 16.02 3.05
226 15.60 3.13
1.29
175 15.18 3.30
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
sGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf
sGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf
ZP5#*
ZP&_**
*_P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S¸ **_P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S
;FZ6L $P!$ 5ZYL :5Q8 YFI K[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P_* CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I
ptS<5GFv$$ ccGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF S]D FZF[GF DFGl;S VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ G YIF[P V[8,[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[G\] DFGl;S VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[GF DFGl;S
VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8L U]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !PZ) CT]\P H[
_P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv$5 ccGF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[GF
DFGl;S VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[
152
V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP VYF"TŸ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[G]\ DFGl;S VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I ZP5# CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[
;FY"S CT]\P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv$& ccGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[
VG[ SgIFVF[GF DFGl;S VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[P VYF"TŸ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[G]\ DFGl;S
VG]S},G GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ SZTF VY";}RS ZLT[ µR]\ CT]\P
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I ZP&_ CT]\P H[ _P_! SÙFV[
;FY"S CT]\P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv$* ccGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF DFGl;S VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ\ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[P VYF"TŸ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
S]DFZF[G]\ DFGl;S VG]S},G GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ SZTF VY";}RS
ZLT[ µR]\ CT]\P
VFD ;DU| GD}GFDF\ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[G]\ DFGl;S VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[
VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[G]\ DFGl;S VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\
T[JL H ZLT[ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL
SgIFVF[G]\ DFGl;S VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P VYF"TŸ 5lZJT"S R, cHFTLITFcGL
DFTFvl5TFGF jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ VG[ DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;\AW\ p5Z V;Z G
CTLP
#P
DFGl;S VG]S },G VG[ z[6L
DFTFvl5TFGF jIFJ;FlIS NZßHFGF AgG[ :TZ[ z[6L 5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ VG]ÊD[ !Z( VG[ (54 !## VG[ !##4 !(_ VG[ !&)
lJnFYL"VF[G]\ DFGl;S VG]S},G DF5JFDF\ VFjI]\P ;FZ6L $P!5DF\ ;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF4
153
DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4 ÝDF6 lJR,G TYF ÝtI[S A[ ;ZF;ZL
JrR[GF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF RSF;JF DF8[GF 8LvU]6F[¿Z NXF"J,
[ K[P
;FZ6Lv$P!5
GF[S ZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[S ZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG
z[6LDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\T FGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S },GGF ÝF%TF\S F[GL
;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"S TF
z[6 L
5F\R
K
;FT
DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS
NZßHF[
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
z[6L 5q&
z[6L 5q*
z[6L &q*
;\bIF ;ZF;ZL ÝDF6 8LvU]6 F[¿Z
lJR,G
128 15.20 3.58
- 0.39
85 15.38 2.85
1.02
133 15.97 2.86
133 15.57 3.48
180 16.49 2.73
2.09*
169 15.83 3.11
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
sGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf
sGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf
!P)#
_P$#
#P5)**
!P!#
!P&Z
_P&)
*_P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S¸ **_P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S
;FZ6L $P!5DF\ HF[. XSFI K[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P#) CT]P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S
G U6FIP VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv$( ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6 L 5F\R DF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF
;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ G YIF[P V[8,[ S[
154
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[G]\ DFGl;S VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\
D}<I !P_Z CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G U6FIP VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv$)
ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6 L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ G YIF[P V[8,[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ DFGl;S VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT\]P
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I ZP_) CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P VFYL X}g I
ptS<5GFv5_ ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[ SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L
;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[P V[8,[ S[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ DFGl;S VG]S},G GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},G SZTF VY";}RS ZLT[ µR]\
CT]\=P
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTfDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿Z !P)#4 #P5) VG[ !P&Z D?IFP VF +6 5{SL V[S 8LvU]6F[¿Z
_P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S CTF[P GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\R VG[ ;FTDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF\ DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
U]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I #P5) CT]\P H[ _P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P VFYL X}g I
ptS<5GFv5! ccGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6 L s5F\R 4 K VG[
;FTfDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[P VYF"TŸ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
155
z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[ SZTF GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[ GF z[6L
;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ DFGl;S VG]S},G ;FY"S ZLT[ êR] CT]\P
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTf
GF VFWFZ[ 5F0[,F +6 H}YF[ 5{SL AaA[ H}YF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[
JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P$#4 !P!# VG[ _P&) D?IFP VF +6 5{SL V[S
56 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CTF[P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv5Z ccGF[SZL
G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6 L s5F\R 4 K VG[ ;FTfDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP VYF"TŸ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG
z[6LDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ DFGl;S VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
VFD GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L 5F\RDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ DFGl;S VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ DFGl;S VG]S},G
;DFG G CT]\P HIFZ[ z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ DFGl;S VG]S},G ;DFG
G CT]\P VYF"TŸ SCL XSFI S[[ 5lZJT"S R, cz[6Lc GL DFGl;S VG]S},G VG[
DFTFvl5TFGF jIFJ;FlIS NZßHFGF ;\AW\ p5Z V;Z CTLP
$P
DFGl;S VG]S },G VG[ S]8 ]\AGF[ ÝSFZ
;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF T[DH
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\
DFGl;S VG]S},G DF5JFDF\ VFjI]\P ;FZ6L $P!&DF\ S]8A
\ GF[ ÝSFZ4 DFTFvl5TFGF[
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4 ;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF4 DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4
ÝDF6 lJR,G TYF ÝtI[S A[ ;ZF;ZL JrR[GF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF RSF;JF DF8[GF
8LvU]6F[¿Z NXF"J[, K[P
156
;FZ6L v $P!&
;\I]É VG[ lJEÉ S]8 ]\ADF\ ZCL GF[S ZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[S ZL G SZTF\
DFTvl5TFVF[GF ;\T FGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S },GGF ÝF%TF\S F[GL
;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"S TF
S]8 ]\AGF[
DFTFvl5TFGF[
ÝSFZ
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[
;\I]ÉT GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
lJEÉT
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
;\bIF ;ZF;ZL
150 16.00
164 15.47
291 15.93
223 15.77
ÝDF6 8LvU]6 F[¿Z
lJR,G
3.31
1.47
3.19
2.96
0.59
3.19
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
sGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf sGF[SZL G SZTF DFTFvl5TFf
;\I]ÉTqlJEÉT
_PZ$
_P)Z
;FZ6L $P!& VG];FZ ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[
JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P$* CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P
VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv5# cc;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP VYF"TŸ ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ DFGl;S VG]S},G
,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\
D}<I _P5) CT]P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv5$
cclJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;Z[Z FX ÝF%TF\S JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
157
CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP VYF"TŸ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ DFGl;S VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
;\I]ÉT T[DH lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF
DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _PZ$
CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv55 cc;\I]ÉT VG[
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S
VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[
GCÄ VYF"TŸ ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\
DFGl;S VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT\]P
;\I]ÉT T[DH lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF
DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P)Z
CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv5& cc;\I]ÉT VG[
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S
VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[
GCÄP V[8,[ S[ ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[G]\ DFGl;S VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
VFD ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[G]\ DFGl;S VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P lJEÉT S]8\]ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\
VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ DFGl;S VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
V[8,[ S[4 DFGl;S VG]S},G VG[ DFTFvl5TFGF jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF JrR[GF ;\AW\
5Z 5lZJT"S R, cS]8\]AGF[ ÝSFZc GL V;Z G CTLP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S
VG]S},GDF\ TOFJT H6FIF[ GYLP ÝIF[HSG]\ DFGJ]\ K[ S[4 GF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[ 56 GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GL H[D H 5F[TFGF ;\TFGF[ DF8[
H~ZL ;DI OF/JL XSTF CX[ VG[ ;\TFGF[GL DGF[J{7FlGS H~lZIFTF[ ÝtI[ wIFG
VF5L XSTF CX[P VFYL T[DGF ;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GDF\ ;FY"S TOFJT HF[JF
D?IF[ GYLP VF SFZ6 YL H GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
158
S]DFZF[ JrR[ TYF SgIFVF[ JrR[ DFGl;S VG]S},GGL AFATDF\ TOFJT D?IF[ GCÄ
CF[IP GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ SZTF GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[
JW] ;FZ\] DFGl;S VG]S},G WZFJTF H6FIF CTFP T[JL H ZLT[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ SZTF GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ DFGl;S ZLT[ JW]
VG]S}l,T CTFP ÝIF[HSG]\ DFGJ]\ K[ S[ DFTFvl5TF GF[SZL SZTF\ CF[I S[ GF[SZL G
SZTF\ CF[I 5Z\T] S]8]\ADF\ S]DFZ[F SZTF SgIFVF[V[ JW] HJFANFZL JCG SZJFGL ZC[
K[P 5lZ6FD[ S]DFZF[ SZTF SgIFVF[DF\ DFGl;S VG]S},G VF[K]\ HF[JF D/[, CX[P
z[6L 5F\R VG[ KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GDF\ ;FY"S TOFJT HF[JF D?IF[ G CTF[P
ßIFZ[ z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[ SZTF
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[G]\ DFGl;S VG]S},G êR] H6FI] CT]\P
ÝIF[HSG]\ DFGJ]\ K[ S[ VeIF;GL z[6L JWJFGL ;FY[ lJnFYL"VF[V[ VeIF;DF\ JW]
wIFG VF5J\] HF[.V[ V[ AFATYL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF HF6SFZ CX[ VG[ T[YL T[
5F[TFGF ;\TFG 5Z z[6L JWJFGL ;FY[ JW] HJFANFZL ;F[\5TF GCÄ CF[IP ßIFZ[
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VF AFAT ÝtI[ JW] ;EFG GCÄ CF[IP p\DZ JWJFGL
;FY[ JW] HJFANFZL ;F[\5TF CX[P VFYL z[6L ;FTGF lJnFYL" 5lZ6FDGL lR\TFG[
SFZ6[ DFGl;S VG]S},G VF[K]\ WZFJTF CX[P
H]NL H]NL z[6LDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[ DFGl;S VG]S},GGL AFATDF\ lEgG H6FIF G CTFP
ÝIF[HSG]\ DFGJ]\ K[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ AgG[ DFTFvl5TF VeIF;GL
z[6L JWJFGL ;FY[ lJnFYL"VF[GF VeIF;DF\ JW] wIFG VF5TF CX[P 5lZ6FD[ GF[SZL
SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF lJlEgG z[6LDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF
DFGl;S VG]S},G JrR[ TOFJT GCÄ HF[JF D?IF[ CF[IP
;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GDF\ ;FY"S TOFJT G CTF[P T[JL H ZLT[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\
ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GDF\
;FY"S TOFJT G CTF[P T[DH DFTFvl5TF GF[SZL SZTF\ CF[I S[ G SZTF CF[I4 T[JF
159
;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\AGF AF/SF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GDF\ ;FY"S TOFJT G CTF[P
ÝIF[HSG]\ DFGJ]\ K[ S[ ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ DFGl;S VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CX[P H[G[ SFZ6[
VFJF 5lZ6FDF[ D?IF[ CX[P
$P#P$ XF/FSLI VG]S },G V\U [ ÝF%TF\S F[G]\ 5'YÞZ6 VG[ VY"38G
XF/FSLI VG]S},G V[ Ý:T]T VeIF;GF 5ZT\+ R, VG]S},GGF K lJEFUF[
5{SLG]\ V[S K[P cVG]S},G ;\XF[lWGLcDF\ G[J]\ Ý`GF[ CTFP H[ 5{SL XF/FSLI VG]S},GG]\
DF5G SZTF V-FZ Ý`GF[ 5Z 5F+F[V[ VF5[, ÝlTRFZ 5ZYL XF/FSLI VG]S},G
U]6F\SG RFJLGL DNNYL 5F+F[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},G ÝF%TF\S D[/jIFP ;\XF[WS[
;\XF[lWGLGF VFWFZ[ D/[, XF/FSLI VG]S},G ;\A\lWT RF{N X}gI ptS<5GFVF[GL
ZRGF SZL CTLP H[DF\ DFTFvl5TFGF jIFJ;FlIS NZßHFGF ;\NE"DF\ V[S4 ;\TFGF[GL
HFTLITFGF ;\NE"DF\ RFZ4 ;\TFGF[GL VeIF;GL z[6LGF ;\NE"DF\ 5F\R TYF S]8]\AGF
ÝSFZGF ;\NE"DF\ RFZ ptS<5GFVF[ ZRL CTLP ÝF%T DFlCTLGF VFWFZ[ XF/FSLI
VG]S},G ;\Al\ WT RF{N X}gI ptS<5GFVF[ RSF;JFDF\ VFJLP
ÝtI[S :JT\+ R,GL SÙFDF\ 5F+F[GL ;\bIF4 ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4 ÝDF6
lJR,G TYF 8LvU]6F[¿Z D[/JJFDF\ VFjIFP 8LvU]6F[¿ZGL DNNYL XF/FSLI
VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX V\SF[GF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF RSF;JFDF\ VFJLP
!P
XF/FSLI VG]S },G VG[ DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF $$! ;\TFGF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
#(* ;\TFGF[G]\ XF/FSLI VG]S},G DF5JFDF\ VFjI]P ;FZ6L $P!*DF\ DFTFvl5TFGF[
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4 ;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF4 XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4
ÝDF6 lJR,G TYF ÝtI[S A[ ;ZF;ZL JrR[GF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF RSF;JF DF8[GF[
8LvU]6F[¿Z NXF"J[, K[P
160
;FZ6L v $P!*
GF[S ZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[S ZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\T FGF[GF
XF/FSLI VG]S },GGF ÝF%TF\S F[GL ;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"S TF
DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ ;\bIF ;ZF;ZL
ÝDF6
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
441
lJR,G
13.06 2.15
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
387
12.98
8LvU]6 F[¿Z
0.53
1.98
;FZ6L $P!*G]\ VJ,F[SG NXF"J[ K[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL
G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF
TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P5# CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT\]P VFYL X}g I
ptS<5GFv5* ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ÝFYlDS
XF/FGF ;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT
GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP VYF"TŸ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ XF/FSLI VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
ZP
XF/FSLI VG]S },G VG[ HFTLITF
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ sZ!5f VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ sZ!ZfG]\ T[DH GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ sZZ&f
VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ s!*5fG]\ XF/FSLI VG]S},G DF5JFDF\
VFjI]\P ;FZ6L $P!(DF\ ;\TFGF[GL HFTLITF4 DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4
;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF4 XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4 ÝDF6 lJR,G TYF
ÝtI[S A[ ;ZF;ZL JrR[GF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF RSF;JF DF8[GF 8LvU]6F[]¿Z ZH} SZ[,
K[P
161
;FZ6L v $P!(
GF[S ZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[S ZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[
SgIFVF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S },GGF ÝF%TF\S F[GL ;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"S TF
HFTLITF DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS
NZßHF[
S]DFZ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
SgIF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
S]DFZqSgIF
;\bIF ;ZF;ZL
226 13.16
ÝDF6
lJR,G
2.35
1.99
1.95
175 12.94
1.98
215 12.94
212 13.02
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
sGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf
!P_$
8LvU]6 F[¿Z
0.33
1.15
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
sGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf
_P$_
;FZ6L $P!( 5ZYL :5Q8 YFI K[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P## CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I
ptS<5GFv5( ccGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF S]D FZF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF[
TOFJT ;FY"S GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ G YIF[P V[8,[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[G]\ XF/FSLI VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[GF XF/FSLI
VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF\ TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P!5 CT]\P H[
_P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv5) ccGF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[GF
XF/FSLI VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JRR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[
V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP VYF"TŸ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[G]\ XF/FSLI VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
162
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P_$ CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[
;FY"S G CT]P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv&_ ccGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP VYF"TŸ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[G]\ XF/FSLI VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P$_ CT\] H[ _P_5 SÙFV[
;FY"S G CT]P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv&! ccGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP VYF"TŸ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[G]\ XF/FSLI VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT\]P
VFD ;DU| GD}GFDF\ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[ GF
;\TFGF[G]\ XF/FSLI VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[
VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[G]\ XF/FSLI VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]P
T[JL H ZLT[ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL
SgIFG]\ XF/FSLI VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]P VYF"TŸ 5lZJT"S R, cHFTLITFcGL
DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ VG[ XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;\AW\ 5Z V;Z G
CTLP
#P
XF/FSLI VG]S },G VG[ z[6L
DFTFvl5TFGF jIFJ;FlIS NZßHFGF AgG[ :TZ[ z[6L 5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ VG]ÊD[ !Z( VG[ (54 !## VG[ !##4 !(_ VG[ !&)
lJnFYL"VF[G]\ XF/FSLI VG]S},G DF5JFDF\ VFjI]\P ;FZ6L $PZ_DF\ ;\TFGF[GF
VeIF;GL z[6L4 DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4 ;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF4 XF/FSLI
VG]S},GGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4 ÝDF6 lJR,G TYF ÝtI[S A[ ;ZF;ZL JrR[GF
TOFJTGL ;FY"STF RSF;JF DF8[GF 8LvU]6F[¿Z NXF"J,
[ K[P
163
;FZ6L v $P!)
GF[S ZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[S ZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG
z[6LDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\T FGF[GL XF/FSLI VG]S },GGF ÝF%TF\S F[GL
;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"S TF
z[6 L DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS ;\bIF ;ZF;ZL
NZßHF[
128 12.95
5F\R GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
85 12.91
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
133 12.75
K GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
133 12.71
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
180 13.36
;FT GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
169 13.23
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
z[6L 5q&
z[6L 5q*
z[6L &q*
ÝDF6
lJR,G
2.20
1.90
2.43
2.20
8LvU]6 F[¿Z
1.86
0.66
0.16
0.13
1.81
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
sGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf
sGF[SZL G SZTF DFTFvl5TFf
_P*_
_P&&
!P*5
!P#Z
ZP5!*
!PZ*
*_P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S¸ **_P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S
;FZ6L $P!)DF\ HF[. XSFI K[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P!& CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S
G U6FIP VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv&Z ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6 L 5F\R DF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF
;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ G YIF[P V[8,[ S[
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[G]\ XF/FSLI VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
164
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF
;\TFGF[GF\ XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF\ ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF\ TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\
D}<I _P!# CT] H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv&#
ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF\ z[6 L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GF\ XF/FSLI VG]S}, GGF\ ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄ VYF"TŸ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ XF/FSLI VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF\ XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF\ ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P&& CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I
ptS<5GFv&$ ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6 L ;FTDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF\ XF/FSLI VG]S}, GGF\ ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄ VYF"TŸ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ XF/FSLI VG]S},G ,UEU
;DFG CT]\P
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTfGF\
VFWFZ[ 5F0[,F +6 H}YF[ 5{SL AaA[ H}YF[GF\ XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF\ ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[
JrR[GF\ TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P*_4 !P*5 VG[ ZP5! D?IFP VF +6 5{SL V[S
8LvU]6F[¿Z _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S CTF[P GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L K VG[
;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF\ XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF\ ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF\
TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I ZP5! CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P VFYL X}g I
ptS<5GFv&5 ccGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF\ lJlEgG z[6 L s5F\R 4 K VG[
;FTfDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF\ XF/FSLI VG]S}, GGF\ ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[P VYF"TŸ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF\
z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[ SZTF GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF\ z[6L ;FTDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TF[GF[G\] XF/FSLI VG]S},G ;FY"S ZLT[ êR] CT]\P
165
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTf
GF VFWFZ[ 5F0[,F +6 H}YF[ 5{SL AaA[ H}YF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P&&4 !P#Z VG[ !PZ* D?IFP VF +6
5{SL V[S 56 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CTF[P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv&&
ccGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6 L s5F\R 4 K VG[ ;FTfDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP VYF"TŸ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
lJlEgG z[6LDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ XF/FSLI VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
VFD GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L 5F\RDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ XF/FSLI VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ XF/FSLI VG]S},G
,UEU ;DFG CT]P\ V[ H ZLT[ z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ XF/FSLI
VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P VYF"TŸ 5lZJT"S R, cz[6Lc GL XF/FSLI VG]S},G
VG[ DFTFvl5TFGF jIFJ;FlIS NZßHFGF ;\AW\ p5Z V;Z G CTLP
$P
XF/FSLI VG]S },G VG[ S]8 ]\AGF[ ÝSFZ
;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF T[DH
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\
XF/FSLI VG]S},G DF5JFDF\ VFjI]\P ;FZ6L $PZ_DF\ S]8]\AGF[ ÝSFZ4 DFTFvl5TFGF[
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4 ;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF4 XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4
ÝDF6 lJR,G TYF ÝtI[S A[ ;ZF;ZL JrR[GF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF RSF;JF DF8[GF
8LvU]6F[¿Z NXF"J[, K[P
166
;FZ6L v $PZ_
;\I]É VG[ lJEÉ S]8 ]\ADF\ ZCL GF[S ZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[S ZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\T FGF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S },GGF ÝF%TF\S F[GL
;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"S TF
S]8 ]\AGF[
DFTFvl5TFGF[
ÝSFZ
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[
;\I]ÉT GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
lJEÉT GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
;\I]ÉTqlJEÉT
;\bIF ;ZF;ZL
150 13.15
164 13.07
291 13.01
223 12.92
ÝDF6 8LvU]6 F[¿Z
lJR,G
2.24
0.36
2.02
2.11
0.50
1.95
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
sGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf sGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf
_P&&
_P*Z
;FZ6L $PZ_ VG];FZ ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[
GF[SZL G SZTF DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[
JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P#& CT] H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P
VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv&* cc;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP VYF"TŸ ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ XF/FSLI VG]S},G
,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\
D]<I _P5_ CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv&(
cclJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
167
CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP VYF"TŸ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ XF/FSLI VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG
CT]\P
;\I]ÉT T[DH lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF
XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P&&
CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv&) cc;\I]ÉT VG[
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI
VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[
GCÄ VYF"TŸ ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\
XF/FSLI VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
;\I]ÉT T[DH lJEÉT S]8\]ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF
XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P*Z
CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv*_ cc;\I]ÉT VG[
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI
VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[
GCÄP VYF"TŸ ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[G]\ XF/FSLI VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
VFD ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[G]\ XF/FSLI VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL4 GF[SZL SZTF\
VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ XF/FSLI VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]P
V[8,[ S[4 XF/FSLI VG]S},G VG[ DFTFvl5TFGF jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF JrR[GF ;\AW\
5Z 5lZJT"S R, cS]8]\AGF[ ÝSFZc GL V;Z G CTLP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI
VG]S},GDF\ ;FY"S TOFJT H6FIF[ G CTF[P ÝIF[HSG]\ DFGJ]\ K[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TF 56 GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL H[D H 5F[TFGF ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S
SFZlSNL" ÝtI[ HFU'T ZC[TF CX[P J/L VF SFZ6YL H GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
S]DFZF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ T[DH GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL
168
SgIFVF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},G JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP DFTFvl5TF GF[SZL SZTF\ CF[I S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ G CF[I 5Z\T]
S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GL ;FDFlHS ;DFGTFGF :JLSFZG[ SFZ6[ S]8]\ADF\ SgIF S[/J6L
ÝtI[ 56 IF[uI wIFG V5FT]\ CX[ VG[ VFYL S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF XF/FSLI
VG]S},GDF\ TOFJT HF[JF D?IF[ GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L
5F\RYL ;FT 5{SLGL ÝtI[S z[6LDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GDF\
TOFJT HF[JF D/[, GYLP ÝIF[HSGF DT ÝDF6[ DFTFvl5TFGF jIJ;FI ;FY[ V[DGF
AF/SF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GDF\ TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP H[G[ SFZ6[ VFJF 5lZ6FDF[ D?IF
CX[P GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[ 5{SL z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\
XF/FSLI VG]S},G GLR]\ CT]P ßIFZ[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlJW z[6LDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GDF\ ;FY"S TOFJT H6FIF[ G CTF[P
ÝIF[HSG]\ DFGJ]\ K[ S[ z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ AF/SF[G[ DFTFvl5TF GF[SZL SZTF\
CF[JFG[ SFZ6[ JWFZ[ HJFANFZL ZC[TL CX[ 5lZ6FD[ T[DG]\ XF/FSLI VG]S},G GLR]\
CX[P ßIFZ[ WF[Z6 5F\RGF ;\TFGF[ pDZDF\ GFGF CF[JFG[ SFZ6[ VG[ WF[Z6 ;FTGF
;\TFGF[ DF[8L z[6LDF\ E6TF CF[JFG[ SFZ6[ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF T[GF p5Z VF[KL
HJFANFZL VF5TF CX[P VFYL VFJF 5lZ6FDF[ HF[JF D?IF CX[P
;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GDF\ ;FY"S TOFJT G CTF[P T[JL H ZLT[ lJEÉT S]8\]ADF\
ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GDF\
;FY"S TOFJT G CTF[P T[DH DFTFvl5TF GF[SZL SZTF\ CF[I S[ G SZTF CF[I4 ;\I]ÉT
VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\AGF AF/SF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GDF\ ;FY"S TOFJT G CTF[P
ÝIF[HSG]\ DFGJ]\ K[ S[ ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ XF/FSLI VG]S},G ;DFG CX[P H[G[ SFZ6[ VFJF
5lZ6FDF[ D?IF CX[P
169
$P#P5 ;FDFlHS VG]S },G V\U [ ÝF%TF\S F[G]\ 5'YÞZ6 VG[ VY"38G
;FDFlHS VG]S},G V[ Ý:T]T VeIF;GF 5ZT\+ R, VG]S},GGF K lJEFUF[
5{SLG]\ V[S K[P cVG]S},G ;\XF[lWGLcDF\ G[J]\ Ý`GF[ CTFP H[ 5{SL ;FDFlHS VG]S},GG]\
DF5G SZTF ;F[/ Ý`GF[ 5Z 5F+F[V[ VF5[, ÝlTRFZ 5ZYL ;FDFlHS VG]S},G
U]6F\SG RFJLGL DNNYL 5F+F[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},G ÝF%TF\S D[/jIFP ;\XF[WS[
;\XF[lWGLGF VFWFZ[ D/[, ;FDFlHS VG]S},G ;\A\lWT RF{N X}gI ptS<5GFVF[GL
ZRGF SZL CTLP H[DF\ DFTFvl5TFGF jIFJ;FlIS NZßHFGF ;\NE"DF\ V[S4 ;\TFGF[GL
HFTLITFGF ;\NE"DF\ RFZ4 ;\TFGF[GL VeIF;GL z[6LGF ;\NE"DF\ 5F\R TYF S]8]\AGF
ÝSFZGF ;\NE"DF\ RFZ ptS<5GFVF[ ZRL CTLP ÝF%T DFlCTLGF VFWFZ[ ;FDFlHS
VG]S},G ;\Al\ WT RF{N X}gI ptS<5GFVF[ RSF;JFDF\ VFJLP
ÝtI[S :JT\+ R,GL SÙFDF\ 5F+F[GL ;\bIF4 ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4
ÝDF6lJR,G TYF 8LvU]6F[¿Z D[/JJFDF\ VFjIFP 8LvU]6F[¿ZGL DNNYL ;FDFlHS
VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX V\SF[GF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF RSF;JFDF\ VFJLP
!P
;FDFlHS VG]S },G VG[ DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF $$! ;\TFGF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
#(* ;\TFGF[G]\ ;FDFlHS VG]S},G DF5JFDF\ VFjI]P ;FZ6L $PZ!DF\ DFTFvl5TFGF[
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4 ;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF4 ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4
ÝDF6 lJR,G TYF ÝtI[S A[ ;ZF;ZL JrR[GF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF RSF;JF DF8[GF[
8LvU]6F[¿Z NXF"J[, K[P
;FZ6L v$PZ!
GF[S ZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[S ZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\T FGF[GF
;FDFlHS VG]S },GGF ÝF%TF\S F[GL ;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"S TF
DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS ;\bIF ;ZF;ZL
ÝDF6
8LvU]6 F[¿Z
NZßHF[
lJR,G
1.50
441 12.70
2.12
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
387 12.47
2.20
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
;FZ6L $PZ!G]\ VJ,F[SG NXF"J[ K[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF
TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P5_ CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL
170
X}g I ptS<5GFv*! ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
ÝFYlDS XF/FGF ;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄ VYF"TŸ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[G]\ ;FDFlHS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
ZP
;FDFlHS VG]S },G VG[ HFTLITF
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ sZ!5f VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ sZ!ZfG]\ T[DH GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ sZZ&f
VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ s!*5fG]\ XFZLlZS VG]S},G DF5JFDF\
VFjI]P ;FZ6L $PZZDF\ ;\TFGF[GL HFTLITF4 DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4
;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF4 ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4 ÝDF6 lJR,G TYF
ÝtI[S A[ ;ZF;ZL JrR[GF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF RSF;JF DF8[GF 8LvU]6F[¿Z ZH} SZ[,
K[P
;FZ6L v $PZZ
GF[S ZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[S ZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[
SgIFVF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S },GGF ÝF%TF\S F[GL ;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"S TF
HFTLITF
DFTFvl5TFGF[
;\bIF ;ZF;ZL ÝDF6 8LvU]6 F[¿Z
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[
lJR,G
215 12.76 2.12
1.24
S]DFZ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF 212 12.50 2.18
226 12.64 2.12
0.93
SgIF GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF 175 12.43 2.23
S]DFZqSgIF
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
sGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf
_P5)
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
sGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf
_PZ)
;FZ6L $PZZ 5ZYL :5Q8 YFI K[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !PZ$ CT\]P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I
ptS<5GFv*Z ccGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
171
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]D FZF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF[
TOFJT ;FY"S GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ G YIF[P V[8,[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[G]\ ;FDFlHS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[GF ;FDFlHS
VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P)# CT]\P H[
_P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv*# ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ G YIF[P V[8,[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\
VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[G]\ ;FDFlHS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG
CT]\P
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P5) CT] H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S
G CT]\P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv*$ ccGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]D FZF[ VG[
SgIFVF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP VYF"TŸ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[
SgIFVF[G]\ ;FDFlHS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT\]P
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _PZ) CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S
G CT]\P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv*5 ccGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[
VG[ SgIFVF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT
GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP VYF"TŸ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[
SgIFVF[G]\ ;FDFlHS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
VFD ;DU| GD}GFDF\ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[G]\ ;FDFlHS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[
VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[G]\ ;FDFlHS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
T[JL H ZLT[ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL
SgIFVF[G]\ ;FDFlHS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P VYF"TŸ 5lZJT"S R, cHFTLITFc
172
GL DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ VG[ ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;\AW\ p5Z V;Z
G CTLP
#P
;FDFlHS VG]S },G VG[ z[6L
DFTFvl5TFGF jIFJ;FlIS NZßHFGF AgG[ :TZ[ z[6L 5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ VG]ÊD[ !Z( VG[ (54 !## VG[ !##4 !(_ VG[ !&)
lJnFYL"VF[G]\ ;FDFlHS VG]S},G DF5JFDF\ VFjI]\P ;FZ6L $PZ#DF\ ;\TFGF[GF
VeIF;GL z[6L4 DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4 ;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF4 ;FDFlHS
VG]S},GGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4 ÝDF6 lJR,G TYF ÝtI[S A[ ;ZF;ZL JrR[GF
TOFJTGL ;FY"STF RSF;JF DF8[GF 8LvU]6F[¿Z NXF"J,
[ K[P
;FZ6L v $PZ#
GF[S ZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[S ZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG
z[6LDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\T FGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S },GGF ÝF%TF\S F[GL
;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"S TF
z[6 L DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS ;\bIF ;ZF;ZL
NZßHF[
128 12.54
5F\R GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
85 12.34
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
133 12.49
K GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
133 12.32
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
180 12.96
;FT GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
169 12.65
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
z[6L 5q&
z[6L 5q*
z[6L &q*
ÝDF6
lJR,G
2.17
2.13
2.18
2.28
8LvU]6 F[¿Z
2.02
1.35
0.68
0.61
2.18
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
sGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf sGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf
_PZ!
_P_5
!P&)
!P_*
!P)5
!PZ*
173
;FZ6L $PZ#DF\ HF[. XSFI K[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P&( CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S
G U6FIP VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv*& ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6 L 5F\R DF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S}, GGF
;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ G YIF[P V[8,[ S[
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[G]\ ;FDFlHS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\
D}<I _P&! CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G U6FIP VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv**
ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6 L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ G YIF[P V[8,[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G\] ;FDFlHS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P#5 CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I
ptS<5GFv*( ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6 L
;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP V[8,[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL
G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ ;FDFlHS VG]S},G
,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTf GF
VFWFZ[ 5F0[,F +6 H}YF[ 5{SL AaA[ H}YF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[
JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿Z _PZ!4 !P&) VG[ !P)5 D?IFP VF +6 5{SL V[S
56 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CTF[P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv*) ccGF[SZL
174
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6 L s5F\R 4 K VG[ ;FTfDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[Icc GF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP V[8,[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG
z[6LDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ ;FDFlHS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTf
GF VFWFZ[ 5F0[,F +6 H}YF[ 5{SL AaA[ H}YF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[
JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P_54 !P_* VG[ !PZ* D?IFP VF +6 5{SL V[S
56 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CTF[P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv(_ ccGF[SZL
G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6 L s5F\R 4 K VG[ ;FTfDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT
GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄ VYF"TŸ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG
z[6LDF\ Ve IF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ ;FDFlHS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
VFD GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L 5F\RDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ ;FDFlHS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;TFGF[G]\ ;FDFlHS VG]S},G
,UEU ;DFG CT]\ V[ H ZLT[ z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ ;FDFlHS
VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P VYF"TŸ 5lZJT"S R, cz[6Lc GL ;FDFlHS VG]S},G
VG[ DFTFvl5TFGF jIFJ;FlIS NZßHFGF ;\AW\ p5Z V;Z G CTLP
$P
;FDFlHS VG]S },G VG[ S]8 ]\AGF[ ÝSFZ
;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF T[DH
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\
;FDFlHS VG]S},G DF5JFDF\ VFjI]\P ;FZ6L $PZ$DF\ S]8]\AGF[ ÝSFZ4 DFTFvl5TFGF[
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4 ;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF4 ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4
ÝDF6 lJR,G TYF ÝtI[S A[ ;ZF;ZL JrR[GF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF RSF;JF DF8[GF
8LvU]6F[¿Z NXF"J[, K[P
175
;FZ6L v $PZ$
;\I]É VG[ lJEÉ S]8 ]\ADF\ ZCL GF[S ZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[S ZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\T FGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S },GGF ÝF%TF\S F[GL
;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"S TF
S]8 ]\AGF[
DFTFvl5TFGF[
ÝSFZ
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[
;\I]ÉT GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
lJEÉT GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
;\I]ÉTqlJEÉT
;\bIF ;ZF;ZL ÝDF6 8LvU]6 F[¿Z
lJR,G
150 12.82 2.24
1.34
163 12.48 2.25
291 12.63 2.06
0.91
233 12.46 2.18
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
sGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf sGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf
_P((
_P_(
;FZ6L $PZ$DF\ NXF"jIF VG];FZ ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P#$ CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[
;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv(! cc;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\
VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCLP VYF"TŸ ;\I]ÉT
S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\
;FDFlHS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\
D}<I _P)! CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv(Z
cclJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\S JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
176
CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP VYF"TŸ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ ;FDFlHS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG
CT]\P
;\I]ÉT T[DH lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF
;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P((
CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv(# cc;\I]ÉT VG[
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS
VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[
GCÄP VYF"TŸ ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\
;FDFlHS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
;\I]ÉT T[DH lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF
;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P_(
CT\]P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv($ cc;\I]ÉT VG[
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS
VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[
GCÄP VYF"TŸ ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[G]\ ;FDFlHS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
VFD ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[G]\ ;FDFlHS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\
VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ ;FDFlHS VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]P
V[8,[ S[4 ;FDFlHS VG]S},G VG[ DFTFvl5TFGF jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF JrR[GF ;\AW\
5Z 5lZJT"S R, cS]8\]AGF[ ÝSFZc GL V;Z G CTLP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS
VG]S},GDF\ ;FY"S TOFJT HF[JF D?IF[ GYLP ÝIF[HSG]\ DFGJ]\ K[ S[4 DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL SZTF\ CF[JFG[ SFZ6[ T[DGF ;\TFGF[ 5Z lJX[Ø ;FDFlHS HJFANFZL VFJTL
GCÄ CF[IP 5lZ6FD[ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[ ;FDFlHS VG]S},G AFATDF\
lEgG GCÄ CF[IP J/L VF SFZ6 YL H GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ GF[SZL
177
G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ T[DH GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ VG[ GF[SZL
G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},G JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP
DFTFvl5TF GF[SZL SZTF\ CF[I S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ G CF[I 5Z\T] S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GL
;FDFlHS ;DFGTFGF :JLSFZG[ SFZ6[ S]8]\ADF\ SgIF VG[ S]DFZG[ ;DFG H ;FDFlHS
HJFANFZLVF[G]\ JCG SZJFG]\ ZC[T] CX[P VFYL S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF ;FDFlHS
VG]S},GDF\ TOFJT HF[JF D?IF[ GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF H]NLvH]NL
z[6LDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GDF\ TOFJT H6FIF[ GYLP
ÝIF[HSG]\ DFGJ]\ K[ S[ DFTFvl5TFGF jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF ;FY[ H]NL H]NL z[6LDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GDF\ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP H[YL VF
5lZ6FDF[ D?IF CX[P
;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GDF\ ;FY"S TOFJT G CTF[ T[JL H ZLT[ lJEÉT S]8\]ADF\
ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GDF\
;FY"S TOFJT G CTF[P T[DH DFTFvl5TF GF[SZL SZTF\ CF[I S[ G SZTF CF[I4 T[JF
;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\AGF ;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GDF\ ;FY"S TOFJT G CTF[P
ÝIF[HSG]\ DFGJ]\ K[ S[ ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[G]\ ;FDFlHS VG]S},G ;DFG CX[P H[G[ SFZ6[ VFJF 5lZ6FDF[ D?IF CX[P
$P#P& ;DU| VG]S },G V\U [ ÝF%TF\S F[G]\ 5'YÞZ6 VG[ VY"38G
Ý:T]T VeIF;DF\ GD}GFGF 5F+F[G]\ VG]S},G HF6JF DF8[ ;\XF[WS[ ccVG]S},G
;\XF[lWGLc GL ZRGF SZLP VF ;\XF[lWGL äFZF SF{8]\lAS4 XFZLlZS DFGl;S4 XF/FSLI
VG[ ;FDFlHS V[D 5F\R ÝSFZGF VG]S},GF[G]\ DF5G SZL XSFI]\P VF 5F\R[I ÝSFZGF
VG]S},G ÝF%TF\SGF ;ZJF/FG[ 5F+GF ;DU| VG]S},G ÝF%TF\S TZLS[ :JLSFZJFDF\
VFjI]\P VFD VG]S},G ;\XF[lWGLGF S], G[J]\ Ý`GF[ 5Z 5F+F[ V[ VF5[, ÝlTRFZ
5ZYL ;DU| VG]S},G U]6F\SG RFJLGL DNNYL 5F+F[GF ;DU| VG]S},G ÝF%TF\S
D[/jIFP ;\XF[WS[ ;\XF[lWGLGF VFWFZ[ D/[, ;DU| VG]S},G ;\A\lWT RF{N X}gI
178
ptS<5GFVF[GL ZRGF SZL CTLP H[DF\ DFTFvl5TFGF jIFJ;FlIS NZßHFGF ;\NE"DF\
V[S4 ;\TFGF[GL HFTLITFGF ;\NE"DF\ RFZ4 ;\TFGF[GL VeIF;GL z[6LGF ;\NE"DF\
5F\R TYF S]8]\AGF ÝSFZGF ;\NE"DF\ RFZ ptS<5GFVF[ ZRL CTLP ÝF%T DFlCTLGF
VFWFZ[ ;DU| VG]S},G ;\A\lWT RF{N X}gI ptS<5GFVF[ RSF;JFDF\ VFJLP
ÝtI[S :JT\+ R,GL SÙFDF\ 5F+F[GL ;\bIF4 ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4 ÝDF6
lJR,G TYF 8LvU]6F[¿Z D[/JJFDF\ VFjIFP 8LvU]6F[¿ZGL DNNYL ;DU|
VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX V\SF[GF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF RSF;JFDF\ VFJLP
!P
;DU| VG]S },G VG[ DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF $$! ;\TFGF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
#(* ;\TFGF[G]\ ;DU| VG]S},G DF5JFDF\ VFjI]\P ;FZ6L $PZ5DF\ DFTFvl5TFGF[
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4 ;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF4 ;DU| VG]S},GGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4
ÝDF6 lJR,G TYF ÝtI[S A[ ;ZF;ZL JrR[GF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF RSF;JF DF8[GF[
8LvU]6F[¿Z NXF"J[, K[P
;FZ6L v $PZ5
GF[S ZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[S ZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\T FGF[GF
;DU| VG]S },GGF ÝF%TF\S F[GL ;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"S TF
DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS
;\bIF ;ZF;ZL ÝDF6 8LvU]6 F[¿Z
NZßHF[
lJR,G
441 65.63 8.83
0.95
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
387 65.04 8.93
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
;FZ6L $PZ5G]\ VJ,F[SG NXF"J[ K[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF
TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P)5 CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I
ptS<5GFv(5 ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ÝFYlDS
XF/FGF ;\TFGF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
179
CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP VYF"TŸ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TF[GF[G]\ ;DU| VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
ZP
;DU| VG]S },G VG[ HFTLITF
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ sZ!5f VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ sZ!ZfG]\ T[DH GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ sZZ&f
VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ s!*5fG]\ ;DU| VG]S},G DF5JFDF\
VFjI]\P ;FZ6L $PZ&DF\ ;\TFGF[GL HFTLITF4 DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4
;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF4 ;DU| VG]S},GGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4 ÝDF6 lJR,G TYF ÝtI[S
A[ ;ZF;ZL JrR[GF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF RSF;JF DF8[GF 8LvU]6F[¿Z ZH} SZ[, K[P
;FZ6L v $PZ&
GF[S ZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[S ZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[
SgIFVF[GF ;DU| VG]S },GGF ÝF%TF\S F[GL ;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"S TF
HFTLITF
S]DFZ
SgIF
S]DFZqSgIF
DFTFvl5TFGF[
;\bIF
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[
215
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF 212
226
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF 175
;ZF;ZL ÝDF6 8LvU]6 F[¿Z
lJR,G
65.62 8.83
1.14
65.04 8.93
66.82 8.88
0.47
65.84 8.92
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
sGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf sGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf
ZP(_**
!P)5
*_P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S¸ **_P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S
;FZ6L $PZ& 5ZYL :5Q8 YFI K[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P!$ CT] H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I
ptS<5GFv(& ccGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
180
DFTFvl5TFVF[ GF S]D FZF[GF ;DU| VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF[
TOFJT ;FY"S GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCLP V[8,[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL
G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[G]\ ;DU| VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[GF ;DU|
VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P$* CT]\P H[
_P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv(* ccGF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[GF
;DU| VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF[ TOFJT ;FY"S GCÄ CF[IccGF[
V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄ V[8,[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL
SgIFVF[G]\ ;DU| VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT\]P
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I ZP(_ CT]\P H[ _P_! SÙFV[
;FY"S CT]\ VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv(( ccGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[
VG[ SgIFVF[GF ;DU| VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[P VYF"TŸ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[G]\ ;DU|
VG]S},G GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ SZTF VY";}RS ZLT[ êR]\ CT]\P
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P)5 CT]P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[
;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv() ccGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
S]D FZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF ;DU| VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT
GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ VYF"TŸ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[
SgIFVF[G]\ ;DU| VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
VFD ;DU| GD}GFDF\ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[G]\ ;DU| VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT\]P GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[
VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[G]\ ;DU| VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT] T[JL
H ZLT[ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL
181
SgIFVF[G]\ ;DU| VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P VYF"TŸ 5lZJT"S R, cHFTLITFcGL
DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ VG[ ;DU| VG]S},GGF ;\A\W p5Z V;Z G CTLP
#P
;DU| VG]S },G VG[ z[6L
DFTFvl5TFGF jIFJ;FlIS NZßHFGF AgG[ :TZ[ z[6L 5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ VG]ÊD[ !Z( VG[ (54 !## VG[ !##4 !(_ VG[ !&)
lJnFYL"VF[G]\ ;DU| VG]S},G DF5JFDF\ VFjI]\P ;FZ6L $PZ*DF\ ;\TFGF[GF VeIF;GL
z[6L4 DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4 ;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF4 ;DU| VG]S},GGF
ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4 ÝDF6 lJR,G4 TYF ÝtI[S A[ ;ZF;ZL JrR[GF TOFJTGL
;FY"STF RSF;JF DF8[GF 8LvU]6F[¿Z NXF"J,
[ K[P
;FZ6L v $PZ*
GF[S ZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[S ZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6LDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\T FGF[GF ;DU| VG]S },GGF ÝF%TF\S F[GL ;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"S TF
z[6 L
5F\R
K
;FT
DFTFvl5TFGF[
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
;\bIF ;ZF;ZL ÝDF6 8LvU]6 F[¿Z
lJR,G
128 63.17 8.95
-1.18
85 64.59 7.84
133 64.92 8.92
0.98
133 63.80 9.77
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
180
67.88
8.13
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF 109
66.24
8.65
1.83
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
sGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf sGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf
z[6L 5q&
!P5(
_P&Z
z[6L 5q*
$P(_**
!P$*
z[6L &q*
#P_5**
ZPZ)*
*_P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S¸ **_P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S
182
;FZ6L $PZ*DF\ HF[. XSFI K[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P!( CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S
G U6FIP VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv)_ ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6 L 5F\R DF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF ;DU| VG]S}, GGF
;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ G YIF[P V[8,[ S[
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[G]\ ;DU| VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I
_P)( CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\ VFYL X}g IGF ptS<5GFv)! ccGF[SZL
SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6 L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GF ;DU| VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP VYF"TŸ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ ;DU| VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG
CT]\P
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I
!P(# CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G U6FIP VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv)Z ccGF[SZL
SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6 L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GF ;DU| VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ G YIF[P V[8,[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ ;DU| VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTf GF
VFWFZ[ 5F0[,F +6 H}YF[ 5{SL AaA[ H}YF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[
JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿Z !P5(4 $P(_ VG[ #P_5 D?IFP VF +6 5{SL A[
8LvU]6F[¿Z _P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S CTFP GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\R VG[
183
;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ ;DU| VG]S},G $P(_ CT]\P T[DH z[6L K VG[
;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ ;DU| VG]S},G #P_5 CT]\P VF AgG[ 8LvU]6F[¿Z
_P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S CTFP VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv)# ccGF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6 L s5F\R 4 K VG[ ;FTfDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GF ;DU| VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ VYF"TŸ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6LDF\ 5F\R VG[
KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[ SZTF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ ;DU|
VG]S},G ;FY"S ZLT[ êR]\ CT]\P
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[
;FTfGF VFWFZ[ 5F0[,F +6 H}YF[ 5{SL AaA[ H}YF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P&Z4 !P$* VG[ ZPZ) D?IFP VF +6
5{SL V[S 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S CTF[P GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L
K VG[ ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[[GF
TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I ZPZ) CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P VFYL X}g I
ptS<5GFv)$ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF lJlEgG z[6 L s5F\R 4 K VG[
;FTfDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF ;DU| VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[P VYF"TŸ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[ SZTF GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ ;DU| VG]S},G ;FY"S ZLT[
êR] CT]\P
VFD GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L 5F\RDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ ;DU| VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ ;DU| VG]S},G
,UEU ;DFG CT]]P V[ H ZLT[ z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ ;DU| VG]S},G
,UEU ;DFG CT]\P VYF"TŸ 5lZJT"S R, cz[6Lc GL VG]S},G VG[ DFTFvl5TFGF
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHFGF ;\A\W p5Z V;Z G CTLP
184
$P
;DU| VG]S },G VG[ S]8 ]\AGF[ ÝSFZ
;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF T[DH
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ ;DU|
VG]S},G DF5JFDF\ VFjI]\P ;FZ6L $PZ(DF\ S]8]\AGF[ ÝSFZ4 DFTFvl5TFGF[
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4 ;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF4 ;DU| VG]S},GGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4
ÝDF6 lJR,G TYF ÝtI[S A[ ;ZF;ZL JrR[GF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF RSF;JF DF8[GF
8LvU]6F[¿Z NXF"J[, K[P
;FZ6L v $PZ(
;\I]É VG[ lJEÉ S]8 ]\ADF\ ZCL GF[S ZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[S ZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\T FGF[GF ;DU| VG]S },GGF ÝF%TF\S F[GL ;ZF;ZLGF
TOFJTGL ;FY"S TF
S]8 ]\AGF[
DFTFvl5TFGF[
;\bIF ;ZF;ZL ÝDF6 8LvU]6 F[¿Z
ÝSFZ
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[
lJR,G
150 66.24 9.50
1.21
;\I]ÉT GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF 164 64.97
291 65.30
lJEÉT GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF 223 65.08
;\I]ÉTqlJEÉT
9.06
8.46
0.28
8.86
8LvU]6 FTZ
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
sGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf sGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf
!P_5
_P!Z
;FZ6L $PZ( VG];FZ ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[
JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !PZ! CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P
VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv)5 cc;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF ;DU| VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP VYF"TŸ ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\
185
DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ ;DU| VG]S},G ,UEU
;DFG CT]\P
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG\] D}<I
_PZ( CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv)& cclJEÉT
S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF ;Z[Z FX ÝF%TF\S JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[
V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP VYF"TŸ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ ;DU| VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
;\I]ÉT T[DH lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF
;DU| VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P_5
CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv)*cc ;\I]ÉT VG[
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF ;DU|
VG]S}, GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[
GCLP VYF"TŸ ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\
;DU| VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT\]P
;\I]ÉT T[DH lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF
;DU| VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _PZ( CT]\
H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv)(cc ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT
S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF ;DU| VG]S}, GGF
;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP V[8,[ S[
;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ ;DU|
VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P
VFD ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[G]\ ;DU| VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\P lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ ;DU| VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CT]\ V[8,[ S[4
186
;DU| VG]S},G VG[ DFTFvl5TFGF jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF JrR[GF ;\A\W 5Z 5lZJT"S
R, cS]8]\AGF[ ÝSFZc GL V;Z G CTLP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF ;DU|
VG]S},GDF\ ;FY"S TOFJT HF[JF D?IF[ GYLP ÝIF[HSG]\ DFGJ]\ K[ S[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[ 5F[TFGF ;\TFGF[GF VG]S},G V\U[ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF H[8,F H
HFU'T CX[P 5lZ6FD[ V[DGF ;\TFGF[GF VG]S},GDF\ TOFJT H6FIF[ GCÄ CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ SZTF GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[
JW] ;FZ]\ ;DU| VG]S},G WZFJTF H6FIF CTFP ßIFZ[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL
SgIFVF[ VG[ S]DFZF[G]\ ;DU| VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P ÝIF[HSG]\ DFGJ]\ K[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TF SgIFVF[G[ 3ZGL lJX[Ø HJFANFZL ;F[\5TF CF[JF KTF\ T[DGF TZO wIFG
56 JW] VF5TF CX[ VFYL H S]DFZF[ SZTF SgIFVF[G]\ ;DU| VG]S},G JWFZ[ VG[
S]DFZF[G]\ ;DU| VG]S},G VF[K]\ HF[JF D/[, CX[P
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L
5F\RYL ;FT 5{SLGL ÝtI[S z[6LDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GDF\
TOFJT HF[JF D/[, GYLP ÝIF[HSGF DT ÝDF6[ DFTFvl5TFGF jIJ;FI ;FY[ V[DGF
AF/SF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GDF\ TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP H[G[ SFZ6[ VFJF 5lZ6FDF[ D?IF
CX[P GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[ 5{SL z[6L 5F\R VG[ KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[G]\ ;DU| VG]S},G GLR] CT]\P ßIFZ[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[
5{SL z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ ;DU| VG]S},G GLR] CT]\P ÝIF[HSG]\ DFGJ]\
K[ S[ z[6L ;FTGF lJnFYL"VF[ p\DZDF\ 56 DF[8F CF[I T[DH z[6L ;FTGL 5ZLÙF
DFwIlDS lXÙ6G]\ ÝJ[XäFZ CF[I z[6L ;FTGF lJnFYL"VF[ JW] DC[GT SZTF CX[P
ßIFZ[ z[6L 5F\R VG[ K GF lJnFYL"VF[ p\DZDF\ 56 GFGF CF[I T[DH GF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TF 5F[TFGL A[J0L HJFANFZLG[ SFZ6[ 5}ZT] wIFG GCÄ VF5L XSTF CF[IP
5lZ6FD[ T[G]\ ;DU| VG]S},G GLR]\ HF[JF D/[, CX[P ßIFZ[ GF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[DF\ z[6L 5F\R VG[ ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ ;DU|
VG]S},G GLR] CT]\P ÝIF[HSG]\ DFGJ]\ K[ S[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF lXlÙT G
CF[JFG[ ,LW[ VFJ]\ 5lZ6FD D/[, CX[P
187
;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GDF\ ;FY"S TOFJT H6FIF[ GYLP T[JL H ZLT[ lJEÉT
S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF ;DU|
VG]S},GDF\ ;FY"S TOFJT H6FIF[ GYLP T[DH DFTFvl5TF GF[SZL SZTF\ CF[I S[ G
CF[I4 ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\AGF AF/SF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GDF\ ;FY"S TOFJT G
CTF[P ÝIF[HSG]\ DFGJ]\ K[ S[ ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL
G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ ;DU| VG]S},G ,UEU ;DFG CX[P H[G[ SFZ6[
VFJF 5lZ6FDF[ D?IF CX[P
$P$ l;lâÝ[Z6F V\U[ ÝF%T DFlCTLG]\ 5'YÞZ6 VG[ VY"38G o
Ý:T]T VeIF;DF\ l;lâÝ[Z6FG[ V[S 5ZT\+ R, TZLS[ ,[JFDF\ VFJ[,P GF[SZL
SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F HF6JF DF8[
ccl;lâÝ[Z6F DF5N\0cc 5F+F[G[ VF5JFDF\ VFJ[,P VF p5SZ6DF\ V-FZ lJWFGF[GL
HF[0 VF5JFDF\ VFJL CTLP VF lJWFGF[ 5Z 5F+F[V[ 5;\NUL :J~5[ VF5[,
ÝlTRFZGF VFWFZ[ U]6F\SG RFJL äFZF 5F+GF l;lâÝ[Z6F ÝF%TF\S D[/JJFDF\
VFjIFP
l;lâÝ[Z6F 5Z D]bI :JT\+ R, DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ VG[
5lZJT"S R,F[ s!f HFTLITF sZf z[6L VG[ s#f S]8]\AG[F ÝSFZ T5F;JF ZR[,L
ptS<5GFVF[ RSF;JF 5'YÞZ6 SZJFDF\ VFJ[,P VF 5'YÞZ6 DF8[ D]bI :JT\+
R, VG[ +6 5lZJT"S R,F[GL SÙFV[ GD}GFGF\ 5F+F[GF\ H}YF[ 5F0JFDF\ VFJ[,FP VF
ÝDF6[ l;lâÝ[Z6F 5Z :JT\+ VYJF 5lZJT"S R,GL V;ZGF ;\NE"DF\ RF{N X}gI
ptS<5GFVF[ ZRJFDF\ VFJL CTLP H[DF\ DFTFvl5TFGF jIFJ;FlIS NZßHFGF
;\NE"DF\ V[S4 ;\TFGF[GL HFTLITFGF ;\NE"DF\ RFZ4 ;\TFGF[GL VeIF; z[6LGF
;\NE"DF\ 5F\R TYF S]8]\AGF ÝSFZGF ;\NE"DF\ RFZ ptS<5GFVF[ ZRL CTLP ÝF%T
DFlCTLGF VFWFZ[ l;lâÝ[Z6F ;\Al\ WT RF{N X}gI ptS<5GFVF[ RSF;JFDF\ VFJLP
188
ÝtI[S :JT\+ R,GL SÙFDF\ 5F+F[GL ;\bIF4 ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4 ÝDF6
lJR,G TYF 8LvU]6F[¿Z D[/JJFDF\ VFjIFP 8LvU]6F[¿ZGL DNNYL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF
ÝtI[S A[ ;ZF;ZL V\SF[GF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF RSF;JFDF\ VFJLP
!P
l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF $$! ;\TFGF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
#(* ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F DF5JFDF\ VFJLP ;FZ6L $PZ)DF\ DFTFvl5TFGF[
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4 ;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF4 l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4 ÝDF6
lJR,G TYF ÝtI[S A[ ;ZF;ZL JrR[GF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF RSF;JF DF8[GF[
8LvU]6F[¿Z NXF"J[, K[P
;FZ6L v $PZ)
GF[S ZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[S ZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\T FGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF
ÝF%TF\S F[GL ;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"S TF
DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ ;\bIF ;ZF;ZL ÝDF6 lJR,G 8LvU]6 F[¿Z
0.72
2.07
441 11.76
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
2.05
387 11.86
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
;FZ6L $PZ) G\] VJ,F[SG NXF"J[ K[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL
G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P*Z CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]P VFYL X}g I
ptS<5GFv)) ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ÝFYlDS
XF/FGF ;\TFGF[GF l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCLP VYF"TŸ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL
l;lâÝ[Z6F ,UEU ;DFG CTLP
189
ZP
l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ HFTLITF
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ sZ!5f VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ sZ!ZfG]\ T[DH GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ sZZ&f
VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ s!*5f GL l;lâÝ[Z6F DF5JFDF\ VFJLP
;FZ6L $P#_DF\ ;\TFGF[GL HFTLITF4 DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4 ;\TFGF[GL
;\bIF4 l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4 ÝDF6 lJR,G TYF ÝtI[S A[ ;ZF;ZL
JrR[GF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF RSF;JF DF8[GF 8LvU]6F[¿Z ZH} SZ[, K[P
;FZ6L v $P#_
GF[S ZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[S ZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GL
l;lâÝ[Z6F ÝF%TF\S F[GL ;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"S TF
HFTLITF DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS ;\bIF ;ZF;ZL ÝDF6 8LvU]6 F[¿Z
NZßHF[
lJR,G
215 11.87 2.02
0.42
S]DFZ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF 212 11.79 2.00
226 11.65 2.12
1.40
SgIF GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF 175 11.94 2.11
S]DFZqSgIF
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
sGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf sGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf
!P!5
_P*!
;FZ6L $P#_ 5ZYL :5Q8 YFI K[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[GF l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P$Z CT]P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I
ptS<5GFv!__ ccGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]D FZF[GF l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF[ TOFJT
;FY"S GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ G YIF[P V[8,[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[GL ;DFG CTLP
190
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[GF l;lâÝ[Z6FGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P$_ CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[
;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv!_! ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[GF l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ G YIF[P V[8,[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F ,UEU ;DFG CTLP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;ZF;ZL
ÝF%TF\SF[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P$Z CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT\]
VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv!_ZccGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]D FZF[ VG[
SgIFVF[GF l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[
V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP VYF"TŸ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GL
l;lâÝ[Z6F ,UEU ;DFG CTLP
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;ZF;ZL
ÝF%TF\SF[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P*! CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]
VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv!_# ccGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[
SgIFVF[GF l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[
V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP VYF"TŸ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GL
l;lâÝ[Z6F ,UEU ;DFG CTLP
VFD ;DU| GD}GFDF\ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F ,UEU ;DFG CTLP GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F ,UEU ;DFG CTLP T[JL H ZLT[
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[GL
l;lâÝ[Z6F ,UEU ;DFG CTLP VYF"TŸ 5lZJT"S R, cHFTLITFc GL DFTFvl5TFGF[
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ VG[ l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;\AW\ p5Z V;Z G CTLP
191
#P
l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ z[6L
DFTFvl5TFGF jIFJ;FlIS NZßHFGF AgG[ :TZ[ z[6L 5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ VG]ÊD[ !Z( VG[ (54 !## VG[ !##4 !(_ VG[ !&)
lJnFYL"VF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F DF5JFDF\ VFJLP ;FZ6L $P#!DF\ ;\TFGF[GF VeIF;GL
z[6L4 DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4 ;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF4 l;lâÝ[Z6FGF
ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4 ÝDF6 lJR,G TYF ÝtI[S A[ ;ZF;ZL JrR[GF TOFJTGL
;FY"STF RSF;JF DF8[GF 8LvU]6F[¿Z NXF"J,
[ K[P
;FZ6L v $P#!
GF[S ZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[S ZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6LDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\T FGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ÝF%TF\S F[GL ;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"S TF
z[6 L
DFTFvl5TFGF[
;\bIF
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[
128
5F\R GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF 85
133
K GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF 133
180
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
;FT
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF 169
z[6L 5q&
z[6L 5q*
z[6L &q*
;ZF;ZL
8LvU]6 F[¿Z
11.74
ÝDF6
lJR,G
2.07
2.15
1.93
2.11
12.12
2.13
0.61
11.98
1.95
11.46
11.81
11.56
1.19
0.73
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
sGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf
sGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf
_P#(
_PZ5
ZP&)**
_P&#
ZP#)*
!P_$
*_P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S¸ **_P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S
;FZ6L $P#!DF\ HF[. XSFI K[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[
192
JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P!) CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G U6FIP
VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv!_$ ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6 L 5F\R DF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;Z[ZFX
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ G YIF[4 V[8,[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\
VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F
,UEU ;DFG CTLP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GF l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I
_P*# CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G U6FIP VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv!_5 ccGF[SZL
SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6 L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GF l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[
V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP VYF"TŸ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L
KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F ,UEU ;DFG CTLP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P&! CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G U6FIP VFYL X}g I
ptS<5GFv!_& ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L
;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF l;lâÝ[Z6F ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ G YIF[P V[8,[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F ,UEU ;DFG
CTLP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTfDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿Z _P#(4 ZP&) VG[ ZP#) D?IFP VF +6 5{SL V[S 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P_!
SÙFV[ VG[ V[S 8LvU]6F[[¿Z _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S CTF[P GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
z[6L 5F\R VG[ ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[
JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I ZP&) CT]\P H[ _P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P
193
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L K VG[ ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL
l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I ZP#) CT]\ H[
_P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S CT]\ VFYL X}g ITF ptS<5GFv!_* ccGF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6 L s5F\R 4 K VG[ ;FTfDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GF l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[Icc GF[
V:JLSFZ YIF[P VYF"TŸ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L 5F\R VG[ KDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[ SZTF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F ;FY"S ZLT[
êRL CTLP
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[
;FTfDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿Z _PZ54 _P&# VG[ !P_$ D?IFP VF +6 5{SL V[S 56 8LvU]6F[¿Z
_P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CTF[P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv!_( ccGF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6 L s5F\R 4 K VG[ ;FTfDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GF l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[
V:JLSFZ G YIF[P VYF"TŸ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6LDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F ,UEU ;DFG CTLP
VFD GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L 5F\RDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F ,UEU ;DFG CTLP GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL
G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F ,UEU
;DFG CTLP GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L ;FTDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F ,UEU ;DFG CTLP VYF"TŸ 5lZJT"S R,
cz[6Lc GL l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ DFTFvl5TFGF jIFJ;FlIS NZßHFGF ;\AW\ p5Z V;Z G
CTLP
$P
l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ S]8 ]\AGF[ ÝSFZ
;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF T[DH
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL
194
l;lâÝ[Z6F DF5JFDF\ VFJLP ;FZ6L $P#ZDF\ S]8]\AGF[ ÝSFZ4 DFTFvl5TFGF[
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4 ;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF4 l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4 ÝDF6
lJR,G TYF ÝtI[S A[ ;ZF;ZL JrR[GF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF RSF;JF DF8[GF
8LvU]6F[¿Z NXF"J[, K[P
;FZ6L v $P#Z
;\I]É VG[ lJEÉ S]8 ]\ADF\ ZCL GF[S ZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[S ZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\T FGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ÝF%TF\S F[GL
;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"S TF
S]8]\AGF[
DFTFvl5TFGF[
;\bIF
ÝSFZ
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[
150
;\I]ÉT GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF 164
291
lJEÉT GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF 223
;ZF;ZL ÝDF6 8LvU]6 F[¿Z
lJR,G
11.57 2.07
0.36
11.66 2.08
11.85 2.07
0.86
12.01 2.02
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
sGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf sGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf
;\I]ÉTqlJEÉT
!P#$
!P&&
;FZ6L $P#Z VG];FZ ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF
TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG\] D}<I _P#& CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL
X}g I ptS<5GFv!_) cc;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT
GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄ VYF"TŸ ;\IÉ] T S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F ,UEU
;DFG CTLP
195
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[GF l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I
_P(& CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv!!_ cclJEÉT
S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF
l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[
GCÄP VYF"TŸ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F ,UEU ;DFG CTLP
;\I]ÉT T[DH lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL
l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P#$ CT]\ H[ _P_5
SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv!!! cc;\I ]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\
ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[
JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP VYF"TŸ ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT
S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F ,UEU ;DFG CTLP
;\I]ÉT T[DH lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF
l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P&& CT]\P
H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv!!Z cc;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT
S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;Z[ZFX
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP VYF"TŸ ;\I]ÉT
VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F
,UEU ;DFG CTLP
VFD ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F ,UEU ;DFG CTLP lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F ,UEU ;DFG CTLP V[8,[ S[4
l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ DFTFvl5TFGF jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF JrR[GF ;\AW\ 5Z 5lZJT"S R,
cS]8]\AGF[ ÝSFZc GL V;Z G CTLP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FDF\
;FY"S TOFJT H6FIF[ G CTF[P ÝIF[HSG]\ DFGJ]\ K[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF 56
196
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL H[D H 5F[TFGF ;\TFGF[G[ ;DFG ZLT[ Ý[Z6 5]Z]\ 5F0TF
CX[P J/L VF SFZ6YL H GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ T[DH GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL SZTF\ CF[I S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ G CF[I 5Z\T] S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GL ;FDFlHS
;DFGTF :JLSFZG[ SFZ6[ S]8]\ADF\ SgIFVF[GL pßHJ/ SFZlSNL" ÝtI[ 5]ZT]\ wIFG
V5FT]\ CX[ VG[ VFYL S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FDF\ TOFJT HF[JF D?IF[ GCÄ
CF[IP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L 5F\R
YL ;FT 5{SLGL ÝtI[S z[6LDF\\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FDF\ TOFJT HF[JF
D/[, GYLP ÝIF[HSGF DT ÝDF6[ DFTFvl5TFGF jIJ;FI ;FY[ V[DGF AF/SF[GL
l;lâÝ[Z6FDF\ TOFJT GCÄ CF[IP H[G[ SFZ6[ VFJF 5lZ6FDF[ D?IF CX[P GF[SZL G
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlJW z[6LDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FDF\ ;FY"S
TOFJT H6FIF[ G CTF[P HIFZ[ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[ 5{SL z[6L 5F\R
VG[ K GF lJnFYL"VF[ SZTF z[6L ;FTGF lJnFYL"VF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F êRL HF[JF D/L
CTLP ÝIF[HSG]\ DFGJ]\ K[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
AF/SG[ JW] ÝDF6DF\ Ý[Z6F VF5TF CX[P H[GF SFZ6[ VFJ] 5lZ6FD ÝF%T YI[,
CX[P
;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FDF\ ;FY"S TOFJT G CTF[P T[JL H ZLT[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FDF\ ;FY"S
TOFJT G CTF[P T[DH DFTFvl5TF GF[SZL SZTF\ CF[I S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ G CF[I4 ;\I]ÉT
VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\AGF\ AF/SF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FDF\ ;FY"S TOFJT G CTF[P ÝIF[HSG]\ DFGJ]\
K[ S[ ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F ;DFG CX[P H[G[ SFZ6[ VFJF 5lZ6FDF[ D?IF
CX[P
197
$P5 X{Ùl6S l;lâ V\U[ ÝF%T DFlCTLG]\ 5'YÞZ6 VG[ VY"38G
Ý:T]T VeIF;DF\ X{Ùl6S l;lâG[ V[S 5ZT\+ R, TZLS[ ,[JFDF\ VFJ[,P
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ HF6JF DF8[
lJnFYL"GF cXF/FGF JFlØ"S 5lZ6FDcG[ X{Ùl6S l;lâ TZLS[ :JLSFZJFDF\ VFjI]\P
lJnFYL"GF JFlØS 5lZ6FDDF\ D[/J[, U]6G[ XTDFGDF\ ~5F\TZ SZL X{Ùl6S l;lâ
DF5JFDF\ VFJLP
X{Ùl6S l;lâ 5Z D]bI :JT\+ R, DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ VG[
5lZJT"S R,F[ s!f HFTLITF sZf z[6L VG[ s#f S]8]\AGF ÝSFZGL V;Z T5F;JF
ZR[,L ptS<5GFVF[ RSF;JF 5'YÞZ6 SZJFDF\ VFJ[,P VF 5'YÞZ6 DF8[ D]bI
:JT\+ R, VG[ +6 5lZJT"S R,F[GL SÙFVF[ VG];FZ GD}GFGF\ 5F+F[GF H}YF[
5F0JFDF\ VFJ[,P VF ÝDF6[ X{Ùl6S l;lâ 5Z :JT\+ R, VYJF 5lZJT"S R,GL
V;ZGF ;\NE"DF\ RF{N X}gI ptS<5GFVF[ ZRJFDF\ VFJL CTLP H[DF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHFGF ;\NE"DF\ V[S4 ;\TFGF[GL HFTLITFGF ;\NE"DF\ RFZ4 ;\TFGF[GL
VeIF;GL z[6LGF ;\NE"DF\ 5F\R TYF S]8]\AGF ÝSFZGF ;\NE"DF\ RFZ ptS<5GFVF[
ZRL CTLP ÝF%T DFlCTLGF VFWFZ[ X{Ùl6S l;lâ ;\A\lWT X}gI ptS<5GFVF[
RSF;JFDF\ VFJLP
ÝtI[S :JT\+ R,GL SÙFDF\ 5F+F[GL ;\bIF4 ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4 ÝDF6
lJR,G TYF 8LvU]6F[¿Z D[/JJFDF\ VFjIFP 8LvU]6F[¿ZGL DNNYL X{Ùl6S l;lâ
;\Al\ WT X}gI ptS<5GFVF[ RSF;JFDF\ VFJLP
!P
X{Ùl6S l;lâ VG[ DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF $$! ;\TFGF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
#(* ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ DF5JFDF\ VFJLP ;FZ6L $P## GF\ DFTFvl5TFGF[
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4 ;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF4 X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4 ÝDF6
lJR,G TYF ÝtI[S A[ ;ZF;ZL JrR[GF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF RSF;JF DF8[GF[
8LvU]6F[¿Z NXF"J[, K[P
198
;FZ6L v $P##
GF[S ZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[S ZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\T FGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF
ÝF%TF\S F[GL ;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"S TF
DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ ;\bIF ;ZF;ZL ÝDF6 lJR,G 8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
11.72
441 79.41
3.75**
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
10.30
387 76.52
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
**_P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S
;FZ6L $P## G]\ VJ,F[SG NXF"J[ K[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL
G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF
TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I #P*5 CT]\ H[ _P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P VFYL X}g I
ptS<5GFv!!# ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ÝFYlDS
XF/FGF ;\TFGF[ GF X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[P VYF"TŸ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ SZTF VY";}RS ZLT[ êRL
CTLP
ZP
X{Ùl6S l;lâ VG[ HFTLITF
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ sZ!5f VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ sZ!ZfG]\ T[DH GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ sZZ&f
VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ s!*5fGL X{Ùl6S l;lâ DF5JFDF\
VFJLP ;FZ6L $P#$DF\ ;\TFGF[GL HFTLITF4 DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4
;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF4 X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4 ÝDF6 lJR,G TYF ÝtI[S
A[ ;ZF;ZL JrR[GF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF RSF;JF DF8[GF 8LvU]6F[¿Z ZH} SZ[, K[P
199
;FZ6L v $P#$
GF[S ZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[S ZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GL
X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ÝF%TF\S F[GL ;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"S TF
HFTLITF
S]DFZ
SgIF
DFTFvl5TFGF[
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
S]DFZqSgIF
;\bIF ;ZF;ZL ÝDF6 8LvU]6 F[¿Z
lJR,G
215 79.56 12.04 2.61**
212 76.69 10.70
226 79.26 11.44 2.71**
175 76.31 9.86
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
sGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf sGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf
_PZ*
_P#5
*_P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S¸ **_P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S
;FZ6L $P#$ 5ZYL :5Q8 YFI K[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I ZP&! CT]\P H[ _P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P VFYL X}g I
ptS<5GFv!!$ ccGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF S]D FZF[GF X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF[ TOFJT
;FY"S GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[P V[8,[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[GL
X{Ùl6S l;lâ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ SZTF VY";}RS
ZLT[ êRL CTLP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I ZP*! CT]\ H[ _P_! SÙFV[
;FY"S CT]\P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv!!5 ccGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[
VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[GF X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;Z[ZFX
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF[ TOFJT ;FY"S GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[P V[8,[ S[ GF[SZL
200
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL
SgIFVF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ SZTF VY";}RS ZLT[ êRL CTLP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;ZF;ZL
ÝF%TF\SF[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _PZ* CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P
VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv!!& ccGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[
SgIFVF[GF X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[
V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP VYF"TŸ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GL
X{Ùl6S l;lâ ,UEU ;DFG CTLP
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P#5 CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[
;FY"S G CT]P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv!!* ccGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
S]D FZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT
GCÄ CF[I ccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP VYF"TŸ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[
SgIFVF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ ,UEU ;DFG CTLP
VFD ;DU| GD}GFDF\ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ ,UEU ;DFG G CTLP GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
S]DFZF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZ[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ
SZTL êRL CTLP T[JL H ZLT[ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[GL X{Ùl6S
l;lâ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ SZTF êRL CTLP
VYF"TŸ 5lZJT"S R, cHFTLITFc GL DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ VG[ X{Ùl6S
l;lâGF GF ;\AW\ p5Z V;Z HF[JF D/L CTLP
#P
X{Ùl6S l;lâ VG[ z[6L
DFTFvl5TFGF jIFJ;FlIS NZßHFGF AgG[ :TZ[ z[6L 5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ VG]ÊD[ !Z( VG[ (54 !## VG[ !##4 !(_ VG[ !&)
lJnFYL"VF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ DF5JFDF\ VFJLP ;FZ6L $P#5DF\ ;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF4
201
X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4 ÝDF6 lJR,G TYF ÝtI[S A[ ;ZF;ZL JrR[GF
TOFJTGL ;FY"STF RSF;JF DF8[GF 8LvU]6F[¿Z NXF"J,
[ K[P
;FZ6L v $P#5
GF[S ZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[S ZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6LDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\T FGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ÝF%TF\S F[GL ;ZF;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"S TF
z[6 L
5F\R
K
;FT
DFTFvl5TFGF[
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
;\bIF ;ZF;ZL ÝDF6 8LvU]6 F[¿Z
lJR,G
128 79.40 12.30
1.50
85 76.95 10.58
133 78.49 12.00
2.07*
133 75.77 9.28
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF
180 80.09 11.10
2.71**
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF 169 76.90 10.93
z[6L 5q&
z[6L 5q*
z[6L &q*
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
sGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf sGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf
_P5)
_P(&
_P5Z
_P*)
!PZ!
_P)5
*_P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S¸ **_P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S
;FZ6L $P#5DF\ HF[. XSFI K[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;ZF;ZL
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJT 8LvU]6F[¿Z D}<I !P5_ CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G
U6FIP VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv!!( ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6 L 5F\R DF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF X{Ùl6S l;lâGF
;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ G YIF[P V[8,[ S[
202
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ ,UEU ;DFG CTLP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I
ZP_* CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S U6FIP VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv!!) ccGF[SZL
SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6 L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GF X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[
V:JLSFZ YIF[P V[8,[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ SZTF VY";}RS ZLT[ êRL CTLP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I ZP*! CT\]P H[ _P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S CT]\PVFYL X}g I
ptS<5GFv!Z_ ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[ SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L
;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[P V[8,[ S[ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L
;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L
;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ VY";}RS ZLT[ êRL CTLP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTfDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿Z _P5)4 _P5Z VG[ !PZ! D?IFP VF +6 5{SL V[S 56 8LvU]6F[¿Z
_P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CTF[P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv!Z! ccGF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6 L s5F\R 4 K VG[ ;FTfDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[
V:JLSFZ G YIF[P VYF"TŸ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6LDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ ,UEU ;DFG CTLP
203
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[
;FTfDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TFSF[ JrR[GF
TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P(&4 _P!) VG[ _P)5 D?IFP VF +6 5{SL V[S 56
8LvU]6F[¿Z _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CTF[P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv!ZZ ccGF[SZL G
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6 L s5F\R 4 K VG[ ;FTfDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GF X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[
V:JLSFZ G YIF[P VYF"TŸ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6LDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ ,UEU ;DFG CTLP
VFD GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L 5F\RDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ ,UEU ;DFG CTLP ßIFZ[ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ
,UEU ;DFG CTLP T[DH GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L
;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ ,UEU ;DFG G CTLP V[8,[ S[
DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF VG[ X{Ùl6S l;lâ JrR[GF ;\AW\ 5Z 5lZJT"S
R, cz[6Lc GL V;Z CTLP
$P
X{Ùl6S l;lâ VG[ S]8 ]\AGF[ ÝSFZ
;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF T[DH
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL
X{Ùl6S l;lâ DF5JFDF\ VFJLP ;FZ6L $P#&DF\ S]8]\AGF[ ÝSFZ4 DFTFvl5TFGF[
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4 ;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF4 X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ÝF%TF\SF[GL ;ZF;ZL4 ÝDF6
lJR,G TYF ÝtI[S A[ ;ZF;ZL JrR[GF TOFJTGL ;FY"STF RSF;JF DF8[GF
8LvU]6F[¿Z NXF"J[, K[P
204
;FZ6L v $P#&
;\I]É VG[ lJEÉ S]8 ]\ADF\ ZCL GF[S ZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[S ZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\T FGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ÝF%TF\S F[GL
;Z;ZLGF TOFJTGL ;FY"S TF
S]8 ]\AGF[
DFTFvl5TFGF[
;\bIF ;ZF;ZL ÝDF6 8LvU]6 F[¿Z
ÝSFZ
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[
lJR,G
0.48
;\I]ÉT GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF 150 77.92 12.20
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF 164 77.30 10.79
4.41**
lJEÉT GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF 291 80.18 11.41
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF 223 75.94
;\I]ÉTqlJEÉT
9.91
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
8LvU]6 F[¿ Z
sGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf sGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf
!P)Z
!PZ(
*_P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S¸ **_P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S
;FZ6L $P#& VG];FZ ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF
TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P$( CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I
ptS<5GFv!Z# cc;\I]ÉT S]8 ]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT
GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP VYF"TŸ ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ ,UEU
;DFG CTLP
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I
$P$! CT]\ H[ _P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S CT]P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv!Z$ cclJEÉT
S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GL
X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ
205
YIF[P VYF"TŸ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S
l;lâ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ SZTF VY";}RS ZLT[
êRL CTLP
;\I]ÉT T[DH lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL
X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P)Z CT\]P
H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv!Z5 cc;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT
S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;Z[ZFX
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP VYF"TŸ ;\I]ÉT VG[
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ ;DFG
CTLP
;\I]ÉT T[DH lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL
X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿G]\ D}<I !PZ( CT]\P
H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}g I ptS<5GFv!Z& cc;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT
S]8 ]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF X{Ùl6S l;lâGF
;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP V[8,[ S[
;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S
l;lâ ,UEU ;DFG CTLP
VFD ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL4 GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ ,UEU ;DFG CTLP ßIFZ[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL
SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ ,UEU ;DFG G
CTLP VYF"TŸ X{Ùl6S l;lâ VG[ DFTFvl5TFGF jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF JrR[GF ;\AW\ 5Z
5lZJT"S R, cS]8]\AGF[ ÝSFZc GL V;Z CTLP
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[ SZTF GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ ;FY"S ZLT[ êRL HF[JF D/L CTLP ÝIF[HSG]\ DFGJ]\ K[ S[
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF ;DFH ;FY[ JWFZ[ HF[0FI[,F CF[JFG[ SFZ6[ lXÙ6G]\ DCÀJ
;DHTF CX[P 5F[TFGF ;\TFGF[GF lXÙ6 ÝtI[ lJX[Ø wIFG VF5TF CX[P H[G[ SFZ6[
VFJ]\ 5lZ6FD D?I]\ CX[P VF SFZ6;Z H GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[GL
206
T],GFDF\ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ êRL HF[JF D/[, CX[P
T[DH GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[GL T],GFDF\ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL
SgIFVF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ êRL HF[JF D/[, CX[P ÝIF[HSGF DTFG];FZ GF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[ H[8,F S]DFZF[GL l;lâDF\ Z; ,[TF CX[ T[8,F[ H SgIFVF[GL l;lâDF\
56 Z; ,[TF CX[P ;FDFlHS ;DFGTFGF :JLSFZG[ SFZ6[ S]DFZ v SgIFDF\ SF[. E[N
GCÄ ZFBTF CF[I T[ H SFZ6YL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF 56 AgG[ p5Z ;DFG
wIFG VF5TF CX[P 5Z\T] GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF lXÙ6 GF DCÀJG[ ;DHTF
CF[JFG[ SFZ6[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF SZTF JW] wIFG AF/SF[GF lXÙ6 p5Z
VF5TF CX[P H[GF SFZ6[ VFJ]\ 5lZ6FD HF[JF D/[, CX[P
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L
5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâDF\ TOFJT H6FIF[ G CTF[P ßIFZ[
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L K VG[ ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[ SZTF GF[SZL
G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ lGdG HF[JF D/L CTLP ÝIF[HSG]\
DFGJ]\ K[ S[ lXlÙT DFTFvl5TF S[ H[VF[ GF[SZL SZ[ K[ T[ lXÙ6 ÝtI[ JW] wIFG VF5TF
CX[P H[G[ SFZ6[ VFJ]\ 5lZ6FD HF[JF D/[, CX[P
;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâDF\ ;FY"S TOFJT G CTF[P ßIFZ[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ GL T],GFDF\ ;FY"S ZLT[ êRL HF[JF D/[, CTLP ÝIF[HSG]\
DFGJ]\ K[ S[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF 5F[TFGF ;\TFGF[GF 30TZ
DF8[ :JT\+ ZLT[ lJRFZL XSTF CX[P lJX[Ø SF/Ò ,. XSJF 5}ZTF :JT\+ CX[P H[YL
VFJ]\ 5lZ6FD D/[, CX[P
207
ÝSZ6 v 5
;FZF\X4 TFZ6F[4 X{1 Fl6S Ol,TFYF["
VG[ E,FD6F[
5P! Ý:TFJGF
5PZ ;FZF\X
5PZP! DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ VG[ lR\TFT]ZTF ;\A\lWT
5lZ6FDF[P
5PZPZ DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ VG[ VG]S },G ;\A\lWT
5lZ6FDF[P
!P DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ VG[ SF{8 ]\lAS
VG]S },GGF 5lZ6FDF[P
ZP DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ VG[ XFZLlZS
VG]S },GGF 5lZ6FDF[P
#P DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ VG[ DFGl;S
VG]S },GGF 5lZ6FDF[P
$P DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ VG[ XF/FSLI
VG]S },GGF 5lZ6FDF[P
5P DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ VG[ ;FDFlHS
VG]S },GGF 5lZ6FDF[P
&P DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ VG[ ;DU|
VG]S },GGF 5lZ6FDF[P
5PZP# DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ VG[ l;lâÝ[Z6F
;\A\lWT 5lZ6FDF[P
5PZP$ DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ VG[ X{1 Fl6S l;lâ
;\A\lWT 5lZ6FDF[P
5P# TFZ6F[
5P#P! lR\TFT]ZTF ;\A\lWT TFZ6F[P
5P#PZ VG]S },G ;\A\lWT TFZ6F[P
5P#P# l;lâÝ[Z6F ;\A\lWT TFZ6F[P
5P#P$ X{1 Fl6S l;lâ ;\A\lWT TFZ6F[P
5P$ X{1Fl6S Ol,TFYF["
5P5 EFlJ ;\XF[WGF[ V\U[ E,FD6F[
208
ÝSZ6 v 5
;FZF\X4 TFZ6F[4 X{1 Fl6S Ol,TFYF["
VG[ E,FD6F[
5P! Ý:TFJGF o
VF ÝSZ6DF\ VeIF;G]\ ;FZTÀJ NXF"JJFDF\ VFjI]\ K[P X~VFTDF\ Ý:T]T
VeIF;GF C[T]VF[ VG[ C[T]VF[GF ;\NE"DF\ ptS<5GFVF[ V\U[GL lJUT 8}\SDF\ ZH}
SZJFDF\ VFJL K[P VeIF;G]\ jIF5lJ`J4 GD}GF[4 DFlCTL ÝFl%T DF8[GF p5SZ6F[
TYF ÝF%T DFlCTLGF 5'YÞZ6GL 5âlT JU[Z[ V\U[GL lJUT ;\Ù5
[ DF\ VF ÝSZ6DF\
NXF"JJFDF\ VFJL K[P
VeIF;GF 5lZ6FDF[4 VeIF;GF TFZ6F[ VG[ Ol,TFYF[" V[ VF ÝSZ6G]\ CFN"
K[P VeIF;GF 5lZ6FDF[ VG]ÊD[ lR\TFT]ZTF4 VG]S},G4 l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ X{Ùl6S
l;lâGL ptS<5GFVF[GL RSF;6L 5ZYL ,[JFDF\ VFjIF CTFP VF VeIF; äFZF ;}lRT
YTL VgI ;\XF[WGF[ DF8[GL E,FD6F[ VF ÝSZ6GF V\T[ ZH} SZJFDF\ VFJL K[P
5PZ ;FZF\X o
Ý:T]T VeIF;DF\ lR\TFT]ZTF4 VG]S},G4 l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ X{Ùl6S l;lâ V[
RFZ 5ZT\+ R,F[ CTF\P :JT\+ R, TZLS[ DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ CTF[P
HFTLITF4 z[6L VG[ S]8\]AGF[ ÝSFZ V[ UF{6 :JT\+ R,F[ CTFP
ÝtI[S 5ZT\+ R, 5Z D]bI R, T[DH UF{6 :JT\+ R,GL V;Z DF5JF DF8[
V[S C[T]GL ZRGF SZJFDF\ VFJL CTLP V[ ZLT[ S], RFZ 5ZT\+ R,GF ;\NE"DF\ RFZ
C[T]VF[ ZFBJFDF\ VFjIF CTFP VF RFZ C[T]VF[GF ;\NE"DF\ Ý:T]T VeIF; CFY
WZJFDF\ VFjIF[ CTF[P
RFZ C[T]VF[ 5{SL ÝtI[S C[T]GL l;lâ DF8[ 5ZT\+ R,4 :JT\+ R,GL V;Z
T5F;TL RF{N ptS<5GFVM T{IFZ SZJFDF\ VFJL CTLP 5ZT\+ R,F[ 5{SL VG]S},GG[
K lJEFUDF\ JC[\RJFDF\ VFjIF[ CTF[4 T[YL VG]S},G ~5L 5ZT\+ R, ;\Al\ WT ($
209
ptS<5GFVF[GL ZRGF SZJFDF\ VFJL CTLP VF l;JFIGF ÝtI[S 5ZT\+ R, DF8[ RF{N
ptS<5GFVF[GL ZRGF SZL CTLP VF ZLT[ S], !Z& ptS<5GFVF[ ZRJFDF\ VFJLP
ptS<5GFGL RSF;6LGL VG]S},TF DF8[ ÝtI[S ptS<5GF X}gI :J~5DF\ ZRJFDF\
VFJL CTLP
;F{ZFQ8=GF VF9 lH<,FVF[ VDZ[,L4 EFJGUZ4 HFDGUZ4 H}GFU-4 ZFHSF[84
;]Z[gãGUZ4 5F[ZA\NZ VG[ SrKGL U]HZFTL DFwIDGL ÝFYlDS XF/FVF[DF\ ;G[
Z__Zv_#GF X{Ùl6S JØ" NZdIFG VeIF; SZTF\ lJnFYL"VF[GF[ VF VeIF;GF
jIF5lJ`JDF\ ;DFJ[X SZJFDF\ VFjIF[ CTF[P
;F{ZFQ8= lJ:TFZGL U]HZFTL DFwIDGL S], !_55_ XF/FVF[ 5{SL BFGUL
ÝFYlDS XF/FGL ;\bIF !)(*4 lH<,F 5\RFIT äFZF RF,TL ÝFYlDS XF/F (Z_&
VG[ GUZ5Fl,SF äFZF RF,TL #5* XF/FVF[ Vl:TtJ WZFJTL CTLP ;F{ZFQ8=GF VF9
lH<,F 5{SL ÝtI[S lH<,F ÝDF6[ ;\RF,GGF VFWFZ[ S], XF/FVF[GF !@ XF/FVF[GL
GD}GF 5;\NUL :TZLS'T4 IFNŸlrKS h}DBF 5âlTYL 5;\N SZJFDF\ VFJL CTL H[
VG];FZ BFGUL ÝFYlDS XF/FGL ;\bIF AFJL;4 lH<,F 5\RFIT äFZF RF,TL
ÝFYlDS XF/FGL ;\bIF tIF\;L VG[ GUZ5Fl,SF äFZF RF,TL ÝFYlDS XF/FGL ;\bIF
GJ CTLP S], D/LG[ !!$ ÝFYlDS XF/F Ý:T]T VeIF; DF8[ 5;\N SZJFDF\ VFJL
CTLP
GD}GFDF\ 5;\N YI[, XF/FVF[DF\YL z[6L 5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF4
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G[ ! o _P(* GF ÝDF6DF\
5;\N SZJFDF\ VFjIFP GD}GFDF\ S], (Z( 5F+F[GF[ ;DFJ[X SZJFDF\ VFjIF[ CTF[P
H[DF\ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF $$! CTLP T[JL H ZLT[ GF[SZL G
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF #(* CTLP HFTLITF VG];FZ $Z* S]DFZF[
VG[ $_! SgIFVF[GF[ ;DFJ[X YTF[ CTF[P z[6L 5F\RGF Z!#4 z[6L K GF Z&& VG[
z[6L ;FTGF #$) lJnFYL"VF[ GD}GFDF\ CTF\P
;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF !5_ CTLP
HIFZ[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF !&$ CTLPlJEÉT S]8\]ADF\
210
ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF Z)! CTLP HIFZ[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL ;\bIF ZZ# CTLP
VeIF;GF C[T]VF[G[ VG]~5 H~ZL DFlCTL lR\TFT]ZTF DF5N\04 VG]S},G
;\XF[lWGL4 l;lâÝ[Z6F DF5N\0 VF +6 p5SZ6F[ J0[ TYF GD}GFGF 5F+F[GF JFlØ"S
5lZ6FD5+S 5ZYL V[S+ SZJFDF\ VFJLP cVG]S},G ;\XF[lWGLc4 cl;lâÝ[Z6F
DF5N\0c VG[ clR\TFT]ZTF DF5N\0c T{IFZ p5SZ6F[ CTFP
GD}GFDF\ 5;\N YI[, lJnFYL"VF[G[ clR\TFT]ZTF DF5N\0c4 cVG]S},G ;\XF[lWGLc
VG[ cl;lâÝ[Z6F DF5N\0c V[S H A[9S[ VF5JFDF\ VFJ[,P VF DF8[ lJnFYL"VF[V[
VFXZ[ 5\RF[T[Z lDlG8GF[ ;DI ,LWF[ CTF[P
lR\TFT]ZTF DF5N\0 5Z lJnFYL"VF[V[ VF5[, ÝlTRFZF[ 5ZYL U]6F\SG RFJLGL
DNNYL 5F+F[GF lR\TFT]ZTF ÝF%TF\SF[ HF6JFDF\ VFjIFP
VG]S},G ;\XF[lWGL 5Z lJnFYL"VF[V[ VF5[, ÝlTRFZGF VFWFZ[ U]6F\SG
RFJLVF[GL DNNYL SF{8]\lAS4 XFZLlZS4 DFGl;S4 XF/FSLI VG[ ;FDFlHS V[D 5F\R
ÝSFZGF VG]S},GGF\ ÝF%TF\S D[/JJFDF\ VFjIFP V[ 5F\R[I ÝF%TF\SF[GF ;ZJF/FYL
;DU| VG]S},G ÝF%TF\S D[/JJFDF\ VFjIF\P
l;lâÝ[Z6F DF5N\0 5Z lJnFYL"VF[V[ ÝlTRFZGF :J~5DF\ NXF"J[, 5;\NULGF
VFWFZ[ T[DGF l;lâÝ[Z6F ÝF%TF\S D[/JJFDF\ VFjIFP
XF/FGF JFlØ"S 5lZ6FD 5+S 5ZYL GD}GFDF\ 5;\N YI[,F lJnFYL"VF[GF
l;lâ ÝF%TF\S ,[JFDF\ VFjIFP
5ZT\+ R,F[ slR\TFT]ZTF4 SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G4 XFZLlZS VG]S},G4 DFGl;S
VG]S},G4 XF/FSLI VG]S},G4 ;FDFlHS VG]S},G4 ;DU| VG]S},G4 l;lâÝ[Z6F
VG[ X{Ùl6S l;lâf 5Z D]bI :JT\+ R, sDFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[f GL
V;Z 8LvS;F[8L J0[ RSF;JFDF\ VFJLP ;DU| lJ`,[Ø6DF\ ;FY"STFGL _P_5 SÙF
:JLSFI" U6JFDF\ VFJLP
DFlCTLGF 5'YÞZ6YL ÝF%T 5lZ6FDF[ VF ÝDF6[ CTF\P
211
5PZP! DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ VG[ lR\T FT]ZTF ;\A \l WT 5lZ6FDF[
:JT\+ R, DFTFvl5TFGF jIFJ;FlIS NZßHFG[ A[ SÙFDF\ lJEFÒT sGF[SZL
SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFf SZ[, CTF[P 5ZT\+ R, lJnFYL"VF[GL
lR\TFT]ZTF 5Z lEgG :JT\+ R,F[ DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4 HFTLITF4
z[6L VG[ S]8]\AGF[ ÝSFZGL V;Z VFWFlZT RF{N ptS<5GFVF[ CTLP ÝtI[S ptS<5GF
RSF;TF D/[,F 5lZ6FDF[ VF ÝDF6[ K[P
s!f GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[GF TOFJTGL ;FY"STFGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P_) CT]\P H[
_P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv! ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
sZf GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[GF lR\TFT]ZTFGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[GF TOFJTGL ;FY"STFGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _PZ$ CT]\ H[
_P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFvZ ccGF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[GL
lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF[ TOFJT ;FY"S GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ
G YIF[P
s#f GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[GF TOFJTGL ;FY"STFGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG\] D}<I ZP_$ CT]\P H[
_P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv# ccGF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[GL
lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;Z[ZFX ÝFTF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ
YIF[P
s$f GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;ZF;ZL
ÝF%TF\SF[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P!$ CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S
G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv$ ccGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[
212
s5f
s&f
s*f
s(f
s)f
SgIFVF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[
V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;ZF;ZL
ÝF%TF\SF[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I #P&! CT]\P H[ _P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S
CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv5 ccGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[
SgIFVF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[
V:JLSFZ YIF[P
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I
_P_( CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G U6FIP VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv&
ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I
_PZ* CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G U6FIPVFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv*
ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L KDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I
ZP_5 CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S U6FIP VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv( ccGF[SZL
SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[
V:JLSFZ YIF[P
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTf GF
VFWFZ[ 5F0[,F +6 H}YF[ 5{SL AaA[ H}YF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[
213
JrR[GF TOFJTGF D/[,F +6 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P!$4 #P$# VG[ #P&Z 5{SL A[
8LvU]6F[¿Z _P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S CTFP GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\R
VG[ ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ T[DH z[6L K VG[ ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\
D}<I VG]ÊD[ #P$# VG[ #P&Z CT]\P H[ _P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P VFYL X}gI
ptS<5GFv) ccGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[
;FTfDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[P
s!_f GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTf
GF VFWFZ[ 5F0[,F +6 H}YF[ 5{SL AaA[ H}YF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[
JrR[GF TOFJTGF D/[,F +6 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P_#4 !P$_ VG[ !P5* 5{SL
V[S 56 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CTF[P VFYL X}gI
ptS<5GFv!_ ccGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K
VG[ ;FTfDF\ VeIF; SZTF ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
s!!f ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P(# CT]\PH[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI
ptS<5GFv!! cc;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT
GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
s!Zf lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P)! CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI
ptS<5GFv!Z cc;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT
GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
214
s!#f ;\I]ÉT T[DH lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL
lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !PZZ
CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv!# cc;\I]ÉT VG[
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF\
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
s!$f ;\I]ÉT T[DH lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL
lR\TFT]ZTFGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P_5
CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv!$ cc;\I]ÉT VG[
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF\
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
5PZPZ DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ VG[ VG]S },G ;\A \l WT 5lZ6FDF[
:JT\+ R, DFTFvl5TFGF jIFJ;FlIS NZßHFG[ A[ SÙFDF\ lJEFÒT sGF[SZL
SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTFf SZ[, CTF[P 5ZT\+ R, VG]S},GG[ K lJEFUDF\
lJEFÒT SZ[, CTF[P SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G4 XFZLlZS VG]S},G4 DFGl;S VG]S},G4
XF/FSLI VG]S},G4 ;FDFlHS VG]S},G VG[ ;DU| VG]S},G VF ÝtI[S ÝSFZGF
VG]S},GGF 5lZ6FDF[ ÊDX o NXF"J,
[ K[P
!P DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ VG[ SF{8 ]\l AS VG]S },GGF 5lZ6FDF[
lJnFYL"VF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G 5Z lJlEgG :JT\+ R, DFTFvl5TFGF[
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4 HFTLITF4 z[6L VG[ S]8]\AGF[ ÝSFZGL V;Z VFWFlZT RF{N X}gI
ptS<5GFVF[ CTLP ÝtI[S ptS<5GFG[ RSF;TF\ D/[,F\ 5lZ6FDF[ VF ÝDF6[ K[P
s!f GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF\
SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I
_P&! CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv!5
ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ÝFYlDS XF/FGF
;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
215
sZf
s#f
s$f
s5f
s&f
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[GF SF{8]\lAS
VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P&&
CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv!& ccGF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[GF
SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[
V:JLSFZ G YIF[P
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[GF SF{8]\lAS
VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P!!
CT\] H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\ VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv!* ccGF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[GF
SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[
V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I $P#Z CT]\P H[ _P_!
SÙFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv!( ccGF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF\ ;Z[ZFX
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[P
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I ZP#* CT]\P H[ _P_5
SÙFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv!) ccGF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[P
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I ZP)5 CT]\P H[ _P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S U6FIP VFYL X}gI
ptS<5GFvZ_ cc GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L
216
5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[P
s*f GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P$$ CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI
ptS<5GFvZ! ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L
KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF SF{8\]lAS VG]S},GGF\ ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
s(f GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF
TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P5! CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P
VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFvZZ ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF\
;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
s)f GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTfGF
VFWFZ[ 5F0[,F +6 H}YF[ 5{SL AaA[ H}YF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF D/[,F +6 8LvU]6F[¿Z ZP&&4 5P&$ VG[
ZP** 5{SL +6[I 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S CTFP VFYL X}gI
ptS<5GFvZ# ccGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[
;FTfDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[P
s!_f GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[
;FTfGF VFWFZ[ 5F0[,F +6 H}YF[ 5{SL AaA[ H}YF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿Z !P)_4 !P#_ VG[ #P()
D?IFP VF +6 5{SL V[S 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S CTF[P GF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L K VG[ ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS
VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I #P()
217
s!!f
s!Zf
s!#f
s!$f
CT]\ H[ _P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFvZ$ ccGF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTfDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[P
;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF
TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P*( CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P
VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFvZ5 cc;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !PZZ CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\ VFYL X}gI
ptS<5GFvZ& cclJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF\ ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
;\I]ÉT T[DH lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF
SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I
ZP!$ CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFvZ* cc;\I]ÉT
VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS
VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ
YIF[P
;\I]ÉT T[DH lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF
SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I
_PZZ CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFvZ(
cc;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
218
ZP
;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ VG[ XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF 5lZ6FDF[
lJnFYL"VF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},G 5Z lJlEgG :JT\+ R, DFTFvl5TFGF[
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4 HFTLITF4 z[6L VG[ S]8]\AGF[ ÝSFZGL V;Z VFWFlZT RF{N X}gI
ptS<5GFVF[ CTLP ÝtI[S ptS<5GFG[ RSF;TF D/[,F 5lZ6FDF[ VF ÝDF6[ K[P
s!f GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF
XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I
_P5& CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\ VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFvZ) ccGF[SZL
SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ÝFYlDS XF/FVF[GF\ ;\TFGF[GF
XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[
V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
sZf GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[GF XFZLlZS
VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P&*
CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv#_ ccGF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[GF
XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[
V:JLSFZ G YIF[P
s#f GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[GF XFZLlZS
VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P&#
CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv#! cGF[SZL SZTF\
VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF
;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ G YIF[P
s$f GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I #PZ5 CT]\P H[ _P_!
SÙFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv#Z cGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
219
s5f
s&f
s*f
s(f
s)f
S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[P
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P(& CT]\P H[ _P_5
SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv## ccGF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P$_ CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G U6FIP VFYL
X}gI ptS<5GFv#$ ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[
JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ G YIF[P
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P## CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G U6FIP VFYL
X}gI ptS<5GFv#5 ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[
JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF
TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P)( CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P VFYL
X}gI ptS<5GFv#& ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[
JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[P
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTfGF
VFWFZ[ 5F0[,F +6 H}YF[ 5{SL AaA[ H}YF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL
220
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿Z !P$54 $P_$ VG[ ZP5! D?IFP
VF +6 5{SL V[S 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P_! SÙFV[ VG[ V[S 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P_5
SÙFV[ ;FY"S CTFP GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\R VG[ ;FTDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF
TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I $P_$ CT]\P H[ _P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L K VG[ ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF
XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I
ZP5! CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S CT]\ VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv#* ccGF[SZL
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTfDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[P
s!_f GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTf
GF VFWFZ[ 5F0[,F +6 H}YF[ 5{SL AaA[ H}YF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P#(4 _P$& VG[ _P)5 D?IFP
VF +6 5{SL V[S 56 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CTF[P VFYL X}gI
ptS<5GFv#( ccGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K
VG[ ;FTfDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[
JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
s!!f ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF
TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P#$ CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]P
VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv#) cc;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
s!Zf lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P$Z CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI
221
ptS<5GFv$_ cclJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCLP
s!#f ;\I]ÉT T[DH lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF
XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I
_P!* CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv$!
cc;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF
XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[
V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCLP
s!$f ;\I]ÉT T[DH lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF
XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I
_P!( CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv$Z cc;\I]ÉT
VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF
XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[
V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCLP
#P DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ VG[ DFGl;S VG]S },GGF 5lZ6FDF[
lJnFYL"VF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},G 5Z lJlEgG :JT\+ R, DFTFvl5TFGF[
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4 HFTLITF4 z[6L VG[ S]8]\AGF[ ÝSFZGL V;Z VFWFlZT RF{N
X}gI ptS<5GFVF[ CTLP ÝtI[S ptS<5GFG[ RSF;TF\ D/[,F 5lZ6FDF[ VF ÝDF6[ K[P
s!f GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF
DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I
!P$$ CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv$#
ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ÝFYlDS XF/FGF
;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
sZf GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[GF DFGl;S
VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P_*
222
s#f
s$f
s5f
s&f
CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv$$ ccGF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZMGF
DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[
V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[GF DFGl;S
VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !PZ)
CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv$5 ccGF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[GF
DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[
V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I ZP5# CT]\P H[ _P_5
SÙFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv$& ccGF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[P
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I ZP&_ CT]\P H[ _P_!
SÙFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv$* ccGF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[P
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P#) CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G U6FIP VFYL X}gI
ptS<5GFv$( ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L
5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ G YIF[P
223
s*f
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P_Z CT\]P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G U6FIP VFYL
X}gI ptS<5GFv$) ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[
JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ G YIF[P
s(f GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF
TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I ZP_) CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P VFYL
X}gI ptS<5GFv5_ ccGF[SZL SZTF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[
JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[P
s)f GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTfDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF
TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿Z !P)#4 #P5) VG[ !P&Z D?IFP VF +6 5{SL V[S
8LvU]6F[¿Z _P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S CTF[P GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L
5F\R VG[ ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I #P5) CT]\P H[ _P_! SÙFV[
;FY"S CT]\ VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv5! ccGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTfDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S
VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ
YIF[P
s!_f GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[
;FTfGF VFWFZ[ 5F0[,F +6 H}YF[ 5{SL AaA[ H}YF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P$#4 !P!# VG[ _P&)
D?IFP VF +6 5{SL V[S 56 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CTF[P VFYL
X}gI ptS<5GFv5Z ccGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4
224
s!!f
s!Zf
s!#f
s!$f
K VG[ ;FTfDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCLP
;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF
TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P$* CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P
VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv5# cc;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P5) CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI
ptS<5GFv5$ cclJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
;\I]ÉT T[DH lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF
DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I
_PZ$ CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv55
cc;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF
DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[
V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
;\I]ÉT T[DH lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF
DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I
_P)Z CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv5&
cc;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
;\TFGF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
225
$P DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ VG[ XF/FSLI VG]S },GGF 5lZ6FDF[
lJnFYL"VF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},G 5Z lJlEgG :JT\+ R, DFTFvl5TFGF[
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4 HFTLITF4 z[6L VG[ S]8]\AGF[ ÝSFZGL V;Z VFWFlZT RF{N X}gI
ptS<5GFVF[ CTLP ÝtI[S ptS<5GFG[ RSF;TF\ D/[,F 5lZ6FDF[ VF ÝDF6[ K[P
s!f GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF
XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\
D}<I _P5# CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]P\ VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv5*
ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ÝFYlDS XF/FGF
;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
sZf GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[GF XF/FSLI
VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P##
CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv5( ccGF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[GF XF/FSLI
VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[
GCÄP
s#f GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[GF XF/FSLI
VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P!5
CT\] H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv5) ccGF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[GF
XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[
V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
s$f GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SGF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P_$ CT]\P H[ _P_5
SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv&_ ccGF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
226
s5f
s&f
s*f
s(f
s)f
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P$_ CT]\P H[ _P_5
SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv&! ccGF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P!& CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G U6FIP VFYL
X}gI ptS<5GFv&Z ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P!# CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI
ptS<5GFv&# ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L
KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF
TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P&& CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P
VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv&$ ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[
JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTf GF
VFWFZ[ 5F0[,F +6 H}YF[ 5{SL AaA[ H}YF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P*_4 !P*5 VG[ ZP5! D?IFP
VF +6 5{SL V[S 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S CTF[P GF[SZL SZTF\
227
s!_f
s!!f
s!Zf
s!#f
DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L K VG[ ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI
VG]S},GGF ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I ZP5! CT]\P H[
_P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv&5 ccGF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTfDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[P
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTf
GF VFWFZ[ 5F0[,F +6 H}YF[ 5{SL AaA[ H}YF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P&&4 !P#Z VG[ !PZ* D?IFP VF
+6 5{SL V[S 56 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CTF[P VFYL X}gI
ptS<5GFv&& ccGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K
VG[ ;FTfDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[
JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF
TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P#& CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P
VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv&* cc;\I]ÉT S]8A
] DF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P5_ CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI
ptS<5GFv&( cclJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
;\I]ÉT T[DH lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF
XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\
228
D}<I _P&& CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv&)
cc;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF
XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[
V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
s!$f ;\I]ÉT T[DH lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF
XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I
_P*Z CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv*_
cc;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
;\TFGF[GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
5P DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ VG[ ;FDFlHS VG]S },GGF 5lZ6FDF[
lJnFYL"VF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GF[ 5Z lJlEgG :JT\+ R, DFTFvl5TFGF[
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4 HFTLITF4 z[6L VG[ S]8]\AGF ÝSFZGL V;Z VFWFlZT RF{N X}gI
ptS<5GFVF[ CTLP ÝtI[S ptS<5GFG[ RSF;TF D/[,F 5lZ6FDF[ VF ÝDF6[ K[P
s!f GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF
;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF\ ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\
D}<I !P5_ CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv*!
ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ÝFYlDS XF/FGF
;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
sZf GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[GF ;FDFlHS
VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !PZ$
CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv*Z ccGF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[GF
;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[
V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
229
s#f
s$f
s5f
s&f
s*f
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[GF ;FDFlHS
VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P)#
CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv*# ccGF[SZL SZTF\
VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF
;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P5) CT]\P H[ _P_5
SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv*$ ccGF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _PZ) CT]\ H[ _P_5
SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv*5 ccGF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P&( CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G U6FIP VFYL
X}gI ptS<5GFv*& ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TF[GFGF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[
JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[I ccGF[ V:JLSFZ G YIF[P
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P&! CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G U6FIP VFYL
X}gI ptS<5GFv** ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[
JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
230
s(f
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF
TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P#5 CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P
VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv*( ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS
VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[
GCÄP
s)f GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTf GF
VFWFZ[ 5F0[,F +6 H}YF[ 5{SL AaA[ H}YF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿Z _PZ!4 !P&) VG[ !P)5 D?IFP
VF +6 5{SL V[S 56 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CTF[P VFYL X}gI
ptS<5GFv*) ccGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[
;FTfDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[
JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
s!_f GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTf
GF VFWFZ[ 5F0[,F +6 H}YF[ 5{SL AaA[ H}YF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P_54 !P_* VG[ !PZ* D?IFP
VF +6 5{SL V[S 56 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CTF[P VFYL X}gI
ptS<5GFv(_ ccGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K
VG[ ;FTfDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[
JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
s!!f ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF
TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P#$ CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P
VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv(! cc;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
231
s!Zf lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P)! CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI
ptS<5GFv(Z cclJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
s!#f ;\I]ÉT T[DH lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF
;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I
_P(( CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv(#
cc;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF
;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[
V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
s!$f ;\I]ÉT T[DH lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF
;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I
_P_( CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv($
cc;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
;\TFGF[GF ;FDFlHS VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
&P DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ VG[ ;DU| VG]S },GGF 5lZ6FDF[
lJnFYL"VF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GF[ 5Z lJlEgG :JT\+ R, DFTFvl5TFGF[
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4 HFTLITF4 z[6L VG[ S]8]\AGF ÝSFZGL V;Z VFWFlZT RF{N X}gI
ptS<5GFVF[ CTLP ÝtI[S ptS<5GFG[ RSF;TF D/[,F 5lZ6FDF[ VF ÝDF6[ K[P
s!f GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF ;DU|
VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P)5
CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv(5 ccGF[SZL SZTF\
VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ÝFYlDS XF/FGF ;\TFGF[GF ;DU|
232
sZf
s#f
s$f
s5f
s&f
VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[I ccGF[ V:JLSFZ
YIF[ GCÄP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P!$ CT]\P H[
_P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv(& ccGF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[GF
;DU| VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF[ TOFJT ;FY"S GCÄ CF[IccGF[
V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[GF ;DU|
VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P$*
CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv(* ccGF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[GF
;DU| VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF[ TOFJT ;FY"S GCÄ CF[IccGF[
V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I ZP(_ CT]P H[ _P_!
SÙFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv(( ccGF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[
JrR[GF[ TOFJT ;FY"S GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[P
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P)5 CT]\P H[
_P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv() ccGF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[
JrR[GF[ TOFJT ;FY"S GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P!( CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G U6FIP VFYL
233
X}gI ptS<5GFv)_ ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[
JrR[GF[ TOFJT ;FY"S GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
s*f GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P)( CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI
ptS<5GFv)! ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L
KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF[
TOFJT ;FY"S GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
s(f GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P(# CT]\PH[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G U6FIP VFYL X}gI
ptS<5GFv)Z ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L
;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF[
TOFJT ;FY"S GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
s)f GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTf GF
VFWFZ[ 5F0[,F +6 H}YF[ 5{SL AaA[ H}YF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿Z !P5(4 $P(_ VG[ #P_5 D?IFP
VF +6 5{SL A[ 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S CTFP GF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\R VG[ ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ ;DU|
VG]S},G $P(_ CT]P T[DH z[6L K VG[ ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF ;\TFGF[G]\
;DU| VG]S},G #P_5 CT]P VF AgG[ 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S CTFP
VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv)# ccGF[SZL SZTF DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6L
s5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTfDF\ VeIF; SZTF ;\TFGF[GF\ ;DU| VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF[ TOFJT ;FY"S GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[P
s!_f GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTf
GF VFWFZ[ 5F0[,F +6 H}YF[ 5{SL AaA[ H}YF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX
234
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P&Z4 !P$* VG[ ZPZ) D?IFP VF
+6 5{SL V[S 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S CTF[P GF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L K VG[ ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF ;DU|
VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I ZPZ)
CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv)$ ccGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG
z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTfDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF
;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[P
s!!f ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF
TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D]<I !PZ! CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P
VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv)5 cc;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
s!Zf lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _PZ( CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI
ptS<5GFv)& cclJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL
G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
s!#f ;\I]ÉT T[DH lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF
;DU| VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I
!P_5 CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv)*
cc;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GF
;DU| VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[
V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
s!$f ;\I]ÉT T[DH lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF
;DU| VG]S},GGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I
235
_PZ( CT]P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv)(
cc;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
;\TFGF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GG ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
5PZP# DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ VG[ l;lâÝ[Z6FGF 5lZ6FDF[
lJnFYL"VF[GF l;lâÝ[Z6F 5Z lJlEgG :JT\+ R,F[ DFTFvl5TFGF[
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4 HFTLITF4 z[6L VG[ S]8]\AGF ÝSFZGL V;Z VFWFlZT RF{N X}gI
ptS<5GFVF[ CTLP ÝtI[S ptS<5GFG[ RSF;TF D/[,F 5lZ6FDF[ VF ÝDF6[ K[P
s!f GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL
l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P*Z
CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv)) ccGF[SZL SZTF\
VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ÝFYlDS XF/FGF ;\TFGF[GL
l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ
YIF[ GCLP
sZf GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P$Z CT]\P H[ _P_5
SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv!__ ccGF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[GF
l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ G
YIF[P
s#f GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P$_ CT]\P H[
_P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv!_! ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[
JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ G YIF[P
s$f GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;ZF;ZL
ÝF%TF\SF[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P$Z CT]\ H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S
236
s5f
s&f
s*f
s(f
G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv!_Z ccGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[
VG[ SgIFVF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;ZF;ZL
ÝF%TF\SF[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P*! CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S
G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv!_# ccGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT
GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\
D}<I !P!) CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G U6FIP VFYL X}gI
ptS<5GFv!_$ ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L
5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ CF[I ccGF[ V:JLSFZ G YIF[P
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GL l;lâ5[|Z6FGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\
D}<I _P*# CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G U6FIP VFYL X}gI
ptS<5GFv!_5 ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L
KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSZ YIF[ GCÄP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P&! CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G U6FIP VFYL
X}gI ptS<5GFv!_& ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ G YIF[P
237
s)f
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTfDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿Z _P#(4 ZP&) VG[ ZP#) D?IFP VF +6 5{SL V[S 8LvU]6F[¿Z
_P_! SÙFV[ VG[ V[S 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S CTF[P GF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\R VG[ ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I ZP&) CT]\PH[ _P_!
SÙFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L K VG[ ;FTDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I ZP#) CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P VFYL X}gI
ptS<5GFv!_* ccGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K
VG[ ;FTfDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[P
s!_f GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[
;FTfDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF
TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿Z _PZ54 _P&# VG[ !P_$ D?IFP VF +6 5{SL V[S
56 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CTF[P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv!_(
ccGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTfDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT
GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ G YIF[P
s!!f ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P#& CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI
ptS<5GFv!_) cc;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT
GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
s!Zf lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\
238
D}<I _P(& CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv!!_
cclJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[
V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
s!#f ;\I]ÉT T[DH lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL
l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P#$ CT]\P H[
_P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv!!! cc;\I]ÉT VG[
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF
;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
s!$f ;\I]ÉT T[DH lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL
l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P&&
CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv!!Z cc;\I]ÉT
VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GL
l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ
YIF[ GCÄP
5PZP$ DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[ VG[ X{1 Fl6S l;lâGF 5lZ6FDF[
lJnFYL"VF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ 5Z lJlEgG :JT\+ R,F[ DFTFvl5TFGF[
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4 HFTLITF4 z[6L VG[ S]8]\AGF ÝSFZGL V;Z VFWFlZT RF{N X}gI
ptS<5GFVF[ CTLP ÝtI[S ptS<5GFG[ RSF;TF D/[,F 5lZ6FDF[ VF D]HA K[P
s!f GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL
X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I
#P*5 CT]\P H[ _P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv!!#
ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ÝFYlDS XF/FGF
;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[
V:JLSFZ YIF[P
sZf GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I ZP&! CT]\P H[ _P_!
239
s#f
s$f
s5f
s&f
s*f
SÙFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv!!$ ccGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
S]DFZF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;Z[ZFX
ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[P
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I ZP*! CT]\P H[ _P_!
SÙFV[ ;FY"S CT]\ VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv!!5 ccGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL
SgIFVF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF
;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[P
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF
ÝF%TF\SF[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _PZ* CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S
G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv!!& ccGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[
VG[ SgIFVF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I _P#5 CT]\P H[ _P_5
SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv!!* ccGF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[
JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF
8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I !P5_ CT]\PH[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G U6FIP VFYL X}gI
ptS<5GFv!!( ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L
5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GF X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\
D}<I ZP_* CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S U6FIP VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv!!)
240
ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L KDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ
CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[P
s(f GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF
TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I ZP*! CT]\P H[ _P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P VFYL
X}gI ptS<5GFv!Z_ ccGF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[P
s)f GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTfDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF
TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P5)4 _P5Z VG[ !PZ! D?IFP VF +6 5{SL V[S
56 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CTF[P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv!Z!
ccGF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTfDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
s!_f GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[
;FTfDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF
TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P(&4 _P*) VG[ _P)5 D?IFP VF +6 5{SL V[S
56 8LvU]6F[¿Z _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CTF[P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv!ZZ
ccGF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTfDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
s!!f GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL
X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I
_P$( CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv!Z#
cc;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
241
;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[
V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
s!Zf lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\
D}<I $P$! CT]\P H[ _P_! SÙFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv!Z$
cclJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[
V:JLSFZ YIF[P
s!#f ;\I]ÉT T[DH lJEÉT S]8\]ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL
X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I
!P)Z CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT\]P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv!Z5
cc;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8\]ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[GL
X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[ V:JLSFZ
YIF[ GCÄP
s!$f ;\I]ÉT T[DH lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL
X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[GF TOFJTGF 8LvU]6F[¿ZG]\ D}<I
!PZ( CT]\P H[ _P_5 SÙFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GFv!Z&
cc;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF
;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ;Z[ZFX ÝF%TF\SF[ JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GCÄ CF[IccGF[
V:JLSFZ YIF[ GCÄP
5P# TFZ6F[ o
Ý:T]T VeIF;DF\ ÝF%T DFlCTLG]\ 5'YÞZ6 SZL ptS<5GFVF[ RSF;JFDF\
VFJL CTLP 5'YÞZ6GF VFWFZ[ ÝF%T TFZ6F[ VF ÝDF6[ CTFP
242
5P#P! lR\T FT]ZTF ;\A \l WT TFZ6F[
lJnFYL"VF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF 5Z lEgG :JT\+ R,F[ DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS
NZßHF[4 HFTLITF4 z[6L VG[ S]8]\AGF[ ÝSFZGL V;ZGF 5lZ6FDF[YL D/[,F TFZ6F[
VF ÝDF6[ CTFP
!P! GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF ;DFG
CTLP
!PZ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF ;DFG
CTLP
!P# GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ SZTF VY";}RS ZLT[ êRL CTLP
!P$ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF ;DFG CTLP
!P5 GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ SZTF GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
S]DFZF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF ;FY"S ZLT[ êRL HF[JF D/L CTLP
!P& GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF ;DFG CTLP
!P* GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF ;DFG CTLP
!P( GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL
lR\TFT]ZTF SZTF VY";}RS ZLT[ êRL CTLP
!P) GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\R VG[ KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[ SZTF
z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF ;FY"S ZLT[ êRL CTLP
!P!_ lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTfDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF ;DFG CTLP
!P!! ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF ;DFG CTLP
243
!P!Z lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF ;DFG CTLP
!P!# ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL
lR\TFT]ZTF ;DFG CTLP
!P!$ ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL
lR\TFT]ZTF ;DFG CTLP
5P#PZ VG]S },G ;\A\l WT TFZ6F[
lJnFYL"VF[GF VG]S},G 5Z lJlEgG :JT\+ R,F[4 DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS
NZßHF[4 HFTLITF4 z[6L VG[ S]8]\AGF[ ÝSFZGL V;ZGF 5lZ6FDF[YL D/[,F TFZ6F[
VF ÝDF6[ CTFP
ZP! GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G
;DFG CT]\P
ZPZ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G
;DFG CT]\P
ZP# GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL
SgIFVF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZP$ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G GF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ SZTF VY";}RS ZLT[ êR] CT]\P
ZP5 GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ SZTF VY";}RS ZLT[ êR] CT]\P
ZP& GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS
VG]S},G GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF ;\TFGF[
SZTF VY";}RS ZLT[ êR] HF[JF D?I\] CT]\P
ZP* GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZP( GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
244
ZP) GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6L 5F\R VG[ KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[ SZTF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G ;FY"S
ZLT[ êR] CT]\P
ZP!_ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[ SZTF
z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G ;FY"S ZLT[ êR] CT]\P
ZP!! ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZP!Z lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZP!# ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G
SZTF VY";}RS ZLT[ êR] CT]\P
ZP!$ ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\
SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZP!5 GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[G]\ XFZLlZS VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZP!& GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[G]\ XFZLlZS VG]S},G
;DFG CT]\P
ZP!* GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[G]\ XFZLlZS VG]S},G
;DFG CT]\P
ZP!( GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[G]\ XFZLlZS VG]S},G GF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},G SZTF VY";}RS ZLT[ êR] CT]\P
ZP!) GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[G]\ XFZLlZS VG]S},G
;DFG CT]\P
ZPZ_ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF;
SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ XFZLlZS VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZPZ! GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[G]\ XFZLlZS VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
245
ZPZZ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\
XFZLlZS VG]S},G GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},G SZTF VY";}RS ZLT[ êR] CT]\P
ZPZ# GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\R VG[ KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[ SZTF
z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ XFZLlZS VG]S},G ;FY"S ZLT[ êR] CT]\P
ZPZ$ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6L s5F\R4 K VG[ ;FTfDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ XFZLlZS VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZPZ5 ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ XFZLlZS VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZPZ& lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ XFZLlZS VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZPZ* ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\
XFZLlZS VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZPZ( ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\
XFZLlZS VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZPZ) GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[G]\ DFGl;S
VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZP#_ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[G]\ DFGl;S
VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZP#! GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL
SgIFVF[G]\ DFGl;S VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZP#Z GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF S]DFZF[G]\ DFGl;S VG]S},G GF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[ SZTF VY";}RS ZLT[ êR] CT]\P
ZP## GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[G]\ DFGl;S VG]S},G GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ SZTF VY";}RS ZLT[ êR] CT]\P
ZP#$ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[G]\ DFGl;S VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
246
ZP#5 GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[G]\ DFGl;S VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZP#& GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ DFGl;S
VG]S},G GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GF
DFGl;S VG]S},G SZTF VY";}RS ZLT[ êR] CT]\P
ZP#* GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[ SZTF
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ DFGl;S
VG]S},G ;FY"S ZLT[ êR] CT]\P
ZP#( GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6LDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\
DFGl;S VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZP#) ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ DFGl;S VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZP$_ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ DFGl;S VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZP$! ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\
DFGl;S VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZP$Z ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\
DFGl;S VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZP$# GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF ;\TFGF[G]\ XF/FSLI
VG]S},G ;DFG CT\]P
ZP$$ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[G]\ XF/FSLI VG]S},G
;DFG CT\]P
ZP$5 GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL
SgIFVF[G]\ XF/FSLI VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZP$& GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[G]\ XF/FSLI VG]S},G ;DFG
CT]\P
247
ZP$* GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[G]\ XF/FSLI VG]S},G
;DFG CT]\P
ZP$( GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[G]\ XF/FSLI VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZP$) GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[G]\ XF/FSLI VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZP5_ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[G]\ XF/FSLI VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZP5! GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[ SZTF GF[SZL
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ XF/FSLI
VG]S},G ;FY"S ZLT[ êR] CT]\P
ZP5Z GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6LDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\
XF/FSLI VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZP5# ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ XF/FSLI VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZP5$ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ XF/FSLI VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZP55 ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\
XF/FSLI VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZP5& ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\
XF/FSLI VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZP5* GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ ;FDFlHS VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZP5( GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[G]\ ;FDFlHS VG]S},G
;DFG CT]\P
ZP5) GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[G]\ ;FDFlHS
VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
248
ZP&_ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[G]\ ;FDFlHS VG]S},G ;DFG
CT]\P
ZP&! GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[G]\ ;FDFlHS VG]S},G
;DFG CT]\P
ZP&Z GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[G]\ ;FDFlHS VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZP&# GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[G]\ ;FDFlHS VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZP&$ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[G]\ ;FDFlHS VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZP&5 GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6LDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\
;FDFlHS VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZP&& GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6LDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\
;FDFlHS VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZP&* ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ ;FDFlHS VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZP&( lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ ;FDFlHS VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZP&) ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\
;FDFlHS VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZP*_ ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\
;FDFlHS VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZP*! GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ ;DU| VG]S},G
;DFG CT]\P
ZP*Z GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[G]\ ;DU| VG]S},G
;DFG CT]\P
249
ZP*# GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[G]\ ;DU| VG]S},G
;DFG CT]\P
ZP*$ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[G]\ ;DU| VG]S},G GF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ SZTF VY";}RS ZLT[ êR] CT]\P
ZP*5 GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[G]\ ;DU| VG]S},G ;DFG
CT]\P
ZP*& GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[G]\ ;DU| VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZP** GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[G]\ ;DU| VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZP*( GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[G]\ ;DU| VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZP*) GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L 5F\R VG[ KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[
SZTF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ ;DU| VG]S},G ;FY"S ZLT[ êR]
CT]\P
ZP(_ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF ;\TFGF[ SZTF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ ;DU|
VG]S},G ;FY"S ZLT[ êR] CT]\P
ZP(! ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ ;DU| VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZP(Z lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ ;DU| VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZP(# ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ ;DU|
VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
ZP($ ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\
;DU| VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
250
5P#P# l;lâÝ[Z6F ;\A \l WT TFZ6F[
lJnFYL"VF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F 5Z lEgG :JT\+ R,F[ DFTFvl5TFGF[ jIFJ;FlIS
NZßHF[4 HFTLITF4 z[6L VG[ S]8]\AGF[ ÝSFZGL V;ZGF 5lZ6FDF[YL D/[,F TFZ6F[
VF ÝDF6[ CTFP
#P! GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F ;DFG CTLP
#PZ GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F ;DFG
CTLP
#P# GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F
;DFG CTLP
#P$ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F ;DFG CTLP
#P5 GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F ;DFG
CTLP
#P& GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F ;DFG CTLP
#P* GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F ;DFG CTLP
#P( GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F ;DFG CTLP
#P) GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L 5F\R VG[ KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[
SZTF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F ;FY"S ZLT[ êRL
CTLP
#P!_ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6LDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL
l;lâÝ[Z6F ;DFG CTLP
#P!! ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F ;DFG CTLP
#P!Z lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F ;DFG CTLP
251
#P!# ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL
l;lâÝ[Z6F ;DFG CTLP
#P!$ ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL
l;lâÝ[Z6F ;DFG CTLP
5P#P$ X{1 Fl6S l;lâ ;\A \l WT TFZ6F[
lJnFYL"VF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ 5Z lEgG :JT\+ R,F[ DFTFvl5TFGF[
jIFJ;FlIS NZßHF[4 HFTLITF4 z[6L VG[ S]8]\AGF[ ÝSFZGL V;ZGF 5lZ6FDF\YL
D/[,F TFZ6F[ VF ÝDF6[ CTFP
$P! GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ SZTF VY";}RS ZLT[ êRL CTLP
$PZ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ SZTF VY";}RS ZLT[ êRL CTLP
$P# GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ SZTF VY";}RS ZLT[ êRL CTLP
$P$ GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ ;DFG
CTLP
$P5 GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ ;DFG
CTLP
$P& GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ ;DFG CTLP
$P* GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S
l;lâ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL
X{Ùl6S l;lâ SZTF VY";}RS ZLT[ êRL CTLP
$P( GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S
l;lâ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL
X{Ùl6S l;lâ SZTF VY";}RS ZLT[ êRL CTLP
252
$P) GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6LDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL
X{Ùl6S l;lâ ;DFG CTLP
$P!_ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6LDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL
X{Ùl6S l;lâ ;DFG CTLP
$P!! ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ ;DFG CTLP
$P!Z lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ SZTF VY";}RS ZLT[
êRL CTLP
$P!# ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL
X{Ùl6S l;lâ ;DFG CTLP
$P!$ ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL
X{Ùl6S l;lâ ;DFG CTLP
5P$ X{1Fl6S Ol,TFY" o
!P
ZP
#P
Ý:T]T VeIF; äFZF lJnFYL"VF[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF Ol,TFYF[" VF ÝDF6[ CTFP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[
SZTF JW] lR\lTT HF[JF D/[, K[P GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFV[ 5F[TFGL
SgIFVF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF VF[KL SZJF ÝItG SZJF HF[.V[P
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ SZTF S]DFZF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF JWFZ[ HF[JF
D/[, K[P GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFV[ S]DFZF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF VF[KL YFI T[
DF8[GF ÝItGF[ SZJF HF[.V[P
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF ;\TFGF[ SZTF JW]
HF[JF D/[, K[P GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFV[ WF[Z6 ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF
;\TFG[FGL lR\TFT]ZTF 38F0JF DF8[GF ÝIF; CFY WZJF H~ZL K[P
253
$P
!P
ZP
#P
$P
5P
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\R VG[ KDF\ VeIF; SZTF ;\TFGF[ SZTF
z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF ;\TFGF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF JW] HF[JF D/[, K[P GF[SZL
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFV[ z[6L 5F\R VG[ KDF\ VeIF; SZTF AF/SF[GL H[D H
z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF AF/SF[G[ 3ZGL VgI HJFANFZL G ;F[\5TF4 lR\TF
38F0JFGF[ ÝItG SZJF[ HF[.V[P
Ý:T]T VeIF; äFZF lJnFYL"VF[GF SF{8]\lAS VG]S},GGF ÝF%T Ol,TFYF[" VF
ÝDF6[ CTFP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G GF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ SZTF êR] HMJF D/[, K[P GF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ SF{8]\lAS ZLT[ JW] VG]S}l,T AG[ T[JF ÝIF; CFY
WZJF H~ZL K[P
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ SZTF êR] HF[JF D/[, K[P GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ SF{8]\lAS ZLT[ JW] VG]S}l,T AG[ T[JF ÝItG SZJF
H~ZL K[P
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF ;\TFGF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS
VG]S},G GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF ;\TFGF[
SZTF êR] HF[JF D/[, K[P GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFV[ z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF;
SZTF ;\TFGF[G[ SF{8\]lAS ZLT[ JW] VG]S}l,T AGFJJF ÝItG SZJF[ H~ZL K[P
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF lJlEgG z[6L 5F\R VG[ KDF\ VeIF; SZTF
;\TFGF[ SZTF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF ;\TFGF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G êR]
HF[JF D/[, K[P GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFV[ z[6L 5F\R VG[ KDF\ VeIF;
SZTF ;\TFGF[ SF{8]\lAS ZLT[ JW] VG]S}l,T AG[ T[ DF8[GF ÝIF;F[ SZJF H~ZL
K[P
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF ;\TFGF[ SZTF
z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G êR] HF[JF D/[, K[P
254
&P
!P
ZP
#P
!P
GF[SZL G SZTF DFTFvl5TFVF[V[ z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF ;\TFGF[ JW]
VG]S},G WZFJTF YFI T[ DF8[GF ÝItGF[ SZJF H~ZL K[P
;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[G]\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF\ SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G
SZTF êR] HF[JF D/[, K[P lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF DFTFvl5TFGF
;\TFGF[ SF{8\]lAS ZLT[ JW] VG]S}l,T AG[ T[ DF8[GF ÝIF;F[ CFY WZJF HF[.V[P
Ý:T]T VeIF; äFZF lJnFYL"VF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},GGF ÝF%T Ol,TFYF[" VF
ÝDF6[ CTFP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[G]\ XFZLlZS VG]S},G GF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[GF XFZLlZS VG]S},G SZTF êR] HF[JF D/[, K[P
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ XFZLlZS ZLT[ JW] VG]S}l,T AG[ T[
DF8[GF ÝIF;F[ CFY WZJF HF[.V[P
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF ;\TFGF[G]\ XFZLlZS
VG]S},G GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF ;\TFGF[GF
XFZLlZS VG]S},G SZTF êR] HF[JF D?I]\ K[P GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF ;\TFGF[ XFZLlZS ZLT[ JW] VG]S}l,T AG[ T[ DF8[GF
ÝIF;F[ CFY WZJF HF[.V[P
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\R VG[ KDF\ VeIF; SZTF ;\TFGF[ SZTF
z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF ;\TFGF[G]\ XFZLlZS VG]S},G êR] HF[JF D/[, K[P
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFV[ z[6L 5F\R VG[ KDF\ VeIF; SZTF ;\TFGF[
XFZLlZS ZLT[ JW] VG]S}l,T AG[ T[JF ÝIF;F[ SZJF HF[.V[P
Ý:T]T VeIF; äFZF lJnFYL"VF[GF DFGl;S VG]S},GGF ÝF%T Ol,TFYF[" VF
ÝDF6[ CTFP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[G]\ DFGl;S VG]S},G GF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ SZTF êR] HF[JF D/[, K[P GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFV[
5F[TFGL SgIFVF[ DFGl;S ZLT[ JW] VG]S}l,T AG[ T[JF ÝIF;F[ CFY WZJF
H~ZL K[P
255
ZP
#P
$P
!P
!P
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[G]\ DFGl;S VG]S},G GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[ SZTF êR] HF[JF D/[, K[P GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFV[ 5F[TFGL SgIFVF[ DFGl;S ZLT[ JW] VG]S}l,T AG[ T[JF ÝIF;F[
CFY WZJF H~ZL K[P
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF ;\TFGF[G]\ DFGl;S
VG]S},G GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF ;\TFGF[GF
DFGl;S VG]S},G SZTF êR] HF[JF D/[, K[P GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF
z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF ;\TFGF[ DFGl;S ZLT[ JW] VG]S}l,T AG[ T[JF
ÝIF;F[ CFY WZJF H~ZL K[P
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF\ z[6L 5F\RDF\ VeIF; SZTF ;\TFGF[ SZTF
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF ;\TFGF[G]\ DFGl;S
VG]S},G êR] HF[JF D/[, K[P GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L 5F\RDF\
VeIF; SZTF ;\TFGF[ DFGl;S ZLT[ JW] VG]S}l,T AG[ T[JF ÝItGF[ SZJF
HF[.V[P
Ý:T]T VeIF; äFZF lJnFYL"GF XF/FSLI VG]S},GGF\ ÝF%T Ol,TFYF[" VF
ÝDF6[ CTFP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[ SZTF GF[SZL
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF ;\TFGF[G]\ XF/FSLI
VG]S},G êR] HF[JF D/[, K[P GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L KDF\
VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[ XF/FSLI ZLT[ VG]S}l,T AG[ T[JF ÝIF;F[ CFY WZJF
H~ZL K[P
Ý:T]T VeIF; äFZF lJnFYL"VF[GF ;DU| VG]S},GGF\ ÝF%T Ol,TFYF[" VF
ÝDF6[ CTF\P
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[G\] ;DU| VG]S},G GF[SZL SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[ SZTF\ êR]\ HF[JF D/[, K[P GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF\
S]DFZF[ ;DU| ZLT[ JW] VG]S}l,T AG[ T[ DF8[GF\ ÝIF;F[ SZJF H~ZL K[P
256
ZP
#P
!P
!P
ZP
#P
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L 5F\R VG[ KDF\ VeIF; SZTF ;\TFGF[
SZTF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF ;\TFGF[G]\ ;DU| VG]S},G êR] D/[, K[P
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF\ z[6L 5F\R VG[ KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[ ;DU|
ZLT[ JW] VG]S}l,T AG[ T[ DF8[GF ÝItGF[ SZJF H~ZL K[P
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF ;\TFGF[ SZTF
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF ;\TFGF[G]\ ;DU|
VG]S},G êR] HF[JF D/[, K[P GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L KDF\
VeIF; SZTF ;\TFGF[ ;DU| ZLT[ VG]S}l,T AG[ T[JF ÝIF;F[ SZJF H~ZL K[P
Ý:T]T VeIF; äFZF l;lâÝ[Z6FGF ÝF%T Ol,TFYF[" VF ÝDF6[ CTFP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L 5F\R VG[ KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[
SZTF\ z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ ;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F êRL HF[JF D/[,
CTLP GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L 5F\R VG[ KDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
;\TFGF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F JW[ T[JF ÝIF;F[ CFY WZJF H~ZL K[P
Ý:T]T VeIF; äFZF lJnFYL"VF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF ÝF%T YI[,F Ol,TFYF[" VF
ÝDF6[ CTFP
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ SZTF êRL HF[JF D/[, CTLP GF[SZL
G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ JW[ T[ DF8[GF ÝItG SZJF
H~ZL K[P
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ SZTF êRL HF[JF D/[, CTLP GF[SZL G
SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF S]DFZF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ JW[ T[ DF8[GF ÝIF;F[ CFY WZJF
H~ZL K[P
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ GF[SZL G SZTF\
DFTFvl5TFVF[GL SgIFVF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ SZTF êRL HF[JF D/[, CTLP
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGL SgIFVF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ JW[ T[ DF8[GF ÝItGF[
SZJF H~ZL K[P
257
$P
5P
&P
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF ;\TF[GF[GL X{Ùl6S
l;lâ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[GF z[6L KDF\ VeIF; SZTF ;\TFGF[GL
X{Ùl6S l;lâ SZTF êRL HF[JF D/[, K[P GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L
KDF\ VeIF; SZTF ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ JW[ T[ DF8[GF ÝIF;F[ CFY WZJF
HF[.V[P
GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S
l;lâ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF ;\TFGF[GL
X{Ùl6S l;lâ SZTF êRL HF[JF D/[, K[P GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF z[6L
;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ JW[ T[ DF8[GF ÝItGF[ SZJF
H~ZL K[P
lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ ZCL GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ
GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ SZTF êRL HF[JF
D/LP GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFVF[V[ ;\TFGF[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ JW[ T[
DF8[GF ÝItGF[ CFY WZJF H~ZL K[P
5P5 EFlJ ;\XF[WGF[ V\U[ E,FD6F[ o
Ý:TT] ;\XF[WGGF ;FTtIDF\ H[ ALHF S[8,FS VeIF;F[ CFY WZL XSFI T[D K[
H[GL lJUTF[ Ý:T]T K[P
!P GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL
lR\TFT]ZTF4 VG]S},G4 l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ X{Ùl6S l;lâGF[ VeIF;P
ZP GF[SZL SZTF\ DFTFvl5TF VG[ jIJ;FI SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL
lR\TFT]ZTF4 VG]S},G4 l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ X{Ùl6S l;lâGF[ VeIF;P
#P GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF lR\TFT]ZTF4
VG]S},G4 l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ X{Ùl6S l;lâGF[ 7FlTGF ;\NE"DF\ VeIF;P
$P GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GL CTFXF4 VwIIG
Tt5ZTF VG[ VFSF\ÙF :TZGF[ T],GFtDS VeIF;P
258
5P
&P
*P
(P
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF D}<IF[4 VeIF;
ÝtI[GF J,6F[ TYF G[TFULZLGF[ VeIF;P
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF jIlÉTtJ TZFCGF[
VeIF;P
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF lR\TFT]ZTF4
VG]S},G4 l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ X{Ùl6S l;lâGF[ XF/F ;\RF,GGF ÝSFZGF
;\NE"DF\ VeIF;P
GF[SZL SZTF\ VG[ GF[SZL G SZTF\ DFTFvl5TFGF ;\TFGF[GF lR\TFT]ZTF4
VG]S},G4 l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ X{Ùl6S l;lâGF[ DFTFvl5TFGL DFl;S VFJSGF
;\NE"DF\ VeIF;P
259
;\NE" ;}lR
260
;\NE" ;}lR
REFERENCE BOOKS :
Buch, M. B. : A Survey of Research in Education, Baroda : Centre of
Advance Study in Education, 1974.
………….. : Second Survey of Research in Education, Baroda :
Society for Educational Research and Development, 1979.
………….. : Third Survey of Research in Education, New Delhi,
NCERT, 1987.
………….. : Fourth Survey of Research in Education, New Delhi,
NCERT, 1991.
…………. : Fifth Survey of Research in Education, New Delhi,
NCERT, 1998.
Brubacker, J. S. : Modern Philosophies of Education, Tokyo
MacGraw Hill Book Co., 1962.
Coney, F. L. : Values of Future Teachers : A Study of Attitude
Towards Contemporary Issues. New York : Teachers College, 1955.
Educational Research : An Introduction (4th Edition), New York :
Longman, 1983.
Edwards, Allen L. Techniques of Attitude Scale Construction, New
York : Applenton Century Crofts Inc., 1957.
Fishbein Martin : Reading in Attitude theory and measurement, New
York : John Willey and Sons Inc., 1967.
Kundu, Gorachand : A New Technique of Attitude Measurement,
Calcutta : Annapurna Publishing House, 1975.
Lindquist, E. F., Statistical Analysis in Educational Research (Indian
Ed.) New Delhi : Oxford and IBH Publishing Company, 1970.
Lyman Harward B. : Test scores and What they Mean (3rd Ed.), New
Jersey : Prentice Hall, Inc., 1978.
261
Maguire T. L. : Semantic Differential Methodology for the
Structuring of Attitudes : American Educational Research Journal,
1973, 295-306.
Marlow, Edger, Mastery Learning and the Curriculum, Experiments
in Education, VIII, 3, May 1980, 47-90.
Mathur, R. N. : On implementation of a mastery learning strategy,
Journal of Higher Education, IV, 3, Spring, 1979, 333-39.
Mitchell, Bruce M. and Wilkens, Robert : "The Measurement of
Attitude Change in Creative Problem Solving Programs",
Educational Research Quarterly, VI, 2, 1981, 33-39.
Mohanty, S. B. : "Mastery Learning", Experiments in Education, XI,
1 March, 1983, 15-18.
Ramachary, Akaram : "Correlation between Scientific attitude and
achievement in Science", Experiments in Education, X, 07 September
1982, 123-26.
Rayindranath, M. J. : "Development of Scientific Attitude", An
Experimental Study, Journal of Indian Education, November 1983, 2332.
……………. : "Towards Development of Attitude, A Paradigm, The
Educational Quarterly, XXXV, 01, January, 1983, 8-11.
pRF8 lNG[XR\ã V[P4 ;\XF[WGGF ÝFZ\E[4 ÝYD VFJ'l¿4 ZFHSF[84 !)((P
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP ;FDFlHS XF:+F[D F\ ;\XF[WG ;D:IF 5;\NULGF ;{âF\lTS
VG[ jIFJCFZ] VFWFZF[4 ÝJL6 ÝSFXG4 ZFHSF[84 !))*P
pRF8 lNG[XR\ã VG[ VgI4 ;\XF[WG ;\NF[CG4 ZFHSF[8 o lXÙ6XF:+ EJG4
;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L4 !)((P
l+J[NL4 V[DP 0LP VG[ 5FZ[B ALP I]P4 lXÙ6DF\ VF\S0FXF:+4 VDNFJFN o
I]lGJl;"8L U|\Y lGDF"6 AF[0"4 !)()P
N[;F.4 S[P ÒP VG[ VgI4 X{Ùl6S 5lZEFØF VG[ lJEFJGF4 VDNFJFN o
I]lGJl;"8L U|\Y lGDF"6 AF[0"4 !)($P
262
N[;F.4 V[DP ÒP VG[ N[;F. S[P ÒP4 ;\XF[WG 5âlTVF[ VG[ ÝlJlWVF[4
VDNFJFN o I]lGJl;"8L U|\Y lGDF"6 AF[0"4 !)(5P
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP4 DGF[J{7 FlGS DF5G4 VDNFJFN o I]lGJl;"8L U|\Y
lGDF"6 AF[0"4 !)*(P
NF[\UF4 GFG]EF.4 VwIF5G DGF[lJ7FG4 lGlHgG ;F.SF[ ;[g8Z4 ZFHSF[84
!))5P
DF[NL NDI\TLA[G VG[ VgI4 ;\XF[WGF[GL DFW]SZL4 ÝYD VFJ'l¿4
EFJGUZ I]lGJl;"8L4 lXÙ6XF:+ EJG4 !))!P
;\XF[W G ;FZF\X o
Bhagiya N.M. (1966) : "Study of the problem of school Adjustment
and Developing an Adjustment Inventory", In M.B. Buch's survey of
Research in Education, Baroda Centre of Advance Study in Faculty of
Educatino and Psychology M.S. Uni. 1974, P. 143.
Agrawal R.N. : "Adjustment problems of Pupil of Secondary Schools.
Adjustment Problems of Secondary Schools pupils as pereceived and
Judged by parents, Teachers and pupils themselves." Ph.D. Edu. Agr.
U. 1970. In M Buch's A survery of Research in Education, CASE M.S.
Uni. Baroda, 1974, P. 143.
EÎ o ccRF{NYL JW] JIGF4 lJlJW AF{lâS VG[ ;FDFlHS VFlY"S :TZ
WZFJTF S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF 3Z4 XF/F4 VFZF[u I4 ;FDFlHS VG[
;F\J[lUS Ù[+GF VG]S}, GGF Ý`GF[GF[ VeIF;Pcc sV[DPV[0ŸP !)*Zf
NDI\TL DF[NL VG[ VgI äFZF pNŸn'T4 DFW]SZL4 EFJGUZ o lXÙ6 EJG4
!))Z 5'P (Zv(#P
RU R\lãSF H[P o lJnFYL"V F[GF X{Ùl6S VG]S}, G4 ;F\J[lUS VG]S}, G
VG[ ;FDFlHS VG]S}, G T[D GL SF{8 ]\lAS 5lZl:YlT ;FY[GF[ ;\A\W
T5F;JF[P VÝSFlXT ,3] XF[W lGA\W ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L V[lÝ,v!)*$P
263
M. Tulpule. : "A pilot Study of Adjustment of Pre-University of the
S.N.D.T. Arts College for Women." (S.N.D.T.U. 1977) In M.B.
Buch's A Survey of Research in Education. New Delhi, NCERT,
1987, P. 432-433.
Goswami N. : "Adjustment Problems of School going Adolescent
Grils and the Development of an Adjustment Inventroy for their
measurement" (Ph. D. Edu., Gau. U. 1980) In M.B. Buch's A survey
of Research in Education, New Delhi, NCERT, 1987, P. 353.
Gupta, A. K. : Study of Parental Prefrences in Relation to
Adolescents, Personality, Adjustment and Achievement, Model
Institutite of Education and Research, Jammu, (NCERT Financed). In
M.B. Buch's A survey of Research in Education, New Delhi, NCERT,
1987, P. 355.
Mattoo, B. K. : "Home Adjustment Patterons of Adolescent Boys and
Girls at Various level of Socio - economic status and General
Intelligence" (Ph.D. S.P.U., VVN. 1981) Journal of Education and
Psychology, Volume 40, Number 3 Oct. 1982, P. 139.
hZLGF V[P 3GSF[84 ccEFJGUZ XC[ZGL U]H ZFTL DFwIDJF/L prRTZ
DFwIlDS XF/FGF\ z[6 L VlUIFZDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ lJnFYL"V F[GF\
SF{8 ]\lAS VG[ ;FDFlHS VG]S}, GGF[ VeIF;Pcc sV[DPV[0ŸP !)(Zf
NDI\TL DF[NL VG[ VgI äFZF pNŸn'T ccDFW]SZLcc EFJGUZ lXÙ6 XF:+
EJG4 !)(Z4 5'P $&v$*P
VFZPALP N;,Fl6IF4 ccÝFYlDS VwIF5G D\lNZGF TF,LDFYL"V F[GF
VG]S}, GGF[ VeIF;cc lNG[X R\ã pRF8 VG[ VgI äFZF pNŸn'T ;\XF[WG
;\NF[CGcc ZFHSF[84 lXÙ6 XF:+ EJG4 ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L4 !)((4 5'P
!()v)!P
S.D. SINGH "Need patterns, Achievement and adjustment of
mentally superior children" (Ph. P. Psy. Agra 1983) In M.B. Buch's
Fourth survey of Research in Education, New Delhi, NCERT, II
Volume - 1983-88. P. 337-38.
264
ALPV[;P5JFZ ccJ,;F0 lH<,FGF RLB,L TF,]SFGL DFwIlDS XF/FGF
WF[Z6 VF9 VG[ GJDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ VFlNJF;L lJnFYL"V F[GF\ SF{8]\lAS
VG[ ;FDFlHS VG]S}, GGF VeIF;cc VÝSFlXT ,3]XF[W lGA\W EFJGUZ
I]lGJl;"8L !)(#4 ;\5FNS o NDI\lT DF[NL TYF VgI ;\XF[WGF[GL DFW]SZL
lXÙ6XF:+ EJG4 EFJGUZ I]lGJl;"8L4 EFJGUZ ÝYD VFJ'l¿ !))!4
5FGF G\P $*v$)P
V.R. RAWAL, "Personality Adjustment and Attitude Towards
authority of emotionally Disturb Adolescents in Relation to their
Hoem and School Environment" (Ph.D. Edu. Kumaon U. 1984) In
M.B. Buch's A survey of researen in Education, Baroda Case 1984,
1984, P. 422.
S. Kumar, "A Comparative study or the interest Needs and
Adjustment problems or gifted and Average children." (Ph. D. Edu.
U. 1985) In M.B. Buch's A survey of Reseasen in Education, New
Delhi, NCERT 1991, P. 388.
V[GPV[;P NF[U
\ F4 ccU]H ZFTDF\ lXÙ6 DCFlJnF,IF[GF\ TF,LDFYL"V F[GF
VG]S}, GGF[ VeIF;Pcc s5LV[RP0LP4 lXÙ6 ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L4 !)(&f4
5LV[RP0LP XF[W lGA\W4 ZFHSF[84 lXÙ6XF:+ EJG4 5'P !Z5P
P.S. Kala, "Personality Development and Adjustment of preadolescent children born to wording and non-Working women from
higher socio-Economic familiar". (Researen Studies of researen in
Education New Delhi, 1991, P. 207.
5LP 8LP 5\0IF4 GF[SZL SZTL VG[ G SZTL DFTFVF[GF\ ;\TFGF[GF\
VG]S}, G4 l;lâÝ[Z6F4 lR\TFT]ZTF VG[ X{Ùl6S l;lâGF[ VeIF;Pcc
s5LV[RP0L4 lXÙ6 ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L !))#f4 5LPV[RP0LP XF[W lGA\WP
VFXF 0LP hLaAF4 ccVG]S}, G4 CTFXF4 l;lâ VG[ l;lâÝ[Z6FGL ;FDFgI
VG[ V5\U lJnFYL"V F[ 5Z YTL V;ZF[GF[ VeIF;ccP s5LV[RP0LP
lXÙ64 ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L !)))fP 5LV[RP0LP XF[W lGA\WP
265
UF[lC, ÒPV[GP ccDFwIlDS VG[ prR¿Z DFwIlDS XF/FGF lJnFYL"V F[
VG]S}, G VG[ X{Ùl6S l;lâ JrR[GF\ ;\A\WF[GL V;ZSFZSTFcc
s5LV[RP0LP lXÙ64 ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L Z__!fP 5LV[RP0LP XF[W lGA\WP
G.L. Julka (1963) "Aggression, Fear and Anxiety in Children". Their
Education Implications" Ph.D. Education Raj University 1963,
Personality Learining and Maturation Abstracts).
S.S. Greval (1971) "Achievement motivation and Anxiety as Related
to Acdamic Success in Matiamatics. "Experiment in Education Vol. X
No. 2 Ph.D. Education, Punjab University, 1974, P. 34-37.
.P.Gupta (1978) "A study of Anxiety and Achievement motivation in
Relation to Acdamic Achievement Sex and Economic Status." (Ph.D.
Edu. Luck now Uni. 1988) in Third survey of Reaseron in Education,
By M.B. Buch, New Delhi, NCERT. p. 356.
B.G. Sudha and Goetha, (1980) "Problems of Girls as a Function of
Maternal Employment and Anxiety (Ph.D. Edu. 1980) In Journal of
the Institute of Education Research, Vol. No. 1 Jan, P. 29-33.
S. Chaturvedi (1981) "Effects of state Trait Anxiety and Field
Independence upon connective Completence." (Ph.D. Edu. Utkal Uni.
1981). in B. Buch Edu. First Survey of Research in Education P. 352.
N. Purandare (1984) "Anxiety and Strategies in serial verbal
Learning". Ph.D. Phy. Poona Uni. 1984 M.B. Buch (Edu.) First
survey of Research Education P. 419.
M. Barinder (1985) "A study of General Anxiety and Test Anxiety
with
reference
to
inviremental,
Factors
and
Extraversion,
Introversion of Delhi Students." Ph.D. Edu. Uni. 1985, Survey of
Vol. 1, 1983, P. 88.
266
Papiya Ghose and Hiran Khurana (1985) "A study of the effects of
socio-economic states and sex on the levels of self concept, Anxiety
and Adjustment of Delhi University." 1985 in Journal of Education XPsychology, Vol. 44, No. 2 x 3 P. 140-44.
K. Dubli (1986) "Retention of Various types of materials under
various situations in relation to Anxiety level and personality
characteristics." Ph. D. Phy. Rs. University, 1986.
ÝJL6F lJP A]âN[J s!))Zf ccVD[ZLSF VG[ EFZTGF ;F[/YL V-FZ
JØ"GL JIH}YGF\ lJnFYL"V F[GL ÝS8 lR\TFT]ZTFGF[ VeIF;Pcc VÝSFlXT
;\XF[WG VC[JF,4 V[S[0[lDS :8FO SF[[,[H4 ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L4
ZFHSF[8v!))ZP
R. Mathur (1992) "A study of Research Diagnostic indicators of
Intelligence Anxiety Self Tmage and level of Aspiration." (M. Phil.
Psy. Au. Uni. 1992) M.B. Buch, First Survey of Phychology Education
P. 399.
lNG[XR\ã pRF84 ÝlJ6F lJP A]âN[J VG[ ,FE]A[G G;LT s!))Zf
ccSF[,[H GF\ lJnFYL"V F[GL lR\TFT]ZTFGF[ T[D GL HFTLITFGF ;\NE["
VeIF;Pcc VÝSFlXT ;\XF[WG VC[JF,4 lXÙ6XF:+ EJG4 ;F{ZFQ8=
I]lGJl;"8L ZFHSF[8v!))ZP
N. Chaudhary, "The Relationship between achievement motivation
and anxiety Intelligence, Sex, Social class and vocational
aspirations," (Ph. D. Psy. Pan U 1971) In M.B. Buch's A A survey of
Researen in Eduatino New Delhi, NCERT, 1974, P. 145.
D.B. Desai (1971) "Achievement motivation in hinschool pupils in
kheda District." (M.B. patel college of Edu. Vallabh Vidyanagar,
NCERT Financial 1971). M.B. Buch's (Edu.) A survey of Research in
Education, (Case Baroda 1974) P. 147.
267
P.P. Gokulnathan (1972) "A study of achievement related motivation
and Educational achievement among school pupils." Ph.D. Edu. Dib.
Uni. in M.B. Buch A study of Research in Education 1972, Case, M.B.
University, Baroda, First Education P. 50.
5LP;LP VU|JF, s!)*$f cclJnFYL"V F[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF[ T[D GL
HFTLITFGF\ ;\NE[" VeIF;Pcc s5LV[RP0LP lXÙ6 S6F"8S I]lGP !)*$f
V[DPALP A]RGF ;[Sg0 ;J[" VF[O ZL;R" .G V[HI]S[XGDF\YL4 GJL lN<CL4
V[GP;LP.PVFZP8LP 5FGF G\P !)!P
D. Banerjee (1974) "Development of Co-Operative and competitive
behaviour and its relationship with need for achievement." (Ph. D.
Psy. Vadi Uni. 1974). M.B. Buch's Edu. Second Survey of Research in
Education, (SERD, Baroda 1974). P. 171.
C.C. Pathak (1974) "A study of AChievement motive, Educational
Norms and school performance of high school pupils." (Ph.D. Edu.
Spe. 1974) Lited by T.V. Rao (ett. al) "Personality training and
motivation in M.B. Buch's (Ed.) Second
survey of Research in
Educatin (SERD Baroda Uni.) 1979 P. 191.
I]P N[;F. s!)*5f ccDFwIlDS XF/FGF lJnFYL"V F[ DF8[ l;lâÝ[Z6Fcc
,3]XF[W lGA\W4 lXÙ6XF:+ EJG4 ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L ZFHSF[8v!)*5P
P.A.
Parikn,
"A
study
of
achievement
motivation,
School
performance and educational norms of secondary school pupils of
Std. 8, 9 and 10 In the city of Bombay", (Ph. D. Edu. Bom. U. 1976)
In M.B. Buch's Fourth Survey of Research in Education New Delhi
NCERT 1991.
G. Mumbay, "A study of achievement motivation of scheduled Tribs
pupils of south Gujarat" (Ph. D. Edu., S. Uni.) In second survey of
Research in Education by M.B. Buch's, New Delhi, NCERT, 1971, P.
187.
268
J.A. Christian, "A study of fear of failure Hope of Success,
Achievement motivation, Anxiety and concern of Girl's (Ph. D. Sp. G.
1977) In Indian Education Review : XI 2, April 1979 - P. 88-93.
J.P. Gupta (1978) "A study of Anxiety and achievement motivation in
relation to academic achievement sex and economic status", Ph. P.
Edu. 1978 in M.B. Buch, The Third Survey of Research in Education,
New Delhi 1978-83, P. 356.
B.B. Siddigui (1979) "A Effects of achievement motivation and
personality on academic success." Ph.D. Phgy, Guj. Uni. 1978 cited
by M.B. Buch The Third survey of research in education NCERT, New
Delhi, 1979-83, P. 690-91.
K. Narula, (1979) "A study of achievement motivation with
intelligence
socio-economic
status
and
performance
of
the
prospective secondary school teachers of orissa state." Ph.D. Edu.
M.S. Uni. in 1979 M.B. Buch. The Third survey of Research in
Education NCERT, New Delhi, 1979-89, P. 385-86.
V[DP ALP 5L5/JF4 s!)*)f ccDFwIlDS XF/FGF lJnFYL"V F[GL
l;lâÝ[Z6GF[ VeIF;4cc V[DPV[0ŸP ,3]XF[W lGA\W4 ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGP ZFHSF[84
V[lÝ,v!)*)P
AL5LG ALP ZFHIU]~4 s!)(_f ccDFwIlDS XF/FGF lJnFYL"V F[GL
l;lâÝ[Z6F 5Z lAG AF{lâS 5lZA/F[GL V;Zcc4 sV[DPV[0ŸP !)(_f
pNŸW'T NDI\TL VG[ VgI4 DFW]SZL lXÙ6XF:+ EJG4 EFJGUZ !)(Z4
5'P Z*(4 (_P
M. Dutt, (1983) "Socio physchological study of the tribal high school
male student of himachel predesh with high
achievement
motivation", (Ph.D. Edu. M. Su. 1983) M.B. Buchis (Edu.) second
survey of Research in Edu. P. 1430.
269
ÒP EFZYL s!)($f cc5}J" T~6F[GL :J;\S<5GF VG[ l;lâÝ[Z6GF[
VeIF;cc s5LV[R0LP DGF[lJ7FG4 VF[:DFlGIF I]lGP !)($4 V[DPALP
A]RGF OF[Y" ;J[" VF[O ZL;R" V[HI]S[XGDF\YL4 GJL lN<CL4 V[GP;LP.P
VFZP8LP 5FGF G\P #$_ YL #$!P
T. Gyanoni (1984) "Frustration Relation as functions of achievement
motivation and anxiety of different age levels", (Ph. D. Edu. Ayra
Uni. 1984) Research in psychology of education Abstracts M.B.Buch's
First Survey of Research in Education, P. No. 372.
VF.P VC]JFl,IF4 s!)(5f4 ccl;lâÝ[Z6F 5Z V;Z SZTF 5lZA/F[GF[
VeIF;4cc s5LPV[RP0LP DGF[lJ7FG VFU|F I]lGP !)(5f V[DPALP A]RGF
OF[Y" ;J[" VF[O ZL;R" .G V[HI]S[XGDF\YL4 GJL lN<CL4 V[GP;LP.P VFZP8LP
5FGF G\P ### YL ##$P
S[P5LP D[JF4 s!)(5f ccDF[ZAL TF,]SFGF z[6 L GJGF lJnFYL"V F[GL
l;lâÝ[Z6F VeIF;cc sV[DPV[0ŸP !)(5f lNG[XR\ä pRF8 VG[ VgIF[4
;\XF[WGG]\ ;NF[CG lXÙ6 XF:+ EJG4 ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGP ZFHSF[84 !)(5 5[.h
Z!#v!5P
ÒP ZFWJF s!)(5f ccWF[Z6 GJDF\ VeIF; SZTF lJnFYL"V F[GL
l;lâÝ[Z6F lJSF;GF[ T[D GL ;FDFlHS VFlY"S l;lâGF ;\NE[" VeIF;cc4
5LV[RP0LP D{;]Z I]lGP !)(5f V[DPALP A]RGF ;[Sg0 ;J[" VF[O ZL;R" .G
V[HI]S[XGDF\YL GJL lN<CL4 V[GP;LP .PVFZP8LP 5FGF G\P $5)P
V[PVFZPDG;]ZL s!)(&f ccz[6 L 54 & VG[ * DF\ VeIF; SZTF
lJnFYL"V F[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF[ T[D GL ;FDFlHS VFlY"S l:YlTGF ;\NE["
VeIF;cc4 s5LV[RP0LP lXÙ64 V[;P5LP I]lGP !)(&f V[DPALP A]RGF
OF[Y" VF[O ZL;R" .G V[HI]S[XGDF\YL GJL lN<CL4 V[GP;LP.PVFZP8LP
!))!4 5[.h o #)(v#))P
VFZP;LP l+5F9L s!)(&f cc5}J" pTZÝN[XGL DFwIlDS XF/FDF\ VeIF;
SZTF lJnFYL"V F[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FGF[ T[D GL HFTLITFGF ;\NE[" VeIF;cc4
s5LV[RP0LP lXÙ6 UF[Z I]lGP !)(&f V[DPALP A]RGF OF[Y" ;J[" VF[O ZL;R"
.G V[HI]S[XGDF\YL GJL lN<CL4 V[GP;LP.PVFZP8LP 5FGF G\P !))!P
270
V[;PS[P zLJF:TJ4 s!)(&f ccU|FdI VG[ XC[ZL lJ:TFZGF lJnFYL"V F[GL
l;lâÝ[Z6FGF[ VeIF;cc HG", VF[O V[HI]S[XG V[g0 ;FISF[,F[Ò JF[<I]D
G\P Z#4 H],F.vVF[S8F[AZ !)(*4 5[.h !_! v !_$P
EÎ V[DPH[P cc;]Z[g N=GUZ4 HF[ZFJZGUZ VG[ J-JF6GL
SgIFXF/FVF[D F\ VeIF; SZTL WF[Z6 AFZGL lJnFYL"GLVF[GF[
l;lâÝ[Z6FVF\S GSSL SZJF[ VG[ T[GF[ ;C;\A\WF\S A]lâVF\S TYF
;FDFlHSvVFlY"S NZßHF[ T5F;JF[cc VÝSFlXT V[GPV[0ŸP ,3]XF[W
lGA\W4 ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGP !)(*P
V[;PH[P NJ[ s!)()f ccA'CN ;]Z[g ãGUZ XC[ZL z[6 L v !! DF\ VeIF;
SZTL AF/FVF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6FVF[ VG[ T[GL ;FY[ ;\S/FI[, F S[8 ,FS
R,F[GF ;C;\A\WF[GF[ VeIF;Pcc V[DPV[0ŸP ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGP ,3]XF[W lGA\W4
V[lÝ,v!)()4 zLDlT V[GPV[DP XFC SF[,[H VF[O V[HI]S[XG J-JF6
XC[ZP
5LP8LP 5\0IF ccGF[SZL SZTL VG[ GF[SZL G SZTL DFTFVF[GF\ ;\TFGF[GF\
VG]S}, G4 l;lâÝ[Z6F4 lR\TFT]ZTF VG[ X{Ùl6S l;lâGF[ VeIF;Pcc
s5LPV[RP0LP lXÙ6 ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGP !))#f 5LPV[RP0LP XF[W lGA\WP
P.P. Gorulnathan, "A study of Achievement Related Mitigation and
Educational Achiavment among. Secondary School Pupils." (Ph.D.
Edu. Dib - U. 1972) In M.B. Buch's A survey of Research in Education
New Delhi : NCERT 1974, P. 150.
VDZRF[/L DG;]B,F, H[P ccJ,FDL5]Z TF,]SFGL DFwIlDS XF/FVF[GF\
lJnFYL"V F[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ4 A]lâSÙF VG[ VeIF; 8[JF[GF\ ;\NE"D F\
VeIF;cc sV[DPV[0ŸP!)(&f pNŸW'T NDI\lT DF[NL VG[ VgI cDFW]SZLc
EFJGUZ o lXÙ6XF:+ EJG4 !))Z 5'P Z(_vZ(!P
ClZEF. 0LP SFl;gNlZIF4 cc,L\A0L TF,]SFGL DFwIlDS XF/FVF[GF z[6L
VF9GF lJnFYL"V F[GL lGdG l;lâDF\ SFZ6F[GF[ VeIF;Pcc sV[DPV[0ŸP
!)(!f4 pNn'T NDI\lT DF[NL VG[ VgI cDFW]SZLc EFJGUZ o lXÙ6 XF:+
EJG !)(Z4 5'P Z(ZvZ($P
271
JH]EF. ALP JF/F4 ccEFJGUZ XC[ZDF\ z[6 L ;FTDF\ VeIF; SZTF\
5KFT VG[ lAGv5KFT lJnFYL"V F[GL l;lâ VG[ A]lâGF[ T], GFtDS
VeIF;cc sV[DPV[0ŸP !)(!f pN3'T4 NDI\lT DF[NL VG[ VgI cDFW]SZLc
EFJGUZ4 lXÙ6XF:+ EJG4 !))Z 5'P Z((vZ()P
Sudhatiumari, "A study of Intelligence Achievement, Adjustment and
Socio-Economic patterns of Different Sociometric Groups of
Adolescents." (Ph.D. Edu. Pan. U. 1982). In M.B. Buch's Fourth
Survey of Research in Education New Delhi : NCERT 1991 P. 391.
S.K. Jasuja, "A study of frustration level of Aspiratino and
A?cademic Achievement in relation to Age, Education and Sex.
Differences among Adolescents." (Ph.D. Psy. Agra. U. 1983) In M.B.
Buch's fouth survey of research in Education. New Delhi : NCERT.
1991 P. 828.
A.D. Sinh, "A comparative study of high and low Academic
Achievement in Self-Concept formation". (Ph.D. Edu., RDVV. 1983)
In M.B. Buch's Fourth survey of Research in Education, New Delhi :
NCERT, 1991, P. 857.
XZNS]DFZ H[P jIF;4 cVlUIFZDL z[6 LGF lJnFYL"V F[GF V\U|[Ò lJØI
ÝtI[GF\ J,64 V\U|[Ò EFØFGL l;lâ VG[ V\U|[Ò JFRG VY"U|C6
ÙDTF JrR[GF ;\A\WF[GF[ VeIF;c sV[DPV[0ŸP!)(#f pNŸW'T4 NDI\TL
DF[NL VG[ VgI4 DFW]SZL EFJGUZ o lXÙ6XF:+ EJG4 !)(Z 5'P
#_(v!_P
CZ[XS]DFZ V[;P 5\0IF4 ccEFJGUZ XC[ZGL XF/FVF[GF z[6L GJGF
lJnFYL"V F[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâ VG[ ;FDFlHS 5lZ5SJTFGF[ VeIF;cc
pN"n'T4 NID\TL DF[NL VG[ VgI DFW]SZL4 EFJGUZ o lXÙ6XF:+ EJG4
!))Z 5'P Z)!v)#P
Mithileshgumari Dixit, "A comparative study of Intelligence and
Academic Achievement of Adolescent Boys and Girls, studying in
classes IX and XI (Ph.D. Edu. Ken. U. 1985). In M.B. Buch's Fourth
Survey of Research in Educatin, New Delhi : NCERT, 1991, P. 821.
272
lJPV[GPJ[SlZIF4 ZFHSF[8 XC[ZGL prR¿Z DFwIlDS XF/FGF ;FDFgI
ÝJFCGF prR l;lâ D[/JGFZF lJnFYL"V F[GL VFlY"S ;]lJWFVF[GF[
VeIF;4 sV[DPV[0ŸP !)(&f pN"n'T4 lNG[XR\ã pRF8 VG[ VgI ;\XF[WG
;\NF[CG4 ZFHSF[8 o lXÙ6XF:+ EJG4 ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L4 !)((4 5'P
*)v(!P
S. Sultana, 'A study of school Achievement among Adolescent
children with working and Non-Working mothers' (Ph. D. Edu. Kur.
U. 1988), In M.B. Buch's Fourth Survey of Research in Education,
New Delhi, NCERT 1991, P. 860.
C;D]B V[,P l+J[NL cEFJGUZ lH<,FGF ÝFYlDS VwIF5G D\lNZDF\
VeIF; SZTF TF,LDFYL"V F[GL ;D:IFVF[4 VFlY"S v ;FDFlHS l:YlT
VG[ TF,LDL l;lâ JrR[GF[ ;\A\WFtDS VeIF;c sV[DPV[0ŸP !)((f
pNŸ3'T4 NDI\lT DF[NL4 DFW]SZL4 EFJGUZ o lXÙ6XF:+ EJG4 !))Z4 5'P
#Z5v#ZP
HI[NJl;\C ALP JF/F4 cN;DF\ WF[Z6GF lAG5KFT4 5KFT VG[ VgI
5KFT lJnFYL"V F[GL X{Ùl6S l;lâGF[ T], GFtDS VeIF;c sV[DPV[0ŸP
!))_f NDI\lT DF[NL VG[ VgI äFZF pNŸn'T4 cDFW]SZLc EFJGUZ o
lXÙ6XF:+ EJG4 !))Z4 5'P #__v#_ZP
273
5lZlXQ8
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
;FZ6L v ZP#
lR\TFT]ZTF ;\A \lWT ;\XF[W GF[GF\ ;\XF[W SG]\ GFD4 R,4 GD}GF[4 p5SZ6F[ 5'Y ÞZ6 ÝlJlW TYF TFZ6F[GL lJUT
;\XF[W SG]\ GFD
R,
GD}GF[
p5SZ6F[
H]<SF ÒP s!)&#f
VFÊDSTF4 EI4
lR\TFT]ZTF
* YL !! JQF"GF XF/FV[
HTF AgG[ H}YGF VG[
HFlTGF NZ[SDF\ !__
AF/SF[ GD}GFDF\ ,[JFDF\
VFjIF CTFP
• ALHF 38SF[ SZTF\ EIG]\
ÝDF6 AWF ÝSFZGF\ AF/SF[DF\
lJX[QF HF[JF D?I]\P
• lR\TF DF[8FEFU[ XF/F
lJQFIS CTLP
• AF/SF[DF\ T\N]Z:TL AFAT[
lR\TF HF[JF D/L CTLP
ZP
U|[JF, V[;P
s!)*!f
lR\TFT]ZTF VG[
Ul6TGL l;lâ
#P
U]%TF H[P s!)*(f
HFTLITF VG[
VFlY"S l:YlTGF
;\NE[" lR\TFT]ZTF
5\HFA ZFHIGF
5lTIF/F XC[ZGL
DFwIlDS XF/FGF z[6L
GJGF Z__
lJnFYL"VF[G[ GD}GFDF\
5;\N SIF" CTFP
z[6L ) VG[ !_ GF
!(_ S]DFZF[ VG[
SgIFVF[
D]Z[GL Y[D[8LS V[5Z
VF[;G S;F[8LGF\
VFWFZ[ ;\XF[WS[ GJL
S;F[8LGL ZRGF SZL
CTLP H[DF\ AF/SF[GF
EF{lTS VG[ ;FDFlHS
5IF"JZ6G[ ,UTF Z_
lR+F[ ZFBJFDF\ VFjIF
CTFP
l5I;"G
l;\CFGL lR\TFT]ZTF
;C;\A\WF\S VG[
z[6L VF9GF JFlQF"S
5ZL1FFGF Ul6TGF U]6 8LvU]6F[¿Z
NT jIlSTtJ ;\XF[lWGL
prR VFlY"S JU"GF
lJnFYL"VF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF lGdG
CTLP
VG]\P
G\P
!P
5'Y ÞZ6GL
ÝlJlW
v
8LvS;F[8LGF[
ÝI]lSTGF[
p5IF[U
TFZ6F[
lJnFYL"VF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF VG[
T[DGL Ul6TGL l;lâ JrR[
GSFZFtDS VY";}RS ;\AW\
HF[JF D?IF[ CTF[P
$P
;]WF ALP VG[
UF[V[YF s!)(_f
5P
RT]"J[NL V[;P
s!)(!f
&P
5]Z[gNZ V[GP
s!)($f
SFD SZTL
DFTFVF[GL
SgIFVF[GL VG[
SFD G SZTL
DFTFVF[GL
SgIFVF[GL lR\TF
T]ZTF
7FG ÝFl%T VG[
SFI"1FDTF 5Z lR\TF
T]ZTF VG[ 1F[+
VFhFNLGL V;Z
lR\TFT]ZTF VG[
I]lST ÝI]lST
z[6L * GL SFD
SZTL DFTFGL (_
SgIFVF[
SFD G SZTL
DFTFGL !&_
SgIFVF[
lR\TFT]ZTF ;\XF[lWGL
8LvS;F[8LGF[
p5IF[U
ZLÒIF[G, SF[,[H VF[O
V[HI]S[XGGF Z(#
lX1FSF[G[ GD}GFDF\ 5;\N
SIF" CTFP
ÝDF6E}T ;FWG
NZ[S lX1FSF[G[ Z2Z
V;ZSTF"G[ JC[\RJFDF\
VFJ[, lR\TFT]ZTF VG[
T[GL XSITFGL
SFI"1FDTFG[ T5F;JFDF\
VFJLP
ÝYD JQF" ALPV[PV[DP
V[;P0LP8LP GF $_
JWFZ[ VG[ $_ VF[KL
lR\TFT]ZTFJF/F
lJnFYL"VF[
N[X5F\0[ VG[
V,;F5}ZSZGL S;F[8L
ÊDJFZ XLBJJF DF8[
RFZ ÝI]lST
v
SFD G SZTL DFTFVF[GL
SgIFVF[GL VG[ SFD SZTL
DFTFVF[GL SgIFVF[GL
lR\TFT]ZTF JrR[ VY";}RS
TOFJT HF[JF D?IF[ CTF[P
• SFI"1F[+ VFhFN CF[I T[JF
lX1FSF[ ;FZ]\ SFI" SZL XS[ K[P
• VF[KL lR\TFJF/F lX1FSF[
JWFZ[ lR\TFJF/F lX1FSF[ SZTF
T[DGF SFI"1F[+DF\ JW] SFDULZL
AHFJL XS[ K[P
ÊD Aâ jIFSZ6G[ XLBJFDF\
VF[KL lR\TFT]ZTF JF/F lJQFIF[
sU]HZFTL4 lCgNLf V[ JWFZ[
lR\TFU|:T lJQFIF[JF/F SZTF\
;FZF[ N[BFJ SIF["P
*P
A[ZLgSZ V[DP
s!)(5f
lR\TF 5Z
5IF"JZ6LI 38SF[
VG[ VF\TZD]BTF
ACL"DB
] TFGL V;Z
(P
3F[QF 5LP VG[
;FDFlHS VG[
B]ZFGF S[P s!)(5f VFlY"S NZßHFGF
;\NE[" lJnFYL"VF[GL
lR\TFT]ZTF
)P
0]A,L S[P s!)(&f
lR\TFGL S1FF VG[
jIlSTtJGL
,F1Fl6STF
lN<CL I]lGP SF[,[HGF
!Z__ lJnFYL"VF[
(100B + 100G)
IN[ŸrK 5âlTYL 5;\N
SIF"P
N¿ jIlSTtJ ;\XF[lWGL ANOVA VG[
8Lv8[:8 äFZF
Pared S;F[8L
DFlCTL
;\XF[lWGL
5'YÞZ6
lN<CLGL lJlJW
SF[,[HFGF !( YL Z!
JQF"GL p\DZGF 5}J"
:GFTS S1FFGF !__
lJnFYL"VF[ GD}GFDF\
5;\N SIF"P
!5 YL !( JQF"GF WF[P
!_4 !!4 !Z GF (__
lJnFYL" lJnFYL"GLVF[
~A~ D],FSFT
Ý`GFJl,
;C;\A\WF\S
ÝI]lST
Eysensk ;\XF[lWGL
l;\CFGF[ VY"U|C6
lR\TF DF5G äFZF
DFlCTLG]\ V[S+LSZ6
DwIS S.D.
8LvS;F[8L
ANOVA
• ;FDFgI lR\TF VG[ S;F[8L
lR\TF AG[ HFTLITF DF8[
TOFJT ;}RS ZCIF[P
• lJnFlY"GLVF[ lJnFYL"VF[
SZTF\ A\G[ ÝSFZDF\ lJX[QF
lR\TFT]Z H6F.P
• lGdG VFlY"S ;FDFlHS
:TZGL lJnFYL"VF[DF\ êR]\
lR\TF ÝDF6 HF[JF D?I]\P
lR\TFT]ZTF H[JF 5lZ6FDF[ 5Z
prR ;FDFlHS VFlY"S l:YlT
VG[ lGdG ;FDFlHS VFlY"S
l:YlT JrR[ VY";}RS TOFJT
HF[JF D?IF[ CTF[P
• lR\TFT]ZTF VG[ AlC"D]BL
WFZ6 XlST JrR[GF[ TOFJT
;}RS ZCIF[P
• JWFZ[ lR\TFT]ZTF ,F[SF[GL
WFZ6F VF[KL lR\TFT]ZTF ,F[SF[
SZTF p\RL H6F. CTLP
!_P
A]âN[J 5LP
s!))Zf
ÝU8 lR\TFT]ZTF
!!P
DFY]Z VFZP
s!))Zf
A]lâDTF4
lR\TFT]ZTF VG[
:JHFU'lT
!ZP
pRF84 A]âN[J VG[
G;LT s!))Zf
SF[,[HGF
lJnFYL"VF[GL
HFTLITFGF ;\NE["
lR\TFT]ZTF
!#P
5\0IF 5LP8LP
s!))#f
lR\TFT]ZTF
EFZT ZFQ8=GF ZFHSF[8
XC[ZGL XF/FGF 5&
S]DFZF[ VG[ 5_ SgIFVF[
VD[lZSF ZFQ8=GF VF[S,[
CF[D XC[ZGL ;ClX1F6
JF/L XF/FGF $)
S]DFZF[ VG[ *# SgIFVF[
aI]ZF[ VF[O ;FISF[,F[Ò
lJEFUDF\ #___ S[;F[
DF\YL !*5 S[;G[ GD}GF
TZLS[ p5IF[U SIF[" CTF[P
N[;F. ZlRT ÝU8
lR\TF DF5N\0
;ZF;ZL ÝDF6
lJR,G
8LvU]6F[¿Z
EFZTGF S]DFZ VG[
SgIFVF[GL lR\TFT]ZTF :TZ
;DFG CTFP
8LPV[P8LP S;F[8L
EF8LIF A[8ZL SFI" 8[:8
S;F[8L
v
ZFHSF[8 XC[ZGL H]NL
H]NL GJ SF[,[HF[GF $)_
lJnFYL"VF[ 5;\N SIF"
!(_ S]DFZ #!_
SgIFVF[
DFwIlDS XF/FGF
!#__ lJnFYL"VF[
N[;F. ÝU8 lR\TFT]ZTF
S;F[8L
;ZF;ZL
8LvS;F[8L
ÝI]lST
;Z[ZFX U]6G]\ 5'YÞZ6 SZJF
5]GZFJT"G U]6 VG[
T],GFtDS V\X ;FDFgI EFT
5F0[ K[ VF AFAT ATFJ[ K[ S[
TDFZ[ ;FJW ZCLG[ GD}GF
5;\NUL SZJL HF[.V[P
SF[,[HGF S]DFZ VG[ SgIFVF[GL
lR\TFT]ZTF ,UEU ;ZBL
HF[JF D/TL CTLP
N[;F. ÝU8 lR\TF
DF5N\0
ÝDF6lJR,G4
8LvS;F[8L
GF[SZL G SZTL DFTFGF S]DFZF[
SZTF SgIFVF[DF\ ;FY"S ZLT[
JW] lR\TFT]ZTF CTLP
;FZ6L v ZP5
VG]S}, G ;\A \lWT ;\XF[W GF[GF\ ;\XF[W SG]\ GFD4 R,4 GD}GF[4 p5SZ6F[ 5'Y ÞZ6 ÝlJlW TYF TFZ6F[GL lJUT
VG]\P ;\XF[WSG]\ GFD
G\P
!$P EFlUIF
V[GPV[DP
s!)&&f
R,
GD}G F[
p5SZ6F[
VG]S},G
DFwIlDS XF/FGF
#ZZ$ lJnFYL"VF[
:JlGlD"T
VG]S,
} GGL
Ý`GFJl,
5'YÞZ6GL
TFZ6F[
ÝlJlW
;ZF;ZL4
•XF/FGF\ ;FDFgI
ÝDF6 lJR,G4
5IF"JZ6 ;FY[GF
;C;\A\W4
SF.vJU"
VG]S},GDF\ lSXF[ZF[ SZTF\
lSXF[ZLVF[ VU|[;Z CTLP
!5P
VU|JF,
VFZPV[GP
s!)*_f
VG]S,
} G
WF[P ) YL WF[P !! GF
Z#* lJnFYL"VF[
:JlGlD"T Ý`GFJl,4 8LP S;F[8L
;S;[GF V[0H;D[g8
.gJ[g8ZL
• lX1FSF[ ;FY[GF\ 5F[TFGF\
;DFIF[HGDF\ ;ZSFZL
XF/FGF\ lJnFYL"VF[ SZTF\
BFGUL XF/FGF\ lJnFYL"VF[
GF[\W5F+ ZLT[ VU|[;Z CTF\P
• 3Z4 XF/F VG[ ;DFHGL
;DFIF[HGGL ;D:IFVF[
p\DZGL ;FY[ 38TL CTLP
5Z\T] :JF:yI ;\AW\ L
;D:IFVF[ JWL CTLP
• 3Z VG[ :JF:yI ;\A\WL
;D:IFVF[DF\ ;FDFlHS
VFlY"S 5lZl:YlTGF prR
VG[ lGdG :TZ ÝDF6[
T[DGL JrR[ ;}RS TOFJT
H6FjIF[ CTF[P
!&P
E8' s!)*Zf
!*P
RU R\lãSF H[P
s!)*$f
!(P
T],5],[ V[DP
s!)**f
3Z4 XF/F4
;\J[U4 VFZF[uI4
;FDFlHS VFlY"S
l:YlT A]lâ4
HFTLITF
VG]S,
} G SF{8l\] AS
5lZl:YlT
DFwIlDS Z_
XF/FVF[GF S]DFZ VG[
SgIFVF[
;S;[GF jIlSTUT
VG]S},G Ý`GFJl,
;C;\AW\ F\S
0L S1FF D[/JGFZ 5F+F[
!5@ CTFP
z[6L GJ VG[ z[6L
N;GF\ 55 lJnFYL"VF[
l;\CFJL VG]S,
} G
;\XF[WGFJl,G]\
U]HZFTLSZ6
8LvS;F[8L
VG]S},G
Z!# lÝP I]lGP GF
JU"GL lJnFlY"GLVF[
A[,GL VG]S,
} G
;\XF[lWGLG]\
EFZTLISZ6
8SFJFZL
• VFlY"S ;FDFlHS DF5N\0
VG[ X{1Fl6S VG]S,
} G JrR[
SF[. ;\AW\ D/TF[ G CTF[P
• ;F\J[lUS VG]S},GDF\ 56
VFlY"S ;FDFlHS DF5N\0
ÝDF6[ SF[. TOFJT HF[JF
D/TF[ G CTF[P
• ;FDFlHS VG]S,
} GGF\
1F[+DF\ #_ lJnFlY"GLVF[
lGdG VG]S},G WZFJTL
CTLP
• jIJ;FI SZTL VG[
jIJ;FI G SZTLVF[GF\
AF/SF[GF\ VG]S,
} GDF\
TOFJT G CTF[P
!)P
UF[:JFDL V[GP
!)(_
VG]S,
} G
z[6L (4 ) VG[ !_
GL Z$(! SgIFVF[
:J lGlD"T VG]S,
} G
;\XF[lWGL
VFJ'lT
lJ:TZ6
;C;\A\WF\S
Z_P
U]%TF V[PS[P
!)(!
jIlSTtJ
VG]S,
} G l;lâ
#$_$ S]DFZF[ VG[
SgIFVF[
;S;[GFGL VG]S},G
;\XF[lWGL
;C;\A\WF\S
Z!P
DF8F[ ALPS[P
!)(!
VG]S,
} G
;FDFlHS VFlY"S
:TZ
DFwIlDS XF/FGF
)_Z lJnFYL"VF[
;S;[GF\ VG]S},G
;\XF[lWGL
SF. JU" 5âlT
ZZP
3GSF[8 hZLGF\ V[P VG]S,
} G
!)(Z
HFTLITF
prR¿Z DFwIlDS
XF/FGF !#& S]DFZF[
VG[ !Z! SgIFVF[
CZSF\T ANFDL
SF{8]\lAS ;DFIF[HG
;\XF[WlGSF
lävDFUL"I
8LvD}<I
ÝI]lST
• p\DZ JWJFGL ;FY[
VG]S,
} G ;D:IFVF[ HF[JF
D/L CTLP TZ]6LVF[
;F\J[lUS VG[ DFGl;S
1F[+DF\ ;F{YL JW] ;D:IFVF[
VG]EJTL CTLP
;\I]ST S]8]\ADF\YL VFJTF\
T~6F[ X{1Fl6S ;FDFlHS
VG[ :JF:YIGF\ 1F[+DF\ ;FZ]\
VG]S,
] G VG[ SF{8l\] AS
VG]S},G 5Z S]8]\AGF\
ÝSFZGL ;LWL V;Z G CTLP
T~6F[GF\ SF{8]\lAS
VG]S,
} GDF\ ;FDFlHS
VFlY"S NZßHFG]\ :YFG
VY";R
} S HF[JF D?I]\ CT]P\
• SgIFVF[G\] SF{8l\] AS
VG]S,
} G S]DFZF[ SZTF\ JWFZ[
CT]\P
• S]DFZF[G\] ;FDFlHS
VG]S,
} G SgIFVF[ SZTF\
JWFZ[ CT]P\
Z#P
N;,F6LIF
VFZPALP !)(Z
VG]S},G
Z$P
;L\3 V[;P0LP
!)(#
VG]S,
} G l;lâ
Z5P
5JFZ ALPV[;P
!)(#
VG]S},G
ÝFYlDS VwIF5G
D\lNZGF #&$ 5]Z]QF
TF,LDFYL" VG[ #$(
:+L TF,LDFYL"VF[
$5_ lJnFYL"VF[
WF[P ( VG[ WF[P ) GF
#5( VFlNJF;L
lJnFYL"VF[
:JZlRT Ý`GFJl,
8LvU]6F[¿Z
ÝI]lST
l+5F9LGL jIlSTUT
;\NE"GL IFNL
V[PS[P5LP l;\CF VG[
VFZPALP l;\3GL
c;DFIF[HG V\U[GL
T5F; 5âlT
CZSFgT ANFDL ZlRT
ccSF{8l\] AS ;DFIF[HGcc
;\XF[WlGSF VG[
;FDFlHS ;DFIF[HG
;\XF[WlGSF
XTDFG ÝI]lST ;FDFlHS4 EFJFtDS4
VFZF[uI4 U'C VG[ lX1F6DF\
l;lâ VG[ VG]S,
} G B]AH
lGdG S1FFV[ ;A\WL WZFJTF\
CTFP
;ZF;ZL ÝDF6
lJR,G 8L VG[
V[O U]6F[¿Z
5LI;"G
;C;\A\WF\S
5]Z]QF TF,LDFYL"VF[ SZTF\
:+L TF,LDFYL"VF[ JW] ;FZ]
VG]S,
] G WZFJTL CTLP
• VFlNJF;L AF/SF[GF\
;FDFlHS VG[ SF{8l\] AS
VG]S,
} G JrR[ ;FY"S ;\AW\
CTF[P
• S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[G\]
SF{8l\] AS VG]S,
} G ;ZB]\
CT]P\
• SF{8]\lAS VG]S},G 5Z
WF[Z6GL V;Z G CTLP
• WF[Z6 GJGF 5F+F[ JW]
VG]Sl} ,T CTFP
Z&P
ZFJ, JLP VFZP
s!)($f
VG]S,
} G
Z*& lJnFYL"VF[
:J ZlRT Ý`GFJl,
lDT,GL VG]S},G
;\XF[lWGL Nl1FTGF[
XF/F JFTFJZ6
DF5N\0
;C;\A\WF\S
Z*P
S]DFZ V[;P
s!)(5f
Z; H~lZIFTF[
VG]S,
} G
z[6LvN;GF 5_)
lJnFYL"VF[
;S;[GFGL cVG]S,
} G
;\XF[lWGLc
8LvS;F[8L
Z(P
NF[U
\ F V[GPV[;P
s!)(&f
VG]S,
} G
HFTLITF
ALPV[0ŸP SF[,[HGF
!((_ TF,LDFYL"VF[
VG]S},G DF5G DF8[
.GSd5,L8 ;[g8g;
a,[SG]\ U]HZFTLSZ6
V[OvS;F[8L
;C;\A\WF\S
8LvS;F[8L
• ;F\J[lUS V:J:Y AF/SF[
VG]S},GGL AFATDF\ SXL
TS,LO VG]EJTF\ G CTF\P
• J{IlSTS VG]S},GGL
AFATDF\ ;F\J[lUS V:J:Y
AF/SF[ T[DGL JIGF\ SFZ6[
H]NF 50TF G CTFP
• ÝlTEF ;\5gG VG[
;FDFgI lJnFYL"VF[GF\ ;DU|
VG]S},GDF\ TOFJT G CTF[P
• ÝlTEF ;\5gG AF/SF[
:JF:Y VG]S,
} G 1F[+DF\ ;FZ]\
VG]S,
} G WZFJTF\ CTF\P
• :+L TF,LDFYL"VF[ 5]ZQ] F
TF,LDFYL"VF[ SZTF\ JW]
VG]S,
} G WZFJTF\ CTF\P
• TF,LDFYL"VF[GF VFlY"S
l:YlTGL V;Z VG]S,
} G 5Z
HF[JF D/L G CTLP
Z)P
S,F5LPV[;P
s!)(&f
jIlSTtJ lJSF;
VG]S,
} G
;FDFlHS VFlY"S
:TZ
&_ lJnFYL"VF[
5ZLB VG[ VgI
ZlRT VG]S,
} G
S;F[8L HuJFZ
cV[;P.PV[;P :S[,c
J6"GFtDS
V\SXF:+LI
5âlT
• SFD SZTL VG[ SFD G
SZTL DlC,FVF[GF\ AF/SF[GF\
;FDFgI VG]S},G JrR[ SF[.
56 HFTGF[ VY";}RS
TOFJT HF[JF D?IF[ G CTF[P
#_P
5LP8LP 5\0IF
s!))#f
VG]S},G
DFwIlDS XF/FGF
!Z$Z lJnFYL"VF[
:JlGlD"T
VG]S,
} GGL
Ý`GFJl,
;ZF;ZL4
8LvS;F[8L VG[
ÝDF6lJR,G
• lJlEgG jIJ;FI SZTL
DFTFVF[GF ;\TFGF[G]\
;FDFlHS VG]S},G ;DFG
CT]\P
• GF[SZL G SZTL DFTFGF\
S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[G\]
DFGl;S VG]S},G ;DFG CT]\P
#!P
VFXF 0LP hLaAF
s!)))f
VG]S,
} G
z[6L ( YL !ZGF\
U]HZFT ZFHIGF\
lJS,F\U #(#
lJnFYL"VF[
:JlGlD"T Ý`GFJ,L 8LvS;F[8L4
VG[ ;\:YFGL D],FSFT V[OvS;F[8L
• GF[SZL G SZTL DFTFGL
SgIFVF[G\] ;FDFlHS
VG]S,
} G S]DFZF[ SZTF\ ;FY"S
ZLT[ êR]\ CT]\P
• ;FDFgI lJnFYL"VF[ VG[
V5\U lJnFYL"VF[G\] SF{8l\] AS
VG]S,
] G ;DFG CT]P\
• ;\IS] T S]8]\AGF ;FDFgI
VG[ V5\U lJnFYL"VF[G\]
SF{8l\] AS VG]S,
} G ;DFG
CT]\P
#ZP
UF[lC, ÒPV[;P
sZ__!f
VG]S},G
DFwIlDS VG[ prR¿Z
DFwIlDS XF/FGF
#!$Z lJnFYL"VF[
;D:IF S;F[8Lv N[;F.
VG]S},G ;\XF[WlGSF
VG[ ;FDFlHS VFlY"S
DF5N\0
;ZF;ZL
;C;\A\WF\S VG[
T[GL ;FY"STF
• VG]S},G VG[ X{1Fl6S
l;lâ JrR[GF\ ;\A\WF[ 5Z
HFTLITF VG[ XF/FGF
ÝSFZGL V;Z HF[JF D/TL
CTLP
• VG]S},G VG[ X{1Fl6S
l;lâ JrR[GF\ ;\A\WF[ 5Z
lJ:TFZGL VFlX\S ÝDF6DF\
V;Z HF[JF D/[, CTLP
;FZ6L v ZP*
l;lâÝ[Z6F ;\A \lWT ;\XF[W GF[GF\ ;\XF[W SG]\ GFD4 R,4 GD}GF[4 p5SZ6F[ 5'Y ÞZ6 ÝlJlW TYF TFZ6F[GL lJUT
VG]\P ;\XF[WSG]\ GFD
G\P
##P RF{WZL V[GP
s!)*!f
R,
GD}G F[
p5SZ6F[
l;lâÝ[Z6F
prR¿Z DFwIlDS
XF/FGF\ Z__ S]DFZ4
Z_) SgIFVF[ $_)
S],5F+F[
B[0F lH<,FGL
CF.:S},GF !___
lJnFYL"VF[ GD}GFDF\
5;\N SIF" CTFP
l;lâÝ[Z6F DF5G
DF8[ cDC[TF S;F[8Lc
#$P
N[;F. 0LP
s!)*!f
lJnFSLI l;lâ
A]lâVF\S
VG[l;lâÝ[Z6F
#5P
UF[S],GFY 5LP
s!)*Zf
X{1Fl6S l;lâ
VG[ l;lâÝ[Z6F
DFwIlDS XF/FGF
Z)$ S]DFZ ()
SgIFVF[
lR+JFTF" ,[BG
S;F[8L DF8[ K lR+F[
5;\N SIF" CTFP
DC[TF ZlRT
l;lâÝ[Z6F
;\XF[lWGL S]%5]
:JFDLV[ T{IFZ
SZ[, DF5N\0
5'YÞZ6GL
ÝlJlW
8LvS;F[8L
TFZ6F[
S]DFZF[GF\ l;lâÝ[Z6F\S
SgIFVF[GF\ l;lâÝ[Z6F\S
lGdG HF[JF D?IF CTF\P
• lJnFYL"VF[GF[ A]lâVF\S
l;lâÝ[Z6F 5Z V;Z SZ[
K[P
• DFTFvl5TFGF lX1F6GL
V;Z lJnFYL"VF[ 5Z HF[JF
D/L CTLP
• ;DU| H}YGF KF[SZLVF[GL
l;lâÝ[Z6F\S VF\S KF[SZFVF[
SZTF B}A êRF CTFP
• Non-Tribal
lJnFYL"VF[ SZTF Tribal
lJnFYL"VF[V[ l;lâÝ[Z6FDF\
B}AH êRF ÝF%TF\SF[ D[/jIF
CTFP
:JlGlD"T
8LvS;F[8L
prR¿Z
Ý`GFJl,
DFwIlDS
XF/FGF 5__
S]DFZF[ 5__
SgIFVF[
!___
S],5F+F[
lSXF[ZFJ:YF DFwIlDS
#*P A[GZÒ
ÝIFU
VG[
0LP
XF/FGF
DC[TFGF
l;lâÝ[
Z
6F
s!)*$f
lJnFYL"VF[
Ý1F[56
l;lâÝ[Z6FGF[ 5;\N SIF" CTFP
lR+F[
;CSFZL VG[
VG]S,
} G
:5WF"tDS
DF5N\0
J,6 ;FY[
S]%5]:JFDLV[
;\A\W
T{IFZ SZ[,
DF5N\0
B[0F lH<,FGL D[S,[,[g0GL
l;lâÝ[Z6F
#(P 5F9S
lR+JFTF" ,[BG
;FY[ lX1F6GF DFwIlDS
;LP
s!)*$f WF[Z6F[GF[ ;\AW\ XF/FVF[GF WF[P S;F[8L
lJnFYL" J,6
) GL
lJnFYL"VF[DF\YL XF[lWGL
XaN ;CRI"
GD}GF[ 5;\N
S;F[8L
SIF"[
#&P VU|JF, l;lâÝ[Z6F
5LP;LP
s!)*$f
lX1F6 lJQFIS
• l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ ;FDFlHS VFlY"S l:YlT JrR[ CSFZFtDS VY";}RS ;\AW\ HF[JF D?IF[ CTF[P
• S]DFZF[ SZTF\ SgIFVF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F prR HF[JF D/L CTLP
• l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ :5WF"tDS J,6 JrR[GF[ ;\A\W 36F[ GLRF[ V
• lCgN] VG[ 5KFT ,F[SF[DF\ VG]S},G DCÀJ5}6" H6FI] VG[ T[ l;lâÝ[Z6F ;FY[ ;3G ZLT[ ;\S
• µ\RL l;lâÝ[Z6F WZFJTF lJnFYL"VF[GF VG[ GLRL l;lâÝ[Z6F WZFJTL
• µ\RL l;lâÝ[Z6F WZFJTF lJnFYL" VG[ GLRL l;lâÝ[Z6F WZFJTF lJnFYL"VF[GF XaN ;FCRFI" H]NF 50TF
D}<IF[ HF6JF
DF8[GL
Ý`GFJl,
#)P N[;F. I]P lJnFSLI
s!)*5f l;lâ VG[
l;lâÝ[Z6F
U]6F\SG
JrR[ ;\AW\
V[S H
XF/FGF WF[P
) GF
lJnFYL"VF[G[
GD}GFDF\
5;\N SIF"
CTFP
l;lâÝ[Z6F
$_P 5ZLB
5LPV[P HFlTITF
s!)*&f VFlY"S
l:YlT
$!P D]\A[ Ò
l;lâÝ[Z6F
s!)*&f
DFwIlDS
XF/FGF
!_5_
lJnFYL"VF[
z[6L VF9
YL
VlUIFZGF\
!5_&
lJnFYL"VF[
• ÝIF[U 5C[,FGF VG[ ÝIF[U 5KLGF l;lâÝ[Z6F VF\SDF\ TOFJT N[BFIF[ CTF[P
• lJnFYL"GF l;lâÝ[Z6F VF\S VG[ XF/FSLI l;lâ JrR[ 3G ;\A\W N[BFIF[P
NF[,TEF.
N[;F. V[
T{IFZ SZ[,
SFI"ÊDGL
~5Z[BF
D[S,[,[g0GL
lR+JFTF"
,[BG
S;F[8L
• SgIFVF[GF[ l;lâÝ[Z6F\S S]DFZF[GF l;lâÝ[Z6F\S SZTF\ prR HF[J
DC[TF
8LPV[P8LP
S;F[8L
8LvS;F[8L
DC[TF
8LPV[P8LP 8[:8
:JZlRT
U]6J¿F
VlEÝFIFJl,
;ZF;ZL
• SF[.56 ÝSFZGL XF/FDF\ VeIF; SZTL VG];l} RT HGHFlTGF
ÝDF6lJR,G
• 5KFT JU"GL XF/FDF\ VeIF; SZTF lJnFYL"VF[GF[ l;lâÝ[Z6F\S lGdG HF[JF D?IF[ CTF[P
8LvS;F[8L
;C;\A\WF\S
• prR ;FDFlHS VFlY"S l:YlT WZFJTF\ lJnFYL"VF[GF[ l;lâÝ[Z6F\S4 DwID VG[ lGdG ;FDFlHS V
$ZP
lÊl`RIG H[PV[P
s!)**f
l;lâÝ[Z6F
VFlY"S l:YlT
$#P
U]%TF H[P5LP
s!)*(f
lR\TF VG[
l;lâÝ[Z6F
$$P
l;lNŸSL ALPALP
!)*)
$5P
G~<,F S[P
s!)*)f
:GFTS S1FFGL 5__
SgIFVF[
;C;\A\WF\S
5ZLS VG[
l+J[NL ZlRT
SES :S[,
S]%5] :JFDL ZlRT
SES :S[,
v
• N¿GL jIlSTtJ
DF5G ;\XF[lWGL
• D]BZÒ ZlRT
l;lâÝ[Z6F S;F[8L
WF[P )4 !_ DF\
VeIF; SZTF !(_
S]DFZF[ VG[ !(_
SgIFVF[GF[ IFNŸlrKS
ZLT[ GD}GF[ 5;\N SIF"[
XF/FSLI l;lâ5Z VDNFJFN XC[ZGL
TAT S;F[8L
[ F[DF\YL
l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[ lJlJW SF[,H
D]BZÒ l;lâÝ[Z6F
jIlSTtJ JrR[GF[ IFNŸlrKS ZLT[ $5_
S;F[8L
5F+F[G[ 5;\N SIF"
;C;\A\W
CTFP
A]lâVF\S VG[
VF[lZ:;FGF !_
TAT S;F[8L
l;lâÝ[Z6F
lX1F6 DCFlJnF,IGF
l;\CFGF[
!#__ TF,LDFYL"VF[
Anxiety
DF\YL &_(
Scale
TF,LDFYL"VF[G[
GD}GFDF\ 5;\N SIF"
v
lJnFYL"GF\
;FDFlHSvVFlY"S NZßHFGL
T[DGL l;lâÝ[Z6F 5Z
V;Z 50[ K[P
prR lR\TF H}Y SZTF lGdG
lR\TF H}YGF 5F+F[GL
l;lâÝ[Z6F ;ZF;ZLGF[ VF\S
êRF[ HF[JF D?IF[ CTF[P
• A]lâ4 l;lâ VG[ jIlSTtJ
JrR[ ;FZF[ ;\AW\ ZC[,F[ K[P
• jIlSTtJ VG[ l;lâ
Ý[Z6F JrR[ B}A H ;FZF[
;\A\W HF[JF D/[ K[P
• :+L TFl,DFYL"VF[ SZTF
5]ZQ] F TFl,DFYL"VF[V[
Ý[Z6FDF êRF ÝF%TF\SF[
D[/jIF CTFP
• A]lâVF\S VG[ lR\TF JrR[
SF[. ;\AW\ HF[JF D?IF[ CTF[P
$&P
5L5/JF V[DP
s!)*)f
l;lâÝ[Z6F\S VG[
XF/FSLI l;lâ
JrR[GF[ ;\AW\
$*P
ZFHIU]~ ALPALP
s!)(_f
l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[
HFTLITF
$(P
NT V[DP
s!)(#f
;FDFlHS VG[
DFGl;STFGL
ãlQ8V[
l;lâÝ[Z6F
ZFHSF[8 XC[ZGF WF[P
!_ GF Z&(
lJnFYL"VF[ VG[ Z(*
lJnFYL"GLVF[ G[ 5;\N
SIF" CTFP
EFJGUZ XC[ZGL RFZ
DFwIlDS XF/FVF[GF
Z*_ S]DFZF[ VG[ Z$_
SgIFVF[G[ GD}GFDF\
5;\N SIF"
ÝIFU DC[TFGL
l;lâÝ[Z6F\S
;\XF[lWGL
V[PV[DPVF.P 8[:8
lCDFR, ÝN[XGF
R\A, lH<,FGL Z)
CF.:S},DF\YL Z__
,F[S HFlTGF
lJnFYL"VF[ VG[ Z__
;FDFgI HFlTGF
lJnFYL"VF[GF[ GD}GF[
5;\N SIF[" CTF[P
HGZ, D[g8,L
V[lA,L8L 8[:8
V[;P H,F[8F .G
lCgNL 8[:8
lR\TFT]ZTF JF/L
DF5G S;F[8L
ÝIFU DC[TF ZlRT
S;F[8L
;ZF;ZL
ÝDF6 lJR,G
ÊF\lTS 5âlT
8LvS;F[8L
l;lâÝ[Z6F\S VG[ XF/FSLI
l;lâVF\S JrR[ _P!&)
H[8,F[ ;C;\A\WF\S HF[JF D/[
K[ H[ _P_! S1FFV[ ;FY"STF
NXF"J[ K[P
• S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GF
l;lâÝ[Z6F\SGF :TZDF\
TOFJT G CTF[P
• 5F+F[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F TYF
T[GF JF,LGL VFJS JrR[
;\AW\ G CTF[P
• ,F[SHFlTGF lJnFYL"VF[
;FDFgI HFlTGF lJnFYL"VF[
SZTFR l;lâÝ[Z6FDF\ JW]
;FZF CTFP
• ,F[SHFlTGF lJnFYL"VF[
;FDFgI HFlTGF lJnFYL"VF[
SZTF VFU/ 50TF CTFP
H]lGIZ SF[,H
[ GF\ !(_ ZFJ SES :S[,
S]DFZF[
DC[TF l;lâ Ý[Z6F
!(_ SgIFVF[
S;F[8L
#&_ S],5F+F[
VFU|F XC[ZDF\YL H]NL
CTFXFGF
H]NL SF[,[H VG[
ÝtIF3FTGL 8[:8
:S],F[GF #__
K lR+F[JF/L
lJnFYL"VF[G[ GD}GFDF\
l;lâÝ[Z6FGL
5;\N SIF" CTFP
S;F[8L
$)P
EFZYL ÒP
s!)($f
l;lâÝ[Z6F
5_P
uIFGF[DL8L
s!)($f
l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[
lR\TFT]ZTF
5!P
VC,]JFl,IF
VF.P s!)(5f
ÝFYlDS XF/FGF\ $(_
l;lâÝ[Z6F
HFTLITF X{1Fl6S AF/SF[
l;lâ VFlY"S
l:YlT
8LvS;F[8L
l;lâÝ[Z6F\S 5Z
HFTLITFGF TOFJTGL V;Z
HF[JF D/L G CTLP
• VFU/ 50TF DFvAF5GF
AF/SF[ CTFXFGL
8L v
5lZl:YlTDF\ VFÊDS ZC[TF
8[:8
GYL VG[ lGlQÊI ZC[ K[P
Vv:S[,
• H[ lJnFYL"VF[DF\ JWFZ[
8[:8
lR\TFT]ZTF CF[I K[ T[DGFDF\
V0R64 CTFXF4 JW] HF[JF
D/[ K[P 5Z\T] ;FY[ ;FY[
VFÊDSTF 56 HF[JF D/[
K[P
:JZlRT VFlzT 8LvS;F[8L
• AF/SF[GL HFlT
DFlCTL 5+S
l;lâÝ[Z6F 5Z V;Z SZTL
SF{,ZlRT
GYLP
VFlzT S;F[8L
• DFTF l5TFGL VFlY"S
l:YlT l;lâÝ[Z6F 5Z V;Z
SZTL GYLP
5ZP
D[JF S[P5LP
s!)(5f
l;lâÝ[Z6F
HFTLITF
z[6L GJGF\
#55 S]DFZF[
Z$! SgIFVF[
5)& S], 5F+F[
5#P
ZFWJF ÒP
s!)(5f
l;lâÝ[Z6F
;FDFlHS VFlY"S
l:YlT
z[6L GJGF\ Z__
lJnFYL"VF[
5$P
DG;]ZL V[PVFZP
s!)(&f
l;lâÝ[Z6F
VFlY"S l:YlT
z[6L 5F\R4 K VG[
;FTGF !!__
lJnFYL"VF[
55P
l+5F9L VFZP;LP
s!)(&f
l;lâÝ[Z6F
HFTLITF
DFwIlDS XF/FGF\
#__ S]DFZF[
Z__ SgIFVF[
5__ S],5F+F[
8LvS;F[8L
lDGF1FL E8GFUZ
ZlRT jIlSTtJ 5ZB
;\XF[WlGSFDF\YL
l;lâÝ[Z6F DF5GG]\
lGDF"6
;C;\AW\ F\S
SES :S[,
l;lâÝ[Z6F ;\A\lWT
:J lGlD"T Ý`GFJl,
ALPJLP 58[,
SES :S[,
VF.PV[PJF[ZF H[
:S[,
DC[TF ÝIFU ZlRT
l;lâ D}<I S;F[8L
VJIJL
5'YÞZ6
;ZF;ZL
;Z[ZFX
XTDFG4
;C;\A\WF\S
S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[
l;lâÝ[Z6FGL AFATDF\
;DFG CTFP
lGdG ;FDFlHSvVFlY"S
l:YlTJF/F lJnFYL"VF[GL
l;lâÝ[Z6F prR HF[JF D/L
CTLP
prR ;FDFlHS VFlY"S
l:YlT WZFJTF\ lJnFYL"VF[
l;lâÝ[Z6F AFATDF\ lGdG
;FDFlHS VFlY"S l:YlT
WZFJTF\ lJnFYL"VF[ SZTF\
VY";R
} S ZLT[ prR H6FIF\
CTF\P
S]DFZGL ;ZBFD6LDF\
SgIFVF[GF[ ;Z[ZFX
l;lâÝ[Z6F\S lGdG HF[JF
D?IF[ CTF[P
5&P
zLJF:TJ V[;PS[P l;lâÝ[Z6F
s!)(&f
HFTLITF
5*P
E8' V[DP H[P
s!)(*f
l;lâÝ[Z6F
A]lâVF\S
;FDFlHS VFlY"S
NZßHF[
5(P
NJ[ V[;PH[P
s!)()f
AF/FVF[GL
l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[
A]lâ4 ;FDFlHS
VFlY"S NZßHF
;FY[GF ;C
;\A\WF\S
5)P
5\0IF 5LP8LP
s!))#f
l;lâÝ[Z6F
!__ U|FdI lJ:TFZGF UF[5F, ZFJ ZlRT
l;lâÝ[Z6F S;F[8L
5F+F[
!__ XC[ZL lJ:TFZGF\
5F+F[
Z__ S], 5F+F[
z[6L AFZGL Z!Z
S[P5LP D[JFGL
lJnFYL"VF[
l;lâÝ[Z6F
;\XF[lWGL
N[;F.vE8'
;D}C A]lâS;F[8L
S[PÒP N[;F.
SES :S[,
l;lâÝ[Z6F ;\XF[lWGL
;]Zg[ ãGUZ4 J-JF6
VG[ HF[ZFJZGUZYL A]lâDF5G S;F[8L
!)((v() GF JQF"DF\ 0F[P S[PÒPN[;F. V[
T{IFZ SZ[,
VeIF; SZTL z[6L
;FDFlHS4 VFlY"S
!! GL AF/FVF[G[
NZßHFGF[ DF5N\0
GD}GFDF\ 5;\N SZL
CTLP
DFwIlDS XF/FGF
!#__ lJnFYL"VF[
lDGF1FL E8GFUZ
ZlRT l;lâÝ[Z6F
DF5N\0
8LvS;F[8L
;ZF;ZL4 ;C
;\A\WF\S
8LvS;F[8L
XC[ZL VG[ U|FdI lJ:TFZGL
XF/FVF[GF\ S]DFZ VG[
SgIFVF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F
:TZDF\ SF[. TOFJT HF[JF
D?IF[ G CTF[P
lJnFYL"GLGF\ l;lâÝ[Z6F\S
G[ A]lâVF\S ;FY[ VY";}RS
;C;\AW\ GYLP
v
• 5F+F[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[
;FDFlHS VFlY"S 5lZl:YlT
JrR[ +6 ÝSFZGF[ ;C;\AW\ F\S
HF[JF D/[, K[P H[ ;FY"S GYLP
• AC[GF[GL l;lâÝ[Z6F VG[
A]lâVF\S JrR[ SF[. ÝSFZGF[
;FY"S ;\A\W HF[JF D/TF[
GYLP
ÝDF6lJR,G4
8LvS;F[8L
GF[SZL SZTL VG[ GF[SZL G
SZTL DFTFGF ;\TFGF[GL
l;lâ Ý[Z6F ;DFG CTLP
;FZ6L v ZP)
X{1Fl6S l;lâ ;\A \lWT ;\XF[W GF[GF\ ;\XF[W SG]\ GFD4 R,4 GD}GF[4 p5SZ6F[ 5'Y ÞZ6 ÝlJlW TYF TFZ6F[GL lJUT
VG]\P
G\P
&_P
&!P
;\XF[W SG]\ GFD
R,
GD}GF[
p5SZ6F[
UF[S],GFYG
s!)*Zf
X{1Fl6S l;lâ
5ZL1FFGF U]65+SF[
SES :S[,
VDZRF[/L
s!)(!f
X{1Fl6S l;lâ
DFwIlDS XF/FGF Z$$
S]DFZ VG[
() SgIFVF[
DFwIlDS XF/FGF #(#
S]DFZF[ VG[
SgIFVF[
Ý`GFJ,L
XF/F ÝUlT 5+S
&ZP
SF;LgNlZIF
s!)(!f
X{1Fl6S l;lâ
DFwIlDS XF/FGF #$!
S]DFZ VG[ !$_ SgIF
&#P
JF/F s!)(!f
X{1Fl6S l;lâ
z[6L ;FTGF ZZ! S]DFZF[ XF/F U]65+S
VG[ !*) SgIFVF[
5'Y ÞZ6GL
ÝlJlW
8LvS;F[8L
ÝDF6 lJR,G
ÊF\lTS U]6F[¿Z
5lZA/ U]6FSFZ
8LvS;F[8L
;ZF;ZL ÝDF6
lJR,G ÊF\lTS
U]6F[¿Z
TFZ6F[
S]DFZF[GF l;lâVF\S SZTF
SgIFVF[GF[ l;lâVF\S VY";}RS
ZLT[ µ\RF[ CTF[P
• VW" XC[ZL lJ:TFZGF\
S]DFZvSgIFVF[GL X{1Fl6S l;lâ
JrR[ TOFJT HF[JF D?IF[ CTF[P
• U|FdI lJ:TFZGF
S]DFZvSgIFVF[GL X{1Fl6S
l;lâ ;DFG CTLP
S]8]\AGL VFlY"S l:YlT lGdG
l;lâ DF8[ HJFANFZ 5lZA/
TZLS[ HF[JF D/[, CTLP
• 5KFT JU"GF S]DFZF[vSgIFVF[GL
X{1Fl6S l;lâVF[DF\ HFTLI TOFJT
G CTF[P
• lAG 5KFT JU"DF\ S]DFZF[ v
SgIFVF[GL X{1Fl6S l;lâ
;DFG CTLP
&$P
;]WFS]DFZL s!)(Zf X{1Fl6S l;lâ
GJ XF/FVF[DF\YL 5Z)
lJnFYL"VF[
XF/F U]65+S
5lZA/ U]6FSFZ
;C ;\A\WF\S
&5P
HF;]HF s!)(#f
X{1Fl6S l;lâ
Z5_ S]DFZF[ VG[ Z5_
SgIFVF[
5lZ6FD 5+S
8LvS;F[8L
;C;\A\WF\S
&&P
l;\C[ s!)(#f
X{1Fl6S l;lâ
WF[Z6v!! GL !5Z$
lJnFlY"GLVF[
WF[Z6 !_ GL JFlQF"S
5ZL1FFGF U]65+S
&*P
jIF;[ s!)(#f
X{1Fl6S l;lâ
WF[Z6v!! GL Z_*
lJnFlY"GLVF[
&(P
5\0IF s!)($f
X{1Fl6S l;lâ
&)P
lDlY,[XS]DFZL
s!)(5f
X{1Fl6S l;lâ
EFJGUZ XC[ZGF z[6L
GJGF !Z& S]DFZF[ VG[
*Z SgIFVF[
prR¿Z DFwIlDS
XF/FGF $__ S]DFZF[
VG[ $_& SgIFVF[
5LI;"G
;C;\A\WF\S
8LvD}<I
prR¿Z DFwIlDS XF/F 8LvU]6F[¿Z
5ZL1FFGF U]65+S
WF[Z6vVF9 GL JFlQF"S
5ZL1FFGF 5lZ6FD
5+S
XF/FSLI 5lZ6FDF[
5lZA/ U]6FSFZ
;C;A\WF\S
;C;\A\WF\S
;ZF;ZL ÝF%TF\S
l;lâGL AFATDF\ lJlJW
;FDFlHS VFlY"S H}YF[ JrR[
VY";}RS TOFJT HF[JF D?IF[
CTF[P
S]DFZF[GL l;lâGL
;ZBFD6LDF\ SgIFVF[GL l;lâ
prR CTLP
SgIFVF[GL l;lâ S]DFZF[GL
l;lâ SZTF z[Q9 CTLP
S]DFZF[ VG[ SgIFVF[GL V\U|[Ò
lJQFIGL ;Z[ZFX l;lâ JrR[
SF[. VY";}RS ;\A\W HF[JF
D?IF[ G CTF[P
S]DFZ 5F+F[ VG[ SgIF 5F+F[GL
X{1Fl6S l;lâ JrR[ VY";}RS
;\A\W HF[JF D?IF[ CTF[P
SgIFVF[GL X{1Fl6S l;lâ
S]DFZF[GL X{1Fl6S l;lâ SZTF\
JW] CTLP
*_P
J[SZLIF s!)(&f
l;lâ
DFwIlDS XF/FGF !)_
lJnFYL"VF[
XF/FSLI U]65+SF[
*!P
;],TFGF s!)((f
X{1Fl6S l;lâ
SFD SZTL VG[ SFD G
SZTL DFTFGF 5__
AF/SF[
ÝDFl6T 7FG,laW
S;F[8L
*ZP
l+J[NL s!)((f
X{1Fl6S l;lâ
VwIF5G D\lNZGF ZZ(
S]DFZF[ !$$ SgIFVF[
V[;P.P V[;P :S[,
*#P
JF/F s!))_f
X{1Fl6S l;lâ
z[6L N;GF !&#
S]DFZF[4 !!( SgIFVF[
N[;F. V[;P.PV[;P
:S[,
XTDFG ÝI]lST
VFlY"S ;]lJWFVF[ WZFJGFZF
lJnFYL"VF[[GL l;lâ prR HF[JF
D/L CTLP
;ZF;ZL
SFD G SZTL DFTFGF AF/SF[V[
;C;\A\WF\S
SFD SZTL DFTFGF AF/SF[
SZTF JW] ;FZL l;lâ D[/JL
CTLP
l5I;"G
TFl,DFYL"VF[GL l;lâ VG[
;C;\A\WF\S
VFlY"S ;FDFlHS l:YlT JrR[
;FY"S ;C;\A\WF\S HF[JF D?IF[
CTF[P
XF/F ÝUlT5+S VFlY"S v ;FDFlHS NZßHFGF
8LvS;F[8L
;\NE"DF\ S]DFZF[GL X{1Fl6S
l;lâGF ÝF%TF\SF[DF\ ;FY"STF
HF[JF D/L CTLP