Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
Central Statistics Organization
SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC AND
ECONOMIC SURVEY
BAMIYAN
MESSAGE (CSO)
The Afghanistan Population and Housing Census, the last large scale data collection, which the
Central Statistics Organization (CSO) had carried out, although incomplete, was more than 30 years
ago. It is indeed overwhelming to see another similar accomplishment, although at a smaller scale,
the Socio-Demographic and Economic Survey (SDES) conducted by CSO in Bamiyan, with technical
support of UNFPA and financial assistance of the Government of Japan. This achievement could have
never been expected to come so soon, particularly, when Afghanistan has been going through a
difficult time.
All participants in this endeavor deserve congratulations – UNFPA experts for their honest
professional support to the management and staff of CSO; the Government of Japan for their
undying trust, confidence and generosity; the great men and women of Bamiyan who worked hard
as Surveyors, Controllers, Cartographers’ Assistants, and District Statistics Officers and their
Assistants trailing through some of the very difficult terrains; my committed CSO staff in Kabul and
Bamiyan who worked tirelessly in the field to reach those seemingly unreachable households; the
government of Bamiyan for their vibrant support to the survey; and the entire people of Bamiyan
for their full cooperation and trust in providing our data collectors with accurate information about
their households. Without all those said supports this endeavor might not have materialized.
This publication reveals the true picture of Bamiyan population in terms of their education,
employment, fertility, age and sex structure, mortality, household and housing characteristics, which
could be used by the local government and other players as a guide in charting their development
goals and aspirations for Bamiyan and its people. Likewise, the national government as well as the
international community has a reference now in designing a new thrust for a better Afghan society,
beginning with Bamiyan Province.
This achievement is therefore a loud statement of the Afghans’ determination to strive for a better
future. Although it is still a long process before we would be able to generate the same information
for the entire country, but always putting in mind the future of the country and its data requirement
for development we know we have to start on something and, this is it.
This report includes detailed analysis of the age and sex composition of the population,
characteristics of the population in terms of literacy level; highest class completed; employment
during the past year; previous residence; number of children per woman; deaths during the past two
years; estimates of infant and under-five mortality and maternal mortality ratio; housing and
household characteristics such as source of drinking water, energy for heating, cooking, and lighting;
ownership of assets; and construction materials of the house, among others. Comparison was
made among the districts as well as the different age groups and between males and females.
Population count by district has not been included in this report. However, CSO can provide the data
upon request. As SDES is rich in providing information on the characteristics of the population at the
district level, CSO, in collaboration with the local government and concerned ministries, would
undertake further analysis to interpret the data to ensure its utilization by all sectors and
stakeholders. Once again, I highly appreciate the efforts of all those who made this survey possible.
It is indeed considered a milestone in the history of statistics in Afghanistan, the first large scale data
collection exercise after the 1979 population and housing census.
ABDUL RAHMAN GHAFOORI
President General, Central Statistics Organization
i
MESSAGE (UNFPA)
No government shall be effective in its duties without available critical information about the society
it is supposed to serve. Reliable data collected on the ground should always be made available for
the policy makers, program managers, and project evaluators to enable them to design evidencebased planning, efficient programme development, identify the right beneficiaries, set appropriate
targets, and evaluate projects properly. Sustainable development of the country rests to a large
extent on these evidences.
The Socio-Demographic and Economic Survey was designed to address these needs, dealing with the
data gap at the local level. The data is disaggregated by sex, age groups, and district so as to analyze
in detail the differentials among men and women, young and elderly people, and the geographical
distribution.
The Socio-Demographic and Economic Survey in Bamiyan province is no doubt an achievement of its
own as it portrays a testament of what the Afghan people can do even under very challenging
circumstances. The hardship and risk they took to complete the task is worth noting. The
information collected and generated about Bamiyan province is expected to trigger movements of
social and economic reforms truly reflective of the needs of the people. There is still a heavy task
ahead to conduct the survey in other provinces but everyone is now prepared and ready as inspired
with this achievement.
The survey in Bamiyan is also a very important capacity building opportunity, it helps build and
improve the capacity of the Central Statistics Organization (CSO) both in terms of human resources
and infrastructure, to plan, collect, process, analyze, and disseminate data such that they will be very
much prepared when a larger data collection exercise such as the population census takes place.
The successful conduct of the survey in Bamiyan province offered all participants the lessons and
experience, and opened the gate for future opportunities to perform the same task in other
provinces with broader knowledge and higher confidence. The survey is an investment also for the
local government as more than 500 residents in all districts were involved and taught with the
appropriate procedures for data collection, monitoring, supervision, and data processing.
UNFPA has provided technical assistance to CSO in all aspects of the survey planning, data collection,
processing, analysis and data dissemination ensuring that all processes are transparent, unbiased,
and meeting the international standards for quality data. Monitoring is done both by CSO and
UNFPA as well as third party monitors to verify the field operations making sure that the work is
according to the procedures set, coverage of each and every village and urban areas is complete,
and questionnaires are properly filled out and processed.
On behalf of UNFPA Afghanistan, let me congratulate the people behind this enormous achievement
that is expected to initiate the process for the entire Afghanistan. Congratulation is due to the
Central Statistics Organization under the able leadership of Mr. Abdul Rahman Ghafoori, my
heartfelt gratitude to the Government of Japan for their undeniable generosity and unwavering
support in funding the survey, and to the Government of Denmark for funding the mapping and
listing in Bamiyan, and to all those who supported the survey to make it a success.
DR. LAURENT ZESSLER
UNFPA Afghanistan, Country Representative
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
MESSAGE (CSO) ........................................................................................................................................ i
MESSAGE (UNFPA) .................................................................................................................................. ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................................................. iii
TABLES.................................................................................................................................................... iv
FIGURES.................................................................................................................................................. vi
1. BAMIYAN PROFILE............................................................................................................................... 1
2. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 2
3. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SOCIO-
DEMOGRAPHIC AND ECONOMIC URVEY ..................................... 4
4. METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................................. 6
5. MONITORING AND SUPERVISION ....................................................................................................... 7
6. DATA PROCESSING .............................................................................................................................. 8
7. SURVEY RESULTS ................................................................................................................................. 9
7.1 POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS ................................................................................................... 9
7.2 LITERACY ..................................................................................................................................... 21
7.3 EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ...................................................................................................... 24
7.4 MIGRATION ................................................................................................................................. 28
7. 5 EMPLOYMENT ............................................................................................................................ 32
7.6 FUNCTIONAL DIFFICULTY ............................................................................................................ 49
7.7 FERTILITY ..................................................................................................................................... 56
7.8 MORTALITY ................................................................................................................................. 63
7.9 HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS.................................................................................................. 71
7.10 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS ..................................................................................................... 78
APPENDICES .......................................................................................................................................... 84
REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 91
iii
TABLES
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
Table 5
Table 6
Table 7
Table 8
Table 9
Table 10a
Table 10b
Table 10c
Table 11
Table 12
Table 13
Table 14
Table 15
Table 16
Table 17
Table 18
Table 19
Table 20
Table 21
Table 22
Percent Distribution of Population by District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Sex Ratio of the Population, by Age Group and District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Median Age in Years of the Population by District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percent Distribution of Population by Age Group, Aged-Child Ratio, and District:
Bamiyan, September 2011
Age Dependency Ratios by District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Indexes of Age Preference by District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Age-Sex Accuracy Index by District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Median Age at First Marriage and Mean Age at First Marriage by Sex and District:
Bamiyan, September 2011
Literacy Rates for Males and Females Aged 10 Years and Above, 15 Years and Above
and 15-24 Years, and Ratios of Female Literacy Rate to Male Literacy Rate, by
District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percent Distribution of Total Population (Both Sexes) 25 Years and Above, by Highest
Grade/Class Completed and District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percent Distribution of Male Population 25 Years and Above, by Highest Grade/Class
Completed and District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percent Distribution of Female Population 25 Years and Above, by Highest
Grade/Class Completed and District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Net Attendance Ratios by Sex and Ratios of Female Net Attendance Ratio to Male
Attendance Ratio, by Level of Education and District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Proportion of Population Who Resided for Six Months or More in a place other than
their Residence at Time of Survey, by Previous Province of Residence, Sex and
District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percent Distribution of the Population by Province of Birth and District: Bamiyan,
September 2011
Percent Distribution of Population Who Have Lived in another District, Province or
Country for at Least 6 Months, by Duration of Stay in Residence at Time of Survey
and District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percent Distribution of In-Migrants by Residence in Nawroz 1390 and District:
Bamiyan, September 2011
Percentage of Population Aged 15 Years and Older who worked in the 12 Months
Prior to Survey and Who Were Unemployed, by Literacy Status and District:
Bamiyan, September 2011
Percent Distribution of Children 5-17 Years Old by Work Status, Sex, Age Group and
District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percentage Distribution of Working Children Aged 5 to 17 Years, by Main
Occupation, Sex and District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percent Distribution of Ever-Married Women and Currently Married Women Aged
15-49 Years, by Number of Children Ever Born and Age of Women: Bamiyan,
September 2011
Mean Number of Children Ever Born Among Ever-Married Women 15-49, by Age of
Women and District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Estimates of Age-Specific Fertility Rates, Total Fertility Rate, General Fertility Rate
and Crude Birth Rate by District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Women Aged 15 to 49 Years, Children Ever Born and Children Who Are Dead by Sex,
and Sex Ratio of Children Ever Born, by Age of Mother: Bamiyan, September 2011
iv
Table 23
Table 24
Table 25
Table 26
Table 27
Table 28
Table 29
Table 30
Table 31
Table 32
Table 33
Table 34
Table 35
Table 36
Table 37
Table 38
Table 39
Proportions of Children Who Are Dead, by Sex of Children by Age of Mother:
Bamiyan, September 2011
Estimates of Probabilities of Dying, q(x), by Sex, and Estimates of Reference Period,
t(x), to which the Probabilities of Dying Refer: Bamiyan, 2011
Final Estimates of Infant Mortality Rate and Under-Five Mortality Rate, by Sex:
Bamiyan, 2011
Deaths Among Females of Reproductive Age and Pregnancy-Related Deaths During
24 Months Prior to Survey, and Proportion of Pregnancy-Related Deaths Among
Female Deaths of Reproductive Age: Bamiyan, 2011
Estimates of Maternal Mortality Rate and Maternal Mortality Ratio for Bamiyan,
2011
Percentage Distribution of Households by Size and Average Household Size and
District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percentage Distribution of Households by Source of Drinking Water and District:
Bamiyan, September 2011
Percentage Distribution of Households by Source of Water for Washing, Cooking and
Other Household Uses and District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percentage Distribution of Households by Main Material of the Roof and District:
Bamiyan, September 2011
Percentage Distribution of Households by Main Material of the Outer Wall, by
District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percentage Distribution of Households by Main Material of the Floor, by District:
Bamiyan, September 2011
Percentage Distribution of Households by Tenure Status of the Dwelling and District:
Bamiyan, September 2011
Percentage Distribution of Households by Type of Toilet Facility and District:
Bamiyan, September 2011
Percentage Distribution of Households by Number of Dwelling Rooms at their
Disposal and Household Size: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percentage Distribution of Households by Number of Dwelling Rooms at their
Disposal, and District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percentage Distribution of Households by Number of Dwelling Rooms Used for
Sleeping and Household Size: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percentage Distribution of Households by Number of Dwelling Rooms Used for
Sleeping and District: Bamiyan, September 2011
v
FIGURES
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5a
Figure 5b
Figure 6a
Figure 6b
Figure 7
Figure 8a
Figure 8b
Figure 9
Figure 10a
Figure 10b
Figure 11
Figure 12
Figure 13
Figure 14
Figure 15
Figure 16
Figure 17a
Figure 17b
Map of Afghanistan
Population Density by District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Population Pyramid for Bamiyan, September 2011
Population in Single Year of Age by Sex: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percent Distribution of Male Population by Marital Status and Age Group: Bamiyan,
September 2011
Percent Distribution of Female Population by Marital Status and Age Group:
Bamiyan, September 2011
Percent Distribution by Marital Status of Males and Females Aged 20-24 and 50-59:
Bamiyan, September 2011
Percent Distribution by Marital Status of Males and Females Aged 20-24 and 50-59:
Provincial Center, September 2011
Literacy Rate by Age Group and Sex: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percent Distribution of Male Population Aged 7 to 24 Who Are Not Attending School
at the Time of the Survey by Highest Grade/Class Completed by District: Bamiyan,
September 2011
Percent Distribution of Female Population Aged 7 to 24 Who Are Not Attending
School at the Time of the Survey by Highest Grade/Class Completed by District:
Bamiyan, September 2011
Proportion of the Population Who Have Previously Resided for Six Months or More
in a Place Other Than Their Residence at Time of Survey, by Sex and District:
Bamiyan, September 2011
Distribution of Population Who Have Resided for Six Months or More in a Place
Other Than Their Residence at Time of Survey, by Previous Province of Residence:
Bamiyan, September 2011
Distribution of Population Who Have Resided for Six Months or More in a Place
Other Than Their Residence at Time of Survey, by Previous Province of Residence:
Provincial Center, September 2011
Population 15 Years Old and Over Whether Working or Not, and if Seeking or
Available for Work or Not: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percentage of Population Aged 15 Years and Older Who Worked in the 12 Months
Prior to Survey, by Sex and District: Bamiyan: September 2011
Percent Distribution of the Population who Worked in the 12 Months Prior to
Survey, by Number of Months Worked and District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Among the Population Aged 15 Years and Older, the Percentage of who Worked in
the Year Prior to Survey by Number of Months Worked, and Percentage who Did Not
Work, by Age Group: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percent Distribution of Population Aged 15 Years and Older Who Did Not Work in
the Year Prior to Survey, by Whether Available for Work or Not and District:
Bamiyan, September 2011
Percentage of the Population 15 Years Old and over who were Unemployed, by Sex
and District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percentage of the Population Who Worked in the 12 Months Prior to Survey and
Percentage Who Were Unemployed, by Highest Grade Completed and Sex:
Bamiyan, September 2011
Percentage of the Population Aged 15 Years and Older Who Worked in 12 Months
Prior to Survey, by Highest Grade Completed and District: Bamiyan, September 2011
vi
Figure 18a
Figure 18b
Figure 19a
Figure 19b
Figure 20a
Figure 20b
Figure 21a
Figure 21b
Figure 22
Figure 23
Figure 24
Figure 25
Figure 26
Figure 27
Figure 28
Figure 29
Figure 30a
Figure 30b
Figure 31
Figure 32a
Figure 32b
Figure 33
Figure 34
Figure 35
Figure 36
Percentage Distribution of the Population Aged 15 Years and Older Who Worked in
the 12 Months Prior to Survey, by Occupation and Sex: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percentage Distribution of Population Aged 15 Years and Older Who Worked in the
12 Months Prior to Survey, by Occupation and District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percentage Distribution of the Population Aged 15 Years and Older Who Worked in
the 12 Months Prior to Survey, by Industry and Sex: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percentage Distribution of the Population Aged 15 Years and Older Who Worked in
the 12 Months Prior to Survey, by Industry and District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percentage Distribution of the Population Aged 15 Years and Older Who Worked in
the 12 Months Prior to Survey, by Status of Employment and Sex: Bamiyan,
September 2011
Percentage Distribution of the Population Aged 15 Years and Older Who Worked in
the 12 Months Prior to Survey, by Status of Employment and District: Bamiyan,
September 2011
Percentage of Children 5 to 17 Years Old Who Worked at Anytime During the Year
Prior to Survey, by District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percent Distribution of Working Children 5-17 Years Old by District: Bamiyan,
September 2011
Percentage of Children 5-17 Years Old who Worked in the 12 Months Prior to Survey
by Sex and School Attendance: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percentage of Children 5-17 Years Old who Worked in the 12 Months Prior to
Survey, by Age Group and School Attendance: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percentage Distribution of Working Children 5-17 Years Old by Sex and Occupation:
Bamiyan, September 2011
Percentage of the Population 5 Years and Older With Functional Difficulty, by Sex
and District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percentage of the Population 5 Years and Older With Functional Difficulty, by Sex
and Age Group: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percentage of the Population 5 Years and Older With Functional Difficulty, by
Highest Grade/Level Completed and Sex: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percentage of Population 5 Years and Older With Functional Difficulty, by Presence
of Work and District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percentage of the Population 5 Years and Older with Functional Difficulty, by Type of
Difficulty and District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percentage of the Population 5 Years and Older with Functional Difficulty, by Type of
Difficulty and Age Group: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percentage of the Population 5 Years and Older with Functional Difficulty, by Type of
Difficulty and by Age Group: Waras, September 2011
Percent Distribution of Ever-Married Women, by Number of Children Ever Born and
Age of Women: Bamiyan, September 2011
Age-Specific Fertility Rates: Bamiyan, September 2011
Age-Specific Fertility Rates for the Districts of Bamiyan, September 2011
Distribution of Births by Age of Women and Proportion of Pregnancy-Related Deaths
Among Deaths of Women of Reproductive Age by Age at Death: Bamiyan,
September 2011
Distribution of Births by Age of Women, and Distribution of Pregnancy-Related
Deaths by Age at Death: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percentage Distribution of Households by Source of Energy for Cooking and District:
Bamiyan, September 2011
Percentage Distribution of Households by Source of Energy for Heating and District:
Bamiyan, September 2011
vii
Figure 37
Figure 38
Figure 39
Percentage Distribution of Households by Source of Energy for Lighting and District:
Bamiyan, September 2011
Percentage of Households With at Least One Member Owning a Watch, Mobile
Telephone, Bicycle, Motorcycle or a Computer, by District: Bamiyan, September
2011
Percentage of Households Owning a Radio, Television, or Having Electricity in Their
Home, by District: Bamiyan, September 2011
viii
1. BAMIYAN PROFILE
Bamiyan Province (translated as ‘The Place of Shining Light’ in Persian language) is one of the thirtyfour provinces of Afghanistan. Located in the Central Region, Bamiyan is the largest province in the
Hazarajat region of Afghanistan, and is the cultural capital of the Hazara ethnic group that
predominates in the area. The capital of Bamiyan province is also called Bamiyan (Provincial Center).
The province has coordinates of 34.75o N 67.25o E.1.
Provinces bordering Bamiyan are: Baghlan and Parwan in the North East; Wardak and Ghazni in the
South East; Daikundi in the South West; Ghor in the West; Sar-i-pul in the North West; and
Samangan in the North (Figure 1). The province lies 240 km. North West of Kabul.
Provincial Center has an elevation of 9,200 feet or 2,800 meters above sea level. The lowest
temperature in the province during the long winter season of about six months could drop to minus
20 degrees Celcius. Highest precipitation normally occurs during the months of March to April at 25
to 30 mm.
The total land area of the province is 18,029 sq. km, representing 2.8 percent of the Afghan territory.
Apart from the Provincial Center, Bamiyan has six districts namely, Shibar, Saighan, Kahmard,
Yakawlang, Panjab, and Waras. The province is mountainous with about 90 percent of the province
covered with mountain.
Main crops grown in the province are wheat, barley, potato, and beans. The province is one of the
agriculturally least productive provinces in the country. Most of the land is barren and inaccessible
with serious water shortages, small landholdings, extensive food insecurity, and poor soil quality. 2
Some of the historical sites in the province include Buddha statues with more than 3,000
caves around it, Band-e Amir, Dara-i-Ajhdar, Gholghola and Zakhak ancient towns, the Feroz
Bahar, Astopa, Klegan, Gaohargin, Kaferan and Cheldukhtaran.
1
2
http://en.wikipedia.org
http://www.undp.org.af/publications/RRERS/BamyanProvincialProfile
1
2. INTRODUCTION
Population information is one basic requirement for effective governance. Government needs some
bases for a good decision making, sound planning and the proper design and execution of
programmes geared towards the welfare of its constituents.
The fall of the Taliban in 2001 marked a new era in Afghanistan. Rapid developments followed as
events started re-shaping the country’s political, economic and social landscapes. A transitional
government under President Hamid Karzai, an Afghan constitutional commission – the Loya Jirga and
the International Security Assistance Force were set up to begin charting a new path, the national
development of Afghanistan as stipulated in the Bonn Agreement all worked out under the
auspices of the United Nations. Notably included in the agreement was the conduct of a census in
Afghanistan.
At that time, the only available population details dated to the first Afghanistan Population and
Housing Census, which was conducted in 1979. But even then, it covered only two thirds of the
country as some areas had security problems.
With the establishment of a new government working side by side with the international community
mandated to deliver to its people the hopes and expectation of a better way of life, the need for upto-date accurate population information is more evident and imperative.
The Central Statistics Organization (CSO) has conducted household surveys over the past few years,
such as the National Risk and Vulnerability Assessment (NRVA) Survey, the Multiple Indicator Cluster
Survey (MICS) and a disability survey (in Kabul City only). The findings of these surveys, however, are
limited to provincial and, in some cases, regional estimates, which are not very useful for local
development planning.
An attempt was made to conduct a national census in August 2008; the worsening security situation
in about a third of the country’s 398 districts (across 34 provinces) unfortunately compelled the
Government to postpone the exercise.
With the growing demand for data, a group of census experts met in Istanbul in August 2010 to
discuss the possibilities for a thorough census in Afghanistan.3 The experts agreed that the only
feasible option, given the current situation, was to conduct a province-by-province census.
CSO presented such a proposal to the National Census Committee, a government body created to
address major issues affecting the population census (box 1), but was advised to defer, again for
security reasons.
With the unavailability of up-to-date data presenting difficulties to both local and national
leadership, several agencies, institutions and organizations tried to collect the data on their own,
which created problems on the consistency of values due to differences in methodology and
concepts.
To resolve the confusion and address the vacuum of vital data, CSO conceptualized the SocioDemographic and Economic Survey (SDES) in 2011, with the intent of conducting it province by
province, as the Expert Group had recommended, with an emphasis on collecting the sociodemographic and economic data at the district level. In light of its secure environment, Bamiyan
became the first province to conduct the survey.
3
The Expert Group Meeting involved census experts from the United Nations Population Division, the United
Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, the United Nations Population Fund, the
Statistics South Africa, the Turkish Statistical Institute, private consultants on demography and statistics and
from Afghanistan’s Central Statistics Organization and the Department of Policy and Oversight.
2
Box 1: National Census Committee
CENSUS ACT
Article 6:
National Population Census Committee will be established for the successful implementation of
the population census utmost two years prior to the conduct of a population census as
proposed by the Central Statistics Organization and endorsed by the National Statistics
Committee and approval of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan' President.
The General President of Central Statistics Office will act as Secretary of the National Population
Census Committee.
Article 8:
The National Census Committee will have the following duties and responsibilities:
1. Formulating government policy for different stages of the population census and
determining the date and period for conduct of the complete population census.
2. Formulating, preparing and approving the work programme of the complete population
census.
3. Reviewing the structure, budget and various expenditures of the complete population
census.
4. Taking necessary decisions for ensuring coordination and cooperation among various
ministries, governmental organizations, institutions and municipalities for providing offices,
vehicles, equipment and required personnel for the population census.
5. Attending to complaints and protests addressed to the population census.
3
3. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC AND ECONOMIC URVEY
Evidence-based decision making, policy making, planning and administration
Afghanistan began receiving a massive amount of multisectoral support for development projects in
2002. Most of the projects were designed and implemented despite the lack of reliable data,
especially relating to villages and districts. The lack of reliable data has undeniably hampered policy
formulation and strategic development planning at the local level; the absence of precise baseline
data also makes it difficult to measure progress and target priority populations for ensuring efficient
allocation of resources. The social and economic dimensions of Afghan households that SDES collects
designed to provide information at the local level should lead to better policy formulation and
service delivery.
Data for businesses and industries
The business sector needs information on the environment, product availability and demand,
consumers’ capability and demand, labour dimensions and government policies. SDES covers
important questions on the current economic activities and capacities of the population.
Housing policy and programmes
SDES provides relevant data on the current housing status of the residents, the built and structural
make-up of the houses. Against the population of the area and their capacity to acquire such
property can determine the housing demand in the area. This information can serve to guide policy
makers in their design of basic housing programmes.
Vulnerable population data and their utility
SDES collects data on categories of the population with varying types of vulnerability. Among the
special groups are people with disabilities, youth and women. Their demographic and socioeconomic attributes require special treatment in policy and programme terms, which must be
factored into the country’s development thrusts and processes at all levels.
Humanitarian assistance
SDES includes a mapping and listing of all houses, business establishments and institutions at the
district and village levels as well as the location of various types of community infrastructure, such as
health facilities, schools, mosques, markets and roads, which is essential for emergency
preparedness plans that are required to prevent or mitigate widespread devastation in the event of
a disaster. The data categorizes population groups by sex, age, education, literacy, employment
status and other important variables that can help shape humanitarian assistance if ever needed
Transition process
Although foreign security forces are engaged with Afghan forces in overcoming anti-government
elements, the move to transfer those responsibilities to Afghan control has started, along with the
over-all governance and management of the varied reconstruction activities. Before the final
turnover takes place, it is very important that data on the number of residents (to determine the size
of the needed security forces, number of doctors, schools and hospitals or clinics to build, etc.), their
education, means of livelihood and overall living conditions are available for use among government
officials and other entities interested in providing assistance to communities.
4
Research
Once complete, SDES will provide invaluable data for further analysis, comparison with other survey
results and for attracting further research. The data will be extremely useful for government and
non-government institutions; for instance, the data on out-of-school youth can generate new
policies to address the situation.
5
4. METHODOLOGY
The survey consisted of two related activities: a) the extensive listing and mapping of houses,
establishments and institutions (conducted before the household survey) and b) the household
survey.
Extensive listing of houses, establishments and institutions
The extensive listing and mapping covered all houses, businesses and institutions in every village and
urban area in Bamiyan province. The activities included the preparation of sketch maps on which the
physical location of each entity was marked during the canvassing. Additionally, the location of
important public services, establishments and institutions were further pinpointed through the use
of global positioning system (GPS) devices. These included schools, hospitals, banks, means of
transportation going to and from the village, the presence of electricity and water sources.
The surveyors then used the output of these activities to guide them in conducting the survey and
ensuring complete coverage of their assigned areas. In total, around 1,800 villages and urban areas
in Bamiyan province were canvassed, with 425 enumeration areas.
Socio-Demographic and Economic Survey
Unlike the previous CSO surveys, which were designed to provide data only at the provincial level,
the Socio-Demographic and Economic Survey focuses on the district and lower levels, such as urban
subdivisions, major villages and clusters of smaller villages, which will prove valuable for local
development planning and the monitoring of public service delivery.
The survey first involved a listing of every household in all the villages taking into account all its
members by age and sex. This results to the generation of the total population by age and sex in
every village and urban area of Bamiyan province.
Half of these listed households (i.e. every other household) were taken as samples for the survey
and were asked questions on education, literacy, employment, migration, functional difficulty,
fertility, mortality and housing characteristics. The listing and enumeration of sample households
were undertaken simultaneously, that is, as the households were listed every other household was
taken as samples.
Two questionnaires were used: a long version with the indicators for use with the sampled
households and a short version to collect only age and sex of the non-sampled household members.
6
5. MONITORING AND SUPERVISION
The listing and mapping activity was handled by 37 CSO cartographers and hired local assistants and
seven district supervisors, while the survey enumeration was conducted by around 400 surveyors
and 100 controllers, under the supervision of the District Statistics Officers (DSOs) and their
assistants, Provincial Statistics Officer (PSO) and staff, and the CSO Kabul supervisors.
Monitoring was managed by CSO and UNFPA technical staffs who visited the districts during the
two-week training of DSOs and assistants, controllers and surveyors. They provided clarifications on
the concepts and procedures to follow in executing the survey. They responded to logistical,
administrative, financial, and human resource problems as needed.
The CSO and UNFPA technical staff also had responsibility to monitor the survey. In particular as
part of monitoring they carried out the following: editing of questionnaires, spot-checking, reinterviewing and the recording of observations during the household interviews in all six districts and
the provincial centre of Bamiyan province. Errors committed by the surveyors and controllers were
corrected at an early stage of enumeration.
Additionally, a third-party monitoring group was contracted to check the completeness of the
coverage of the listing and mapping activity; a second third-party monitoring group was contracted
to check the completeness of the survey coverage. The findings of the monitoring groups were
immediately relayed to the supervisors for necessary action.
A CSO staff in Kabul was assigned in the province to assist PSO in the day-to-day management of the
survey operations. Likewise, a technical staff of CSO Kabul was assigned in the province during the
data processing stage to monitor the progress and supervise the data processors.
A UNFPA staff was also detailed in the province to provide technical assistance to PSO, DSOs,
surveyors and controllers.
7
6. DATA PROCESSING
Data processing, which covers editing, coding and encoding of entries from the questionnaires into
the computer were done both in Bamiyan and CSO Kabul. The questionnaires for Bamiyan Provincial
Centre, Shibar, Kahmard and part of Waras were processed in Bamiyan Provincial Statistics Office
while the questionnaires for the rest of the districts were processed at CSO Kabul. Editing entails
checking for the consistency of items, completeness and reasonableness of entries. Coding involves
the coding of write-in entries on occupation, industry, place of residence, and course/subject of
study.
In Bamiyan, a Data Processing Centre (DPC) was established, with around 70 Bamiyan residents
recruited and trained to carry out the editing, coding, and data entry of questionnaires. A 40-foot
container was transported to Bamiyan for temporary use as DPC. Computers, furniture, Internet
connection and other materials and supplies were provided.
Editing and coding of accomplished questionnaires immediately followed after the survey
enumeration ended. DSOs were asked to submit the questionnaires to PSO. Training was held for
the data processors – editors, coders, and data keyers.
A total of 25 encoders were hired and trained in Kabul City to augment the existing CSO workforce.
Data cleaning and tabulation were done in Kabul. A computer system was designed for encoding,
computer editing, and tabulation. Census and Survey processing software (CSPro) was used to
develop the computer system for SDES.
8
7. SURVEY RESULTS
7.1 POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS
7.1.1 Population Distribution by District
Among the seven districts of Bamiyan province, the Provincial Center had the largest population size
making up 23.5 percent of the total population of the province. Yakawlang had the second largest
population with 20.9 percent of the population of the province, closely followed by Waras with 20.7
percent. Saighan was the smallest district with a population of only 6.7 percent of the province’
population. Ninety-nine percent of the population in Bamiyan reside in settled households.
By population density (Figure 2), which is the ratio of the population to land area, Bamiyan
provincial centre had the most number of people who occupy the same size of land (46 persons per
4
sq km of land area), while Yakawlang had the fewest (11 persons per sq km) .
TABLE 1
Percent Distribution of Population by District: Bamiyan,
September 2011
District
Percent
Bamiyan
100.0
Provincial Center
4
23.5
Shibar
6.9
Saighan
6.7
Kahmard
9.0
Yakawlang
20.9
Panjab
12.2
Waras
20.7
Land area by district was obtained from the Afghanistan Geodesy and Cartographic Head Office.
9
7.1.2 Sex Composition
There were more males than females in the population of Bamiyan, with the males comprising 51.7
percent of the total population. The sex ratio recorded for the province in September 2011 was 107
males for every 100 females, which is higher than the sex ratio for the whole country reported in the
2007-2008 NRVA which was 105 males per 100 females.
Populations with marked deviations from 100, say, below 85 or above 110 should be explained by
sex-selective migration, female infanticide, sex-selective abortion, sex-selective underreporting,
economic activities, a special feature of the area like presence of a large military installation or an
institution confining a particular sex, or war mortality.
Among the districts, Kahmard had the highest sex ratio at 113 males for every 100 females.
Provincial Center had a sex ratio of 110 males per 100 females. The sex ratio in the other five
districts was in the range 103 to 107.
Sex ratio varies by age group. Normally in developed countries, the sex ratio of a population is high
at the very young ages and decreases with increasing age. But in countries with very high maternal
mortality rate and low status of women, the sex ratio decreases up to around childbearing age, then
increases with the age. Generally, “young” populations or populations with high fertility tend to have
a higher sex ratio than “old” populations or populations with low fertility.
10
TABLE 2
Sex Ratio of the Population, by Age Group and District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Bamiyan
Provincial
Center
Total
107
110
107
105
113
106
106
103
0-4
5-9
10-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
70-79
80 +
99
104
108
106
95
106
117
146
220
243
103
106
110
109
100
111
123
145
215
228
82
104
112
121
101
104
100
143
202
166
93
102
105
111
97
107
105
132
154
218
81
101
133
125
90
115
134
150
229
205
98
107
105
104
97
106
116
150
227
280
107
101
104
103
92
106
112
170
238
253
106
101
102
93
88
95
119
138
240
275
Age Group
Shibar Saighan Kahmard
Yakawlang
Panjab Waras
In general, the sex ratio at birth is around 1.05 (or 1.06) males per female. Sex ratios at birth in the
range 1.02 to 1.07 are considered normal. Sex ratios of children ever born (CEB) higher than 1.07
suggest an omission of female babies while sex ratios lower than 1.02 may indicate omission of male
babies. Sex-selective abortion may also result in sex ratios at birth that are outside the normal range.
The age-specific sex ratios in Table 2 markedly deviate from the usual pattern of a decreasing sex
ratio with increasing age.
Omission of male babies or under-reporting of male children in the survey may explain the low sex
ratio for the age group 0-4 years in Shibar (82 male children for every 100 female children), Saighan
(93), Kahmard (81), and Yakawlang (98). Consequently at the province level, the sex ratio for the age
group 0-4 years was 99 male children per 100 female children.
Extremely high sex ratios, ranging from 132 to 170, are noticeable in the ages 60-69 years in all
districts, and at ages 70 years and above, the ratios are mostly above 200. Very high sex ratios are
also noted in the age group 50-59, particularly in Provincial Center (123) and Kahmard (134). The
2007-2008 NRVA data for the whole country also revealed a similar pattern. In contrast, a sex ratio
below 100 is noted in the age group 30-39 in Bamiyan, except in Provincial Center and Shibar. The
NRVA 2007-2008 has revealed a similar finding. Real absence of mobile men due to labor migration
at this age group may explain the unexpected sex ratio for this age group, as cited in the NRVA 20072008 Main Report.
7.1.3 Age Structure
Bamiyan has a young population as depicted by its population pyramid in Figure 3. The size of the
age group 0-4 is smaller compared to its adjacent age groups 5-9 and 10-14. In normal
circumstances, this would imply a marked decline in fertility in recent past. In the case of Bamiyan
and Afghanistan, in general, with high fertility rate, the relatively small 0-4 age group could be the
result of under-coverage of this age group or misreporting of age in the survey. Figure 4 shows that
infants and children who are one year of age were the most likely omitted.
11
Figure 3
Population Pyramid for Bamiyan, September 2011
75+
70 - 74
65 - 69
60 - 64
55 - 59
50 - 54
45 - 49
40 - 44
35 - 39
30 - 34
25 - 29
20 - 24
15 - 19
10 - 14
5-9
0-4
Female
10
8
6
4
2
0
2
Percent age
4
6
Male
8
10
A population with a median age of under 20 is considered a young population. Bamiyan has a very
young population as reflected by its median age of 16.6 years, which means that half of the
population of the province in September 2011 were younger than 16.6 years, and the other half
were older than that age. Among the districts, Shibar had the highest median age at 17.2 years. The
rest had medians ranging from 16.4 to 16.7 years.
The male population of Bamiyan had a median age of 16.9 years while its female population had a
lower median of 16.3 years, suggesting that the males are relatively older than their female
counterpart. This is true for all districts except in Waras where the median ages of male and female
populations are equal. The medians for the male populations ranged from 16.6 to 17.8 years, while
the medians for the female populations ranged from 15.2 to 16.7 years. The female population in
Kahmard was the youngest with a median age of 15.2 years.
12
TABLE 3
District
Median Age in Years of the Population by District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Total
Male
Female
Bamiyan
16.6
16.9
16.3
Provincial Center
Shibar
Saighan
Kahmard
Yakawlang
Panjab
Waras
16.5
17.2
16.4
16.4
16.5
16.4
16.7
16.8
17.8
17.0
17.1
16.8
16.6
16.7
16.2
16.5
15.8
15.2
16.3
16.2
16.7
The proportion of the population under age 15 also provides an indication as to whether a
population is young or old. Populations having 35 percent or more of their population below age 15
are regarded as young populations. As shown in Table 4, for the entire Bamiyan Province, children
under 15 years of age comprised 46.1 percent of its total population. At the district level, the
proportion of children under 15 years ranged from 44.6 percent to 46.7 percent, with Shibar having
the lowest proportion and Kahmard having the highest.
TABLE 4
Percent Distribution of Population by Age Group, Aged-Child Ratio, and District:
Bamiyan, September 2011
Age Group
District
Total
65 and
Aged-Child
0-14
15-64
above
Ratio
Bamiyan
100.0
46.1
50.9
3.0
6.4
Provincial Center
Shibar
Saighan
Kahmard
Yakawlang
Panjab
Waras
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
46.4
44.6
46.6
46.7
46.1
46.5
45.6
13
51.0
52.3
49.9
50.8
51.1
50.8
50.8
2.6
3.1
3.6
2.5
2.8
2.6
3.6
5.6
7.0
7.6
5.4
6.2
5.7
7.9
Also shown in Table 4 are the proportions of persons 15 to 64 years and of persons 65 years and
over, by district. The age group 15 to 64 years is commonly considered as the working age group
especially in more developed countries. For the whole Bamiyan Province, the age group 15 to 64
years accounted for 50.9 percent of its total population. At the district level, this proportion ranged
from 49.9 percent to 52.3 percent, with Saighan and Shibar having the lowest and highest
proportions, respectively.
Populations with elderly persons (65 years old and over) comprising less than 10 percent of the total
population may be described as young populations. The proportion of aged persons for Bamiyan
Province in 2011 was 3.0 percent, while its districts had proportions ranging from 2.5 percent to 3.6
percent.
The aged-child ratio, or the ratio of persons aged 65 years and older to the number of children under
15 years of age, for Bamiyan and its districts are also shown in Table 4. A ratio below 15 percent
characterizes a young population. The ratio for Bamiyan Province was 6.4 percent, which means
that in 2011, there were 6 persons aged 65 years and over for every 100 children under 15 years of
age. The ratios for the districts ranged from 5.4 percent to 7.9 percent, with Waras having the
highest ratio and Kahmard having the lowest.
Age dependency ratio is another popular measure to analyze the age composition of a population.
For international comparison, this ratio is commonly calculated by assuming that the population 15
to 64 years represents the working age group. It has been observed that young populations would
have a total dependency ratio exceeding 100.
TABLE 5
Age Dependency Ratios by District: Bamiyan, September 2011
District
Bamiyan
Provincial Center
Shibar
Saighan
Kahmard
Yakawlang
Panjab
Waras
Total dependency
ratio
Child dependency
ratio
Old-age dependency
ratio
96.3
90.5
5.8
96.0
91.2
100.5
97.0
95.9
96.7
96.8
90.9
85.3
93.4
92.0
90.3
91.5
89.7
5.1
5.9
7.1
5.0
5.6
5.2
7.1
Notes:
a) Total dependency ratio is the ratio of children 0 to 14 years of age and persons aged
65 years and older to persons 15 to 64 years of age
b) Child dependency ratio is the ratio of children 0 to 14 years of age to persons 15 to 64
years of age
c) Old-age dependency ratio is the ratio of persons 65 years and over to persons 15 to
64 years of age
14
Table 5 shows the age dependency ratios for Bamiyan and its districts. For the calculation of
dependency ratios for Bamiyan, the denominator used was the age group 15 to 64 years,
representing the working age group in Bamiyan. Bamiyan population, being a young population, had
a total dependency ratio of 96.3, broken down into a child dependency ratio of 90.5 and old-age
dependency ratio of 5.8. This means that in Bamiyan in 2011, for every 100 persons of working age,
there were 96 dependents broken down into 90 young dependents and 6 old dependents. The total
dependency ratio of Bamiyan reflects primarily the child dependency ratio rather than the old-age
dependency ratio. Among the seven districts, Saighan had the highest child dependency ratio at
93.4 and, together with Waras, had the highest old-age dependency ratio at 7.1. Consequently, it
had the highest total dependency ratio at 100.5. Shibar had the lowest child dependency ratio at
85.3 and thus, had the lowest total dependency ratio at 91.2.
7.1.4 Quality of Age Data
The relatively small 0-4 age group shown in Figure 3 gives some indication of omission of children at
very young ages, most likely the infants. Age misreporting may also contribute to the dent at the age
group 0-4, and also to some bulges or protrusions at the older age groups. This section will examine
the accuracy of age data for Bamiyan and its districts.
The tendency of enumerators or respondents to report certain ages at the expense of others is
called age heaping, age preference or digit preference. Digit preference is the preference for
particular ages ending in certain digits. Preference for 0 and 5 is the most widespread. The age data
for Bamiyan exhibits such preference as will be shown in this section.
Figure 4
Population in Single Year of Age by Sex: Bamiyan, September 2011
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
Under 1
8000
Female
6000
4000
2000
0
Population
15
2000
4000
Male
6000
8000
A glance at Figure 4, which shows the single-year-of-age data for the population of Bamiyan, reveals
the preference for ages ending in 0 and 5. There is also a preference for ages 12 and 18. Digit
preference is the most common source of error in single-year-of-age data. Other sources of errors in
single-year-of-age data are net under-enumeration of selected population groups and misreporting
or mis-assignment of age. Infants or children age 0 are under-reported often because parents tend
not to think of them as members of the household. The very small number of infants and children
who are 1 year of age compared to the number of children 2 to 4 years of age as shown in Figure 4
suggests an appreciable under-coverage of such children in the survey.
TABLE 6
Indexes of Age Preference by District: Bamiyan, September 2011
District
Myer's Index
Whipple's Index
(in percent)
Bamiyan
27.8
282.2
Provincial Center
Shibar
Saighan
Kahmard
Yakawlang
Panjab
Waras
38.4
46.4
46.6
45.5
39.6
43.9
39.6
270.0
275.1
300.5
318.9
263.9
276.9
298.0
For this report, two indexes of age preference, the Myer’s Blended Index and Whipple’s Index, were
computed and are presented in Table 6. Myer’s Blended Index measures preference for any
terminal digit and ranges theoretically from 0, representing no heaping or preference for any
terminal digit, to 90, which would result if all ages that have been reported in a survey end in a single
digit. Meanwhile, Whipple’s Index measures heaping on ages with terminal digits 0 and 5. It ranges
from 100, indicating no preference for terminal digits 0 or 5, to 500, indicating that only ages ending
in 0 and 5 were reported. For Bamiyan Province, the Myer’s Blended Index is 27.8 while the
Whipple’s Index is 282.2. These are higher than the corresponding figures computed for Afghanistan,
which are 24.4 and 255, respectively (NRVA 2007-2008). At the district level, Myer’s Index ranges
from 38.4 to 46.6, while Whipple’s Index ranges from 263.9 to 318.9.
Presenting age data in 5-year age groups tends to minimize some of the irregularities present in
single-year-age data, especially errors brought about by age heaping or digit preference. Omission of
some population groups, say, young children, particularly infants, the aged, and mobile young adults
particularly those working away from their home, could still affect the quality of grouped age data.
16
One popular measure of the quality of grouped age-sex data is the UN age-sex accuracy index.
Census age-sex data are described by the UN as accurate if the index is under 20, else the age-sex
data is inaccurate. The index may be interpreted with caution as it does not take into account real
irregularities in age distribution of the population due to migration and war mortality, for instance,
which may have affected Bamiyan.
The UN age-sex accuracy index for Bamiyan is 68.4, which is higher than the index for Afghanistan,
which is 52 (NRVA 2007-2008). At the district level, the index varies from 58.4 for Saighan to108.3
for Kahmard.
TABLE 7
District
Age-Sex Accuracy Index by District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Index (%)
Bamiyan
68.4
Provincial Center
Shibar
Saighan
Kahmard
Yakawlang
Panjab
Waras
68.8
83.6
58.4
108.3
73.9
70.6
74.1
7.1.5 Marital Status Composition
In the absence of migration and polygamy, the total number of married men in a population equals
the total number of married women. The numbers, however, vary by age group because women
customarily marry men older than they are. This custom of women marrying older men would result
in the differences between the marital status distributions of men and women at young ages. This
custom appears to be practiced in Bamiyan as indicated in Figure 5a and Figure 5b. Among males
aged 20-24 years, those who were married at the time of survey comprised 29.6 percent, while
among females in this age group, the corresponding percentage was much higher at 65.3 percent. At
age group 25-29, nine in ten of the women, compared to seven in ten of the men, were married.
Figures 5a and 5b also show that at age group 60 years and above, 41.1 percent of women were
widowed and only 56.5 percent were married. The figures for men of this same age group are 11.2
percent and 86.4 percent, respectively. This could possibly due to older men remarrying.
.
17
Figure 5a
Percent Distribution of Male Population by Marital Status and Age Group :
Bamiyan, September 2011
100
0.2
2.8
0.3
0.4
0.7
1.1
1.3
2.0
3.2
3.5
94.2
95.9
96.2
95.1
94.7
1.6
50 - 54
1.4
55 - 59
0.4
11.2
90
29.6
80
70
70.4
60
50
99.6
90.2
96.8
86.4
40
69.8
30
20
28.7
10
0
under 15 15 - 19
20 - 24
Never Married
25 - 29
8.9
4.5
2.5
30 - 34
35 - 39
40 - 44
Currently Married
1.6
45 - 49
Widowed
2.0
60+
Divorced / Separated
Figure 5b
Percent Distribution of Female Population by Marital Status and Age Group:
Bamiyan, September 2011
100
0.4
0.7
0.7
1.9
3.0
15.5
90
8.2
0.6
10.4
19.0
21.8
80
41.1
70
65.3
60
50
40
90.8
99.4
94.7
95.6
83.8
90.4
88.5
79.5
77.6
30
56.5
20
33.4
10
8.1
0
under 15 15 - 19
Never Married
20 - 24
25 - 29
3.0
30 - 34
Currently Married
18
1.1
35 - 39
1.0
40 - 44
Widowed
0.8
45 - 49
1.2
50 - 54
0.4
55 - 59
1.8
60+
Divorced / Separated
Figures 6a and 6b present the marital status distribution of the male and female population for age
groups 20-24 and 50-59 for Bamiyan and Provincial Center. Appendix Table 1 shows the marital
status distribution also for other districts. The data for age group 20-24 shows the tendency toward
early marriage for women in all districts of Bamiyan, and their propensity to marry men older than
they are. In all districts, among men in the age group 20-24, the percentage who were married
accounted for less than 35 percent, while among women, the percentage ranged from 50 percent to
71 percent. The data for age group 50-59 illustrates the substantial difference in the marital
distribution of men and women. Among males in the age group 50-59, in all districts of Bamiyan,
those married accounted for over 90 percent, while the widower comprised less than 5 percent. In
comparison, among women 50 to 59 years old, the married comprised from 76 percent to 82
percent, while the widowed, from 17 percent to 23 percent
Figure 6a
Percent Distribution by Marital Status of Males and Females Aged 20-24 and
50-59: Bamiyan, September 2011
100
90
94.9
80
20-24
50-59
78.8
70
69.8
60
65.3
50
40
30
33.4
29.6
20
20.0
10
1.6
0.3 3.3
0.0 0.2
0.9
0.7
0.4 0.3
0
Never
Married
Married Widowed Divorced /
Separated
Never
Married
Male
100
Married Widowed Divorced /
Separated
Female
Figure 6b
Percent Distribution by Marital Status of Males and Females Aged 20-24 and
50-59: Provincial Center, September 2011
90
95.4
80
20-24
70
60
50-59
76.4
68.3
69.0
50
40
30
10
30.8
30.5
20
22.8
1.5
0.1 3.0
0.0 0.1
0.7
0.6
0.2 0.1
0
Never Married Widowed Divorced /
Married
Separated
Never Married Widowed Divorced /
Married
Separated
Male
Female
19
Table 8 shows the median age at first marriage for Bamiyan and its districts. These were estimated
indirectly using SDES data on marital status for males and females disaggregated by 5-year age
group. The method involves determining the upper limit of the proportion of the population who are
ever-married by locating the age group at which the proportion of the population who are married is
at its peak. The maximum proportion of married individuals is usually highest at the age range 45 to
54 since most people who will ever marry would have been married by the time they reach this age
range. Half of the maximum proportion ever-married is subtracted from 100 to derive the
proportion never married which is used in calculating the median age at first marriage through linear
interpolation. The median age at first marriage represents the age below which and above which
half of the population has married for the first time.
Women in Bamiyan Province would marry at a younger age than their male counterpart. The median
age at first marriage for women was 20.8 years, while for men, it was 24.8 years. Among the
districts, Saighan had the highest median age at first marriage for both women and men at 22.5
years and 27.3 years, respectively.
The mean ages at first marriage presented in Table 8 were estimated indirectly by applying the
formula for Singulate Mean Age at Marriage (SMAM). The estimates of the mean age at first
marriage are some decimal points higher than the estimates of median age at first marriage. The
two sets of averages would suggest that the average age at first marriage for males in Bamiyan in
2011 was about 25 years, while that for females was around 21 years, a difference of 4 years.
TABLE 8
Median Age at First Marriage and Mean Age at First Marriage by Sex and District:
Bamiyan, September 2011
District
Median Age At First
Marriage
Male
Female
Mean Age At First
Marriage
Male
Female
Bamiyan
24.8
20.8
25.2
21.3
Provincial Center
Shibar
Saighan
Kahmard
Yakawlang
Panjab
Waras
24.6
24.8
27.3
26.1
24.6
24.8
24.4
20.6
20.7
22.5
20.5
20.4
21.3
21.0
24.9
25.2
27.5
26.3
24.9
25.0
25.0
21.0
20.9
22.9
20.7
20.7
22.1
21.6
20
7.2 LITERACY
The United Nations defines literacy as the ability to read and write, with understanding, a short
simple statement on everyday life. The statement written or read can be in any language. The UN
recommended that data on literacy be collected in censuses for persons 10 years and older because
the ability to read and write would require some years of schooling or would need time to develop.
It will be noted that in surveys, the answers to the cited question on literacy are accepted at face
value.
In the 2011 Bamiyan SDES, the question on whether a member of the sample household can read
and write, with understanding, a simple message in any language was asked for household members
aged 5 years and above. Literacy rates for the population 10 years and above, 15 years above and for
the age group 15-24 for Bamiyan and its districts are shown in Table 9. In this table, data for age
group 5-9 years were excluded. To show how the literacy rates of children 5-9 compares with the
rates for the older age groups, literacy rates by 5-year age group for males and females aged 5 years
and above for Bamiyan and its districts are shown in Figure 7 and Appendix Table 2.
The literacy rate in Bamiyan is low. In 2011, the literacy rate for the population 10 years and above
was 38.1 percent, which means that for every 100 persons in Bamiyan in 2011 who were aged 10
years and above, 38 were literate. The literacy rate for the males was 50.1 percent, which is twice
that for the females. At the district level, the literacy rate for the males 10 years and above ranged
from 40.6 percent to 58.2 percent, with the Provincial Center having the highest rate and Kahmard
having the lowest. In comparison, the literacy rate for the females 10 years and above was lowest in
Kahmard at 16.0 percent and highest in Yakawlang at 31.8 percent. The gaps between the male and
female literacy rates were wide. Kahmard, which had the lowest literacy rate for both males and
females had the lowest female/male ratio in 2011. Among the population 10 years and above in that
district, there were only 39 females who were literate for every 100 literate males. Yakawlang, which
had the highest female literacy rate, had the highest female/male literacy ratio at 59 percent.
Figure 7
Literacy Rate by Age Group and Sex: Bamiyan, September 2011
Literacy Rate (%)
80
67.6
70
60
67.3
55.2
50
Male
53.6
43.4
43.3
37.0
40
30
Female
26.9
24.5
35.7
34.9
33.7
36.4
34.1
24.5
21.0
20
9.5
10
6.8
4.5
3.5
2.8
2.7
1.7
2.6
35 - 39
40 - 44
45 - 49
50 - 54
55 - 59
60 and
Over
0
5-9
10 - 14
15 - 19
20 - 24
25 - 29
30 - 34
Age Group
21
The literacy rates shown in Table 9 for the population 10 years and above are higher than the
literacy rates computed for the population 15 years and above as reference population. This
suggests an improvement in the literacy of the Bamiyan population especially the age group 10-14.
The data in Table 9 also illustrates a narrowing of the gap between the male and female literacy
rates. At the province level, the female/male ratio calculated based on the literacy rates for
population 15 years and above was 36 percent, which is lower than the female/male ratio of 50.0
percent computed based on literacy rates for the population 10 years and above.
The literacy rate for the population 15 years and above in 2011 was 31.7 percent for both sexes, 45.4
for the males, and 16.5 for the females. The 2011 literacy rates for Bamiyan for aged 15 years and
above are low, but higher than the national figures based on 2007-2008 NRVA, which are 26 percent
for both sexes, 39 percent for males and 12 percent for females.
Table 9 also shows the literacy rates for men and women in the age group 15-24. Further, it shows
the ratio of the literacy rate of women to that of men in this age group for Bamiyan and its districts.
The ratio is one of the indicators of Goal 3 of the Millennium Development Goal (MDG), that is, to
promote gender equality and empower women. At the province level, the female/male literacy
ratio was 55 percent, which means that there were 55 literate women aged 15 to 24 for every 100
literate men in the same age group in Bamiyan in 2011. In the province among the same age group,
close to one in two was considered literate. By sex, six in ten men aged 15-24 years and one in three
women in this age group were literate.
TABLE 9
Literacy Rates for Males and Females Aged 10 Years and Above, 15 Years and Above and 15-24 Years, and Ratios of
Female Literacy Rate to Male Literacy Rate, by District: Bamiyan, September 2011
10 Years and Above
15 Years and Above
Female/
Male
Ratio
District
Both
Sexes
Male
Female
Bamiyan
38.1
50.1
25.0
50
Provincial
Center
43.7
58.2
27.3
Shibar
32.4
44.3
Saighan
30.7
Both
Sexes
15 -24 Years
Female/
Male
Ratio
Female/
Male
Ratio
Both
Sexes
Male
Female
36
48.5
61.6
34.1
55
18.3
34
55.8
72.3
37.1
51
40.2
13.4
33
40.7
51.5
28.0
54
23.9
36.1
10.4
29
40.2
54.3
23.6
44
Male
Female
31.7
45.4
16.5
47
37.0
53.5
18.9
43
27.6
41.6
19.0
46
Kahmard
29.6
40.6
16.0
39
24.9
36.2
10.8
30
44.4
57.9
24.5
42
Yakawlang
43.3
53.9
31.8
59
35.5
48.3
21.7
45
54.0
64.5
43.1
67
Panjab
37.3
49.2
24.6
50
31.7
45.5
16.8
37
46.0
56.8
34.5
61
Waras
35.2
46.8
23.3
50
28.5
42.1
14.6
35
43.1
56.5
29.8
53
At the district level, the ratio ranged from 42 literate women aged 15-24 for every 100 literate men
in the same group for Kahmard to 67 literate women for every 100 literate men aged 15-24 years
for Yakawlang. The literacy rate for males 15-24 years recorded for Provincial Center was the highest
among the districts at 72.3 percent. Yakawlang, had the second highest male literacy rate at 64.5
percent, and also had the highest female literacy rate for age group 15-24 at 43.1 percent. Saighan
had the lowest literacy rate for women aged 15-24 years at 23.6 percent, and Shibar, for men at 51.5
percent.
22
The improvement in the literacy rate of Bamiyan recently is depicted in Figure 7. The literacy rates
for the age groups 10-14 and 15-19 for both males and females are significantly higher than the
other age groups. The literacy rates for males and females in the age group 20-24 are lower than
those for the age groups 10-14 and 15-19 but noticeably higher than the rates for age groups 30-34
to 55-59. These older groups recorded rates that are similar, suggesting that there was no
improvement in literacy of the population for three decades or so.
The relatively high literacy rate of the school age population suggests a recent improvement in the
Bamiyan’s educational systems and a higher school participation of the young population.
23
7.3 EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Educational attainment is the highest level of education completed by an individual. Tables 10a, 10b
and 10c present the highest grade or class, or level of education completed by the total population,
male population and female population, respectively, who were in the ages 25 years and above, for
Bamiyan and its districts. The educational attainment of a population is usually assessed by
examining the data on the highest grade completed of the population aged 25 years and above. By
age 25 years, a person would normally have completed his years of schooling.
TABLE 10a
Percent Distribution of Total Population (Both Sexes) 25 Years and Above, by Highest Grade/Class Completed and
District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Highest Grade/Class Completed
Total
No Schooling
Bamiyan
Provincial
Center
Shibar
Saighan
Kahmard
Yakawlang
Panjab
Waras
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
90.2
85.2
88.4
92.6
92.3
90.0
90.0
94.8
Primary
2.3
3.2
2.5
1.5
1.8
2.5
2.9
1.4
Secondary
2.4
3.7
3.6
1.7
1.7
2.3
2.3
1.2
High School
3.3
4.7
4.5
3.0
3.3
2.9
3.2
1.9
Technical / Vocational
0.3
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.4
0.2
0.2
B.A. / B.Sc. or higher
0.3
0.6
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.4
0.3
0.1
Not Stated
1.2
2.0
0.9
0.9
0.9
1.4
1.2
0.4
About nine in ten Bamiyan residents aged 25 years and above have not had any schooling or have
not completed any grade/class at the time of the survey (Table 10a). For males, the percentage was
lower at 84.2 percent (Table 10b). Generally, men in Waras, Saighan, and Kahmard were less
educated compared to men in other districts, with about nine in ten men aged 25 years and above in
these three districts without schooling.
TABLE 10b
Percent Distribution of Male Population 25 Years and Above, by Highest Grade/Class Completed and District:
Bamiyan, September 2011
Provincial
Center
Shibar
Saighan
Kahmard
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
84.2
76.3
80.3
88.0
Primary
3.7
5.0
4.0
Secondary
3.9
6.1
6.2
High School
5.4
7.5
Technical / Vocational
0.4
B.A. / B.Sc. or higher
0.6
Not Stated
1.9
Highest Grade/Class Completed
Total
No Schooling
Bamiyan
Yakawlang
Panjab
Waras
99.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
87.9
84.9
83.3
91.5
2.3
2.8
3.6
4.9
2.3
2.7
2.4
3.6
3.6
2.0
7.9
5.3
5.6
4.3
5.2
3.1
0.8
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.7
0.4
0.3
1.1
0.3
0.4
0.1
0.7
0.5
0.2
3.2
1.3
1.2
1.0
2.3
2.2
0.7
24
Those with high school or higher education comprised a very low percentage. Among males aged 25
years or older in Provincial Center, 9.4 percent had attained or completed high school or higher
education. Shibar had 8.2 percent, and the rest of the districts had less than 6.5 percent of their
population aged 25 years and older attaining or completing at least high school. Females in Bamiyan
were less likely to go to school than males. Close to 97 percent of Bamiyan women aged 25 years
and above have not completed any grade or class (Table 10c).
TABLE 10c
Percent Distribution of Female Population 25 Years and Above, by Highest Grade/Class Completed and District:
Bamiyan, September 2011
Highest Grade/Class Completed
Total
No Schooling
Provincial
Center
Shibar
Saighan
Kahmard
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Bamiyan
Yakawlang
Panjab
Waras
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
96.8
95.3
97.4
97.6
97.3
95.7
97.3
98.3
Primary
0.8
1.0
0.9
0.5
0.6
1.3
0.7
0.5
Secondary
0.7
1.1
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.3
High School
1.1
1.7
0.7
0.5
0.7
1.4
0.9
0.7
Technical / Vocational
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
B.A. / B.Sc. or higher
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
Not Stated
0.4
0.6
0.3
0.6
0.7
0.5
0.2
0.1
Net attendance ratios for primary, secondary and high school levels for Bamiyan and its districts are
presented in Table 11. These are ratios of children of official school ages 7-12, 13-15 and 16-18 who,
at the time of the survey, were attending primary school, secondary school and high school,
respectively, to the total number of children of these respective age groups. An estimated 41,000
children 7 to 12 years of age in the entire province of Bamiyan were attending primary school at the
time of the survey. Furthermore, about 11,000 children aged 13 to 15 years were attending
secondary school and some 9,000 youth aged 16 to 18 years were attending high school. These
numbers translate into net attendance ratios of 56.5 percent for primary school, 37.4 percent for
secondary level and 28.9 percent for high school. These ratios are higher than the national figures
recorded in the 2007-2008 NRVA. This survey yielded a net primary attendance ratio of 52 children
aged 7-12 years who were attending a primary school, compared to 57 primary school-going
children from the 2011 Bamiyan SDES, for every 100 children in that age group.
The net attendance ratios for boys for all levels of education are higher than for girls. The ratio of
girls to boys declines with the rise in level of education. In Bamiyan Province, for every 100 boys
aged 7-12 years who were attending a primary school, there were 90 girls of the same age who were
in that level of education. At the high school level, the ratio was much lower, with only 56 girls aged
16-18 who were attending high school per 100 boys of the same age attending the same level of
education.
Among districts, the Provincial Center and Yakawlang showed an edge over the other districts in
terms of attendance in school. Yakawlang which had the highest female literacy rate and the highest
female-to-male literacy ratio, also had the highest female net attendance ratios for all three levels of
education. In terms of attendance in high school, Yakawlang recorded the highest girls-to-boys ratio
at 75 female attendees for every 100 male attendees. Still the attendance ratios in Bamiyan,
including the Provincial Center and Yakawlang, for all levels of education, were very low.
25
TABLE 11
Net Attendance Ratios by Sex and Ratios of Female Net Attendance Ratio to Male Attendance Ratio, by Level of
Education and District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Attending Primary (Age 7-12 )
Female/
Both
Male
Female
male
Sexes
ratio
Attending Secondary (Age 13-15)
Female/
Both
Male
Female
male
Sexes
ratio
Bamiyan
Provincial
Center
56.5
59.5
53.3
90
37.4
44.1
30.6
70
28.9
36.6
20.5
56
64.7
67.1
62.1
92
42.2
51.3
33.3
65
30.5
41.7
18.0
43
Shibar
43.0
48.0
37.3
78
31.4
38.2
23.3
61
22.8
32.2
13.3
41
District
Attending High School (16-18)
Female/
Both
Male Female
male
Sexes
ratio
Saighan
43.1
47.7
38.2
80
31.0
39.5
22.8
58
21.9
31.1
11.4
37
Kahmard
38.7
46.1
30.4
66
33.2
42.2
21.6
51
27.7
36.0
14.8
41
Yakawlang
64.1
65.5
62.6
96
41.9
46.2
37.5
81
34.1
38.9
29.2
75
Panjab
54.7
56.8
52.5
92
35.4
39.5
31.3
79
31.7
38.5
24.4
63
Waras
58.5
60.7
56.1
92
34.7
41.3
28.6
69
25.1
31.1
19.1
61
Figures 8a and 8b present the male and female population aged 7 to 24 years who were not
attending school at the time of the survey by highest grade/class completed. Some 81,500 residents
of Bamiyan aged 7 to 24 years, consisting of 35,900 males and 45,600 females, were not attending
school at the time of the survey. The large majority of the population who were out of school had no
grade or class completed. For the entire Bamiyan, 82.7 percent of the males aged 7 to 24 years who
were not attending school had no grade/class completed, while among their female counterpart,
92.1 percent had no grade/class completed. The Provincial Center had the largest percentage,
among the districts, of the population 7 to 24 years of age not attending school whose highest level
of education attained was primary, secondary or high school levels. Still a high percentage, that is,
seven in ten of its male population 7 to 24 years not attending school had no grade or class
completed. Among the female population of same age in the Provincial Center who were not
attending school, 86.2 percent had no grade or class completed.
26
Figure 8a
Percent Distribution of Male Population Aged 7 to 24 Who Are Not
Attending School at the Time of the Survey by Highest Grade/Class
Completed by District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percent
No Schooling
Primary
Secondary
High School
Technical / Vocational
Higher Education
100
91.3
90 82.7
80
90.5
81.1
80.6
87.2
84.9
70.6
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Bamiyan Provincial
Center
Shibar
Saighan
Kamhard Yakawlang
Panjab
Waras
Figure 8b
Percent Distribution of Female Population Aged 7 to 24 Who Are Not
Attending School at the Time of the Survey by Highest Grade/Class
Completed by District: Bamiyan, September 2011
100 92.1
90
80
No Schooling
Primary
Secondary
High School
Technical / Vocational
Higher Education
86.2
97.1
92.5
95.0
91.3
93.4
94.3
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Bamiyan Provincial
Center
Shibar
Saighan
27
Kamhard Yakawlang
Panjab
Waras
7.4 MIGRATION
Some 46 thousand residents of Bamiyan, comprising 12.4 percent of the total population of the
province, had resided for at least six months in a place other than their residence at the time of the
survey, that is, in another district but within Bamiyan, in another province, or abroad. The
corresponding proportion among the male population (15.0 percent) was higher than among the
female population (9.7 percent). Among the districts, the Provincial Center had the largest
proportion of in-migrant population with three in ten of its population reported to have resided
elsewhere for at least six months prior to their stay in Provincial Center (Figure 9).
Percent
35
Figure 9
Proportion of the Population Who Have Previously Resided for Six Months or
More in a Place Other Than Their Residence at Time of Survey, by Sex and
District: Bamiyan, September 2011
30.3
Both Sexes
30
29.3
25
Male
28.2
Female
20
15.0
15
10
14.7
14.4
9.9
12.4
9.3
11.3
9.7
7.9
5
3.8
3.6
2.5
1.3
8.6
8.0
6.0
6.7
4.0
2.2
Kahmard Yakawlang Panjab
Waras
3.4
3.0
0
Bamiyan Provincial
Center
Shibar
Saighan
Figure 10a shows the distribution of the population of Bamiyan who have resided in a place other
than their district/city of residence at the time of the 2011 SDES, by previous province/city/district of
residence. Almost four in ten of the population of Bamiyan who resided elsewhere for at least six
months prior to their stay in their district of residence in Bamiyan at the time of the survey came
from abroad. Wardak and Kabul were the other two major areas of origin of the in-migrants in
Bamiyan, with 17.4 percent coming from Wardak, and 14.7 percent coming from Kabul. Those who
came from provinces other than Wardak and Kabul made up 13.4 percent. Those who had resided
in a district within Bamiyan that is different from where they were residing at the time of the survey
comprised 13.3 percent.
Residents of Bamiyan who have resided elsewhere for at least six months were mostly return
migrants. Table 13 reveals that almost all native population of Bamiyan were born in Bamiyan.
Figure 10b shows that Wardak was the leading province of origin of the in-migrants of Provincial
Center. Three in ten in-migrants of this district came from Wardak. Those who came from abroad
comprised the second largest proportion (21.7 percent), while those who came from Kabul
comprised the third largest proportion (17.3 percent).
Those who resided previously in other districts of Bamiyan comprised 13.2 percent. For the rest of
the districts, except for Kahmard, the largest proportion of the in-migrant population came from
abroad. In three districts, namely, Yakawlang, Panjab and Waras, at least 60.0 percent of their
population who had lived elsewhere prior to residing in these districts had lived abroad (Table 12). In
28
contrast, in Kahmard, at least 70.0 percent of their population who had lived elsewhere resided
previously in other districts of Bamiyan.
Figure 10b
Figure 10a
Distribution of Population Who Have Resided for
Six Months or More in a Place Other Than Their
Residence at Time of Survey, by Previous Province
of Residence: Provincial Center, September 2011
Distribution of Population Who Have Resided for
Six Months or More in a Place Other Than Their
Residence at Time of Survey, by Previous
Province of Residence: Bamiyan, September 2011
17.4
21.7
39.3
31.1
14.7
15.7
13.4
Wardak
Bamiyan
Foreign Country
13.3
13.2
Kabul
Other Provinces
17.3
Wardak
Kabul
Bamiyan
Other Provinces
Foreign Country
Almost all residents of Bamiyan (99.5 percent) were born in this province. Only a few were born in
other provinces such as Kabul (0.15 percent) and Wardak (0.09 percent). The remaining 0.26 percent
were born elsewhere. Table 13 shows that native population of the Provincial Center who were
born in Kabul comprised 0.5 percent of the total native population of this district, those born in
Wardak, 0.3 percent, and those born in other provinces, 0.6 percent. In each of the other districts,
the percentage of native population who were born outside Bamiyan comprised less than 0.5
percent.
29
TABLE 12
Proportion of Population Who Resided for Six Months or More in a place Other Than Their Residence at Time of Survey, by
Previous Province of Residence, Sex and District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Residence at Time
of Survey
(District)/Sex
Bamiyan
Both Sexes
Male
Female
Provincial Center
Both Sexes
Male
Female
Shibar
Both Sexes
Male
Female
Saighan
Both Sexes
Male
Female
Kahmard
Both Sexes
Male
Female
Yakawlang
Both Sexes
Male
Female
Panjab
Both Sexes
Male
Female
Waras
Both Sexes
Male
Female
Population
who Resided
in Another
Place (00)
Previous Residence
Kabul
Bamiyan
Wardak
Balkh
Baghlan
Other
Provinces
Foreign
Country
457
285
172
14.7
13.5
16.8
13.3
12.3
15.0
17.4
14.5
22.3
3.0
2.8
3.3
3.3
2.9
4.0
7.1
6.5
8.2
39.3
45.5
29.0
253
137
116
17.3
16.9
17.9
13.2
12.8
13.6
31.1
29.8
32.6
3.2
3.3
3.0
4.5
4.3
4.6
8.0
7.8
8.2
21.7
23.8
19.1
29
1,9
10
25.7
25.5
26.0
13.2
12.1
15.3
1.0
0.7
1.5
10.3
9.6
11.8
9.0
8.0
10.7
10.3
10.5
10.0
30.4
33.4
24.5
6
4
2
11.8
9.5
18.2
21.1
18.6
28.9
0.3
0.4
0.0
9.8
11.1
6.3
1.3
0.9
2.5
0.7
0.5
0.0
37.4
36.9
39.0
11
7
5
1.0
1.2
0.9
70.4
64.4
79.3
1.4
1.8
0.9
5.0
6.3
3.2
5.5
6.1
4.5
4.0
3.7
3.6
8.1
11.4
3.6
62
39
22
6.7
7.1
6.2
7.4
7.2
7.7
0.2
0.2
0.4
1.2
1.0
1.5
0.6
0.6
0.5
7.2
7.1
7.6
70.9
70.5
71.8
30
22
9
18.6
16.5
23.9
11.5
9.3
17.1
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.9
1.2
3.4
0.3
0.2
0.5
5.8
4.5
9.1
60.9
67.4
44.6
65
57
8
8.3
6.4
20.8
9.5
9.0
13.1
0.4
0.1
1.9
0.2
0.1
0.5
3.6
2.9
8.9
77.4
81.0
53.4
-
TABLE 13
Percent Distribution of the Population by Province of Birth and District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Province of Birth
District
Bamiyan
Kabul
Wardak
Other Provinces
Bamiyan
99.50
0.15
0.09
0.26
Provincial Center
98.59
0.48
0.34
0.59
Shibar
99.82
0.04
0.03
0.11
Saighan
99.92
0.04
0.00
0.04
Kahmard
99.79
0.02
0.04
0.15
Yakawlang
99.72
0.03
0.003
0.25
Panjab
99.73
0.09
0.01
0.17
Waras
99.82
0.07
0.02
0.09
30
Table 14 presents the data on the length of stay in the district of residence at the time of survey of
the population who have lived elsewhere for at least 6 months. Twelve percent of Bamiyan
population who have lived elsewhere for 6 months or more have been residing in Bamiyan for less
than one year. One in four (24.3 percent) has been living in Bamiyan from 1 to 3 years, and two in
five have been residing in the province for 4 to 9 years. Those residing for 10-19 years made up 18.8
percent. Only 3.7 percent of these in-migrants have been living in Bamiyan for 20 years or more. In
the Provincial Center where three in ten of the population were in-migrants, the proportions with a
lengthy stay were higher than the figures for the province, that is, 27.1 percent of the migrants have
been residing in the Provincial Center for 7 to 9 years while 22.8 percent, for 10 to 19 years. Inmigrants in Saighan, who comprised only 2.5 percent of its population, were mostly recent movers,
with those residing in Saighan for less than a year making up 34.4 percent, and those residing from 1
to 3 years accounting for 24.3 percent.
TABLE 14
Percent Distribution of Population Who Have Lived in Another District, Province or Country for at Least
6 Months, by Duration of Stay in Residence at Time of Survey and District: Bamiyan, September 2011
District
Bamiyan
Provincial
Center
Shibar
Saighan
Kahmard
Yakawlang
Panjab
Waras
Total
Duration of Stay in Current District of Residence
20
4-6
7-9
10-19
years
1-3 years
years
years
years
or
more
Less than
one year
Not
Reported
100.0
12.1
24.3
19.2
21.1
18.8
3.7
0.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
10.7
17.6
34.4
15.4
12.7
14.5
10.9
21.3
38.5
24.3
17.2
20.6
30.1
31.9
16.6
24.1
16.9
9.1
28.8
16.7
21.5
27.1
10.3
4.9
6.0
15.8
17.8
13.3
22.8
7.7
6.4
26.8
16.6
14.5
12.1
1.0
1.5
12.8
19.0
4.5
5.9
9.7
0.4
0.2
0.3
6.6
1.0
0.5
0.6
Nine in ten of in-migrants were staying in the current district of residence in Nawroz in 1390. Some
2.8 percent were in other provinces and 2.3 percent in other countries. The rest (1.3 percent) were
residing in Nawroz 1390 in another district of Bamiyan (Table 15).
TABLE 15
Percent Distribution of In-Migrants by Residence in Nawroz 1390 and District:
Bamiyan, September 2011
Residence in
Nawroz 1390
Total
Bamiyan
Provincial
Center
Shibar
Saighan
Kahmard
Yakawlang
Panjab
Waras
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Same city/district
93.6
96.8
94.9
88.4
89.2
91.0
88.2
86.5
Other city/district,
same province
1.3
1.0
2.0
4.9
2.8
1.0
2.4
1.2
Other province
2.8
1.5
3.0
5.9
5.2
4.0
6.5
4.2
Other country
2.3
0.6
0.1
0.7
2.8
4.0
3.0
8.0
31
7. 5 EMPLOYMENT
7.5.1 Employment of 15 Years Old and Over
An estimated 78,500 residents of Bamiyan aged 15 years and older were reported to have some
work or to have engaged in an economic activity at anytime during the 12 months prior to the
survey. This number comprised 39.5 percent of the Bamiyan population aged 15 years and older.
Those who did not work during the reference year constituted 60.5 percent (Figure 11). Among the
male population of the same ages, the percentage who had some work during the reference year
was much higher than among their female counterpart, that is, 65 percent for males compared to 11
percent for females (Figure 12).
Figure 11
Population 15 Years Old and Over Whether Working or Not, and if Seeking or
Available for Work or Not: Bamiyan, September 2011
Total population aged
15 years or older
(198,600)
Not working
(60.5%)
Not seeking work
(51.5%)
Working (39.5%)
Seeking/Availab le
for work
(48.5%)
Worked less than
six months
Worked six
months or more
(92.7%)
(7.3%)
Not seeking work
(32.0%)
Seeking/Available
for work
(68.0%)
Figure 12 shows that in all districts of Bamiyan, the percentage of those who performed some work
during the reference year among males aged 15 years and older was higher than among females. For
males, the highest percentage was that for Panjab at 72 percent, while for females, it was recorded
for Saighan at 39 percent. In contrast, the lowest percentage for males was reported for Kahmard
(49 percent) while the lowest percentage for females was that for Yakawlang (5 percent).
32
Percent
100
Figure 12
Percentage of Population Aged 15 Years and Older Who Worked in the 12
Months Prior to Survey, by Sex and District: Bamiyan: September 2011
90
Total
80
70
Male
71.8
65.2
65.1
64.3
60
66.2
53.3
39.5
39.0
38.4
37.5
65.5
49.3
50
40
Female
45.4
68.7
41.7
36.3
30.2
30
20
17.0
11.3
6.2
10
9.1
6.3
13.8
4.8
0
Bamiyan
Provincial
Center
Shibar
Saighan
Kahmard Yakawlang
Panjab
Waras
The majority of those who performed some work during the 12 months prior to survey had worked 6
months or more. For this report, persons who had worked 6 months or more during the reference
year are considered as the usually economically active population. For the entire province, the
economically active comprised 92.7 percent of the population aged 15 years and older who had
some work in the 12 months prior to survey. The percentage of such persons to the total population
aged 15 years and older who had some work during the reference year was lowest for Kahmard at
84 percent. For the other districts, it varied from 92 percent to 96 percent (Figure 13).
Figure 13
Percent Distribution of the Population who Worked in the 12 Months Prior to
Survey, by Number of Months Worked and District: Bamiyan, September
Percent
96.0 2011
100
94.6
93.9
92.8
92.7
92.5
91.6
90
84.3
80
70
60
50
40
30
15.7
20
10
7.3
5.4
6.1
4.0
7.5
8.4
7.2
Panjab
Waras
0
Bamiyan
Provincial
Center
Shibar
Saighan
6 Months or More
33
Kahmard Yakawlang
Less 6 Months
Figure 14 shows the proportion of the usually economically active population, that is, those who
worked 6 months or more, the proportion of those who worked less than 6 months, and the
proportion of those who did not work during the 12 months prior to the survey, among the
population aged 15 years and older, by five-year age group, for Bamiyan province.
As to be expected, the proportion of persons who did not work during the reference period was
highest among persons aged 15 to 19 years (81 percent). Also, the proportion of those who did not
work among persons in the age groups 20-24 years and 60 years and over was higher than among
the age groups 25 through 59 years. It was 64 percent for age group 20-24 years and 62 percent for
the age group 60 years and older. Conversely, the proportion of the usually economically active
population or those who worked 6 months or more was lower for these age groups than among the
population in the ages 25 to 59 years. Among the population in these age groups, the usually
economically active population made up from 42 percent to 50 percent (Figure 14).
Figure 14
Among the Population Aged 15 Years and Older, the Percentage of who
Worked in the Year Prior to Survey by Number of Months Worked, and
Percentage who Did Not Work, by Age Group: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percent
90
80.5
Worked 6 Months or More
Worked Less 6 Months
Did Not Work
80
70
64.0
60
54.2
46.7
50
50.1
42.4
40
46.4
50.3
49.6
47.2
49.3 47.4
62.1
48.7 48.1
49.1 47.8
35.6
33.0
30
20
10
17.4
2.1
3.0
3.3
3.2
3.3
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.1
25 - 29
30 - 34
35 - 39
40 - 44
45 - 49
50 - 54
55 - 59
2.4
0
15 - 19
20 - 24
60 and
Over
Some 120 thousand population aged 15 years and older in Bamiyan province reported having no
work in the 12 months prior to the survey. They comprised about 60 percent of the Bamiyan
population in that age group. Of the population who had no work during the year prior to survey, 48
percent were either available for work and had actively sought work or were available for work but
had not sought work for some reasons; they may be awaiting the result of a previous job application,
they were temporarily ill, or believed that there is no work for them. For this report, such persons
will be considered as unemployed. The other 52 percent were not available for work and did not
seek work, and therefore can be considered as not in the labor force (Figure 11).
In the Provincial Center, Shibar, Kahmard and Panjab, more than half of those who had no work in
the 12 months prior to the survey were unemployed. On the other hand, in Saighan, Yakawlang and
Waras, those who did not seek work and were not available for work accounted for more than half
of the population who had no work during the reference year.
34
Percent
Figure 15
Percent Distribution of Population Aged 15 Years and Older Who Did Not
Work in the Year Prior to Survey, by Whether Available for Work or Not and
District: Bamiyan, September 2011
100
Available for Work
Not Available for Work
90
80
69.3
70
61.3
60
50
51.5
48.5
53.8
46.2
57.2
55.1
53.4
52.3
47.7
46.6
44.9
42.8
38.7
40
30.7
30
20
10
0
Bamiyan Provincial
Center
Shibar
Saighan Kahmard Yakawlang Panjab
Waras
Figure 16 shows the unemployed-to-population ratio or the percentage of the population aged 15
years and older who were unemployed, by sex, for Bamiyan and its districts. In Bamiyan Province,
for every 100 persons aged 15 years and older, 29 were unemployed. The ratio was higher for
females than for males. There were 45 unemployed females for every 100 of the female population
aged 15 years and older. By comparison, there were 15 unemployed males for every 100 males aged
15 years and older. At the district level, the unemployed-to-population ratio for males varied from 7
percent for Saighan to 22 percent for Kahmard. For females, it varied from 22 percent for Saighan to
56 percent for Kahmard. Among the districts, Saighan had the lowest proportion of unemployed
persons of both sexes, at 14 percent.
35
Figure 16
Percentage of the Population 15 Years Old and over who were Unemployed,
by Sex and District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percent
100
90
80
Total
Male
Female
70
60
50
20
50.5
49.1
44.9
40
30
56.1
52.3
42.8
33.6
37.3
33.9
36.8
31.2
29.3
15.2
17.1
22.2
20.6
14.3
22.3
24.7
13.5
27.8
13.4
13.2
Panjab
Waras
7.2
10
0
Bamiyan Provincial
Center
Shibar
Saighan
Kahmard Yakawlang
Note:
Population aged 15 years and older who did not work in the 12 months prior to survey but who were available
for work are considered unemployed.
The data in Table 16 do not show a distinct association between literacy status and employment, as
measured by the proportion of the population aged 15 years and older who had some work in the 12
months prior to survey, regardless of the number of months they have worked. Usually, persons
who are literate are more likely to engage in an economic activity than those who are illiterate. The
data in Table 16 for five districts of Bamiyan tend to support this observation. However, the data for
Saighan and Kahmard reveal the opposite, with the percentage of those who had some jobs during
the reference year higher among the population who were considered illiterate than among those
considered literate. In the case of Saighan, the percentage with work was 59 percent among the
illiterates compared to 37 percent among the literates, while for Kahmard, the proportions were 32
percent and 24 percent, respectively.
A clearer association between literacy status and unemployment, however, is revealed by the data in
Table 16. In all districts, except for Yakawlang, the unemployed-to-population ratio was higher for
the population considered as illiterate than for those considered as literate. Saighan had the lowest
proportion of unemployed for both the literate population and the illiterate population.
36
TABLE 16
Percentage of Population Aged 15 Years and Older who Worked in the 12 Months Prior to Survey and Who Were
Unemployed, by Literacy Status and District:
Bamiyan, September 2011
District
Worked in the 12 Months Prior to Survey
Unemployed
Total
Literate
Illiterate
Total
Literate
Illiterate
Bamiyan
39.5
41.8
38.7
29.3
27.7
30.3
Provincial Center
37.5
43.0
34.3
33.6
32.2
34.6
Shibar
38.4
48.9
34.5
33.9
23.4
38.1
Saighan
53.3
37.3
58.9
14.3
10.3
15.6
Kahmard
30.2
23.6
32.5
37.3
21.2
43.0
Yakawlang
36.3
38.6
35.4
24.7
27.8
23.3
Panjab
45.4
46.8
45.1
31.2
30.9
31.6
Waras
41.7
46.3
40.0
27.8
27.2
28.2
Notes:
Population aged 15 years and older who worked in the 12 months prior to survey includes those who worked less than 6
months.
Population aged 15 years and older who did not work in the 12 months prior to survey but were available for work are
considered unemployed.
Figure 17a shows that among Bamiyan males, the proportion who had engaged in an economic
activity at anytime in the 12 months prior to the survey was highest for those with no schooling at 79
percent. This proportion was lower for those with higher level of educational attainment. Among
the male population who had reached at most high school, those who had some work accounted for
29 percent. Among males who had gone to universities or had attained higher level of education,
those with work made up 18 percent. Among females, the pattern was different, with those who
have attained university-level of education having the highest percentage with a job during the
reference period (17 percent). In general, the usual pattern and relationship between education and
employment does not apply in Bamiyan because even if the people have attained higher education
there are limited number of jobs available in Bamiyan.
In contrast, the proportion of the unemployed among the male population was highest for males
who had reached a university level (45 percent) and was lowest among males with no schooling (8
percent). Among females, the percentage who were unemployed during the 12 months prior to the
survey varied from 42 percent for those who had attained at most high school level to 55 percent for
those who had reached a university level.
At the district level, for males and females combined or for both sexes, the percentage who had
engaged in some economic activity at anytime during the 12 months prior to the survey was lowest,
in general, among those who had reached high school or a higher level of education, and highest
either among those with no schooling or among those with a primary level of education (Figure 17b).
In Saighan, six in ten of its population aged 15 years and older who had no schooling did some work
during the reference period. Panjab had the next highest percentage of the population aged 15 years
and older with no schooling who were reported in the survey as having an economic activity in the
year prior to survey (49 percent). It also had the highest percentage who had worked during the
reference year among those who had completed at most primary education (53 percent), followed
by Shibar (48 percent).
37
Percent
100
Figure 17a
Perecentage of the Population Who Worked in the 12 Months Prior to
Survey and Percentage Who Were Unemployed, by Highest Grade
Completed and Sex: Bamiyan, September 2011
90
80
No Schooling
Primary
70
Secondary
High School
University or Higher
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Both Sexes
Male
Female
Both Sexes
Worked in the 12 Months Prior to Survey
Percent
100
Male
Female
Unemployed
Figure 17b
Percentage of the Population Aged 15 Years and Older Who Worked in 12
Months Prior to Survey, by Highest Grade Completed and District: Bamiyan,
September 2011
90
80
No Schooling
Primary
Secondary
High School or Higher
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Bamiyan Provincial Center Shibar
Saighan
38
Kahmard
Yakawlang
Panjab
Waras
Figure 18a shows the distribution of the Bamiyan population aged 15 years and older, by sex, who
worked at anytime during the 12 months prior to survey by major group of occupation. The
categories on occupation used in this report are based on the International Standard Classification of
Occupations (ISCO).
The agricultural, forestry and fishery workers accounted for the largest proportion of total workers
in Bamiyan province. Such type of workers comprised 62 percent of the total Bamiyan population
aged 15 years and older who worked during the reference year; 66 percent among males in the
same age group and 38 percent among females. Female workers who had engaged in an elementary
occupation, such as cleaners and helpers, also comprised a significant proportion of female workers
in Bamiyan. One in five Bamiyan women who did some work during the reference year had engaged
in an elementary occupation. Professionals, officials of the government, managers, technicians and
clerical workers comprised a much lower percentage, that is, 7 percent among male workers and 9
percent among female workers.
The agricultural, forestry and fishery workers comprised the largest group of workers in all districts
of Bamiyan (Figure 18b). This group of workers accounted for 47 percent of all workers in Provincial
Center, and from 56 to 77 percent of all workers in the other districts, with Waras having the highest
percentage of such workers during the reference period.
Figure 19a shows the distribution of the Bamiyan population aged 15 years and older who worked at
anytime during the 12 months prior to survey, by sex and by major industry group. The categories on
industry used in this report are based on the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC).
Among the workers of Bamiyan, 65 percent worked in agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing. The
corresponding percentage was higher among male workers of Bamiyan at 68 percent. The other 7
percent of male workers worked in manufacturing such as handicrafts and food processing, 12
percent were in community, social and personal services, and the remaining 11 percent worked in
other industries such as construction, wholesale and retail trade, transport and communication,
financing and insurance, mining and quarrying.
Among female workers, 44 percent worked in agriculture, 27 percent were engaged in community,
social and personal services, 17 percent were in manufacturing, and the remaining 4 percent were in
other industries.
In the Provincial Center, workers in agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing made up 49 percent of
the population aged 15 years and older who worked at anytime during the reference year. In the
other districts, the percentage of workers in such industry varied from 58 percent to 81 percent.
Again, Waras had the highest percentage of such workers. Saighan had the highest percentage of
workers in community, social and personal services, with three in ten of its workers reporting having
a job in that industry during the reference year (Figure 19b).
39
Percent
70
Figure 18a
Percentage Distribution of the Population Aged 15 Years and Older Who
Worked in the 12 Months Prior to Survey, by Occupation and Sex: Bamiyan,
September 2011
Professionals/Managers/Technicians/Clerks
65.9
60
Service and Sales Workers
62.1
Skilled Agricultural Forestry and Fishery Workers
50
Craft and Related Trade Workers
Plant and Machine Operators and Assembler
40
38.2
Elementary Occupation
30
Armed Forces Occupation
19.6
20
14.2
10
7.2
8.6
8.8
7.6
6.9
8.3
8.8
7.1
6.5
10.5
3.6
3.3
1.2
0.4
0.4
0.1
0
Both Sexes
Percent
100
90
Male
Female
Figure 18b
Percentage Distribution of Population Aged 15 Years and Older Who Worked
in the 12 Months Prior to Survey, by Occupation and District: Bamiyan,
September 2011
Professionals/Managers/Technicians/Clerks
80
Service and Sales Workers
70
Skilled Agricultural Forestry and Fishery Workers
60
Craft and Related Trade Workers
50
Others
40
30
20
10
0
Bamiyan
Provincial
Center
Shibar
Saighan
Kahmard
Panjab
Yakawlang
40
Waras
Figure 19a
Percentage Distribution of the Population Aged 15 Years and Older Who
Worked in the 12 Months Prior to Survey, by Industry and Sex: Bamiyan,
September 2011
Percent
100
90
Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry and Fishing
Manufacturing
80
Community, Social and Personal Services
Others
70
68.0
64.7
60
50
43.5
40
27.0
30
20
13.9
8.6
10
16.8
11.9
9.9
7.3
10.8
4.0
0
Both Sexes
Percent
100
90
Male
Female
Figure 19b
Percentage Distribution of the Population Aged 15 Years and Older Who
Worked in the 12 Months Prior to Survey, by Industry and District: Bamiyan,
September 2011
80
Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry and Fishing
Manufacturing
Community, Social and Personal Services
Others
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Bamiyan
Provincial
Center
Shibar
Saighan
Kahmard
Panjab
Yakawlang
41
Waras
The distribution of the population aged 15 years and older in Bamiyan who were engaged in
economic activity in the 12 months prior to survey by status of employment and by sex is shown in
Figure 20a. Only 3 percent of workers in Bamiyan province worked as employers during the
reference year while 41 percent were employees. The self-employed comprised 35 percent, and the
family workers, 19 percent.
Among the male workers in Bamiyan province, 3 percent worked as employers during the reference
year while 43 percent were employees. The self-employed among male workers comprised 38
percent, and the family workers, 14 percent. In contrast, one in two female workers was a family
worker. Smaller percentages among female workers than among male workers were employees (26
percent) and self-employed (14 percent).
In the Provincial Center, 6 percent of those who had worked during the reference year were
employers while 54 percent were employees (Figure 20b). In three other districts, namely, Kahmard
(48 percent), Yakawlang (46 percent) and Panjab (41 percent), those working as employees also
made up the largest percentage of the total workers. In the remaining three districts, namely, Shibar,
Saighan and Waras, the self employed made up the largest percentage of those who had worked
during the reference year. Shibar had six in ten of its workers reported in the survey as selfemployed. The percentage of family workers among total workers was highest in Saighan (35
percent), and next highest in Panjab (31 percent).
Figure 20a
Percentage Distribution of the Population Aged 15 Years and Older Who
Worked in the 12 Months Prior to Survey, by Status of Employment and Sex:
Percent
Bamiyan, September 2011
80
70
Employer
Employee
Self employed
Family worker
60
51.8
50
43.2
40.9
40
37.8
34.6
26.3
30
19.2
20
10
14.1
3.0
2.9
14.0
1.9
0
Both Sexes
Male
42
Female
Percent
70
Figure 20b
Percentage Distribution of the Population Aged 15 Years and Older Who
Worked in the 12 Months Prior to Survey, by Status of Employment and
District: Bamiyan, September 2011
60
Employer
Self employed
Employee
Family worker
50
40
30
20
10
0
Bamiyan Provincial Center Shibar
Saighan
Kahmard Yakawlang
Panjab
Waras
7.5.2 Working Children 5 to 17 Years Old
Based on the 2011 Bamiyan SDES, 7 percent of the 143 thousand children 5-17 years old in Bamiyan
worked at anytime during the past 12 months while the other 93 percent did not work (Table 17).
This means that for every 100 children 5-17 years old in Bamiyan, there were seven children who
were engaged in an economic activity at anytime during the reference period. The boys were more
likely to work than the girls. Of the 74 thousand boys aged 5 to 17 years, 10 percent worked during
the 12 months prior to the survey, while among the 69 thousand girls of the same age, 4 percent did
some work. The sex ratio of the working children was 263 working boys for every 100 working girls.
The proportion of working children increases with age. It was 2 percent among children 5-9 years
old, 8 percent among children 10-14 years old, and 17 percent among children 15-17 years old.
Among districts, the proportion of working children 5-17 years old to the total number of children of
the same age in the district was highest in Panjab (13 percent), and next highest in Waras (10
percent) and Saighan (9 percent) (Table 17 and Figure 21a).
43
TABLE 17
Percent Distribution of Children 5-17 Years Old by Work Status, Sex, Age Group and District:
Bamiyan, September 2011
Total
District/Sex/Age Group
Total
Sex
Boys
Girls
Age group
5-9
10-14
15-17
District
Provincial Center
Shibar
Saighan
Kahmard
Yakawlang
Panjab
Waras
Number (000)
Percent
Worked at any
time in 12 months
prior to survey
143
100.0
6.9
93.1
74
69
100.0
100.0
9.8
3.9
90.2
96.1
62
54
26
100.0
100.0
100.0
2.0
7.8
16.6
98.0
92.2
83.4
32
10
10
13
30
18
30
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
3.8
3.9
9.0
2.7
5.3
13.0
10.4
96.2
96.1
91.0
97.3
94.7
86.9
89.6
Did not work
Figure 21a
Percentage of Children 5 to 17 Years Old Who Worked at Anytime During the
Year Prior to Survey, by District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percent
14
13.0
12
10.4
10
9.0
8
5.3
6
4
3.8
3.9
2.7
2
0
Provincial
Center
Shibar
Saighan
Kahmard
44
Yakawlang
Panjab
Waras
Figure 21b
Percent Distribution of Working Children 5-17 Years Old by District: Bamiyan,
September 2011
Shibar
4%
Provincial Center
12%
Waras
32%
Saighan
9%
Kahmard
4%
Yakawlang
16%
Panjab
23%
In terms of the distribution of the working children in Bamiyan Province, by district (Figure 21b),
Waras had the largest percentage share, with its working children making up 32 percent of the total
number of working children in the entire province, followed by Panjab (23 precent), and Yakawlang
(16 percent). Working children in Provincial Center, the largest population, accounted for 12 percent
of the total working children in entire Bamiyan Province.
Children who were not attending school were more likely to work than those attending school.
Among children 5 to 17 years of age who were not attending school at the time of survey, about 11
percent worked at anytime during the 12 months prior to survey. By comparison, among those who
were attending school, about 4 percent worked during the reference period. Among the boys 5 to17
years old who were not attending school, those who worked during the reference year made up 18
percent, while among boys who were attending school, those who worked comprised 5 percent. The
corresponding percentages for the girls were 6 percent and 2 percent, respectively (Figure 22).
45
Percent
30
Figure 22
Percentage of Children 5-17 Years Old who Worked in the 12 Months Prior
to Survey by Sex and School Attendance: Bamiyan, September 2011
Total
25
Attending School
20
Not Attending School
17.9
15
11.4
10
9.8
6.9
3.5
5
6.0
4.6
3.9
1.9
0
Both Sexes
Male
Female
Among children aged 13-17 years who were not attending school, 27 percent worked during the
reference year, while only 6 percent of those who were attending school did so (Figure 23). Among
children aged 10-12 years who were not attending school, 16 percent worked during the reference
year, while 3 percent did so among those who were attending school. Among very young children 59 years of age who were not attending school, 3 percent were reported to have some work during
the reference year, and 1.0 percent among those who were attending school.
Figure 23
Percentage of Children 5-17 Years Old who Worked in the 12 Months Prior to
Survey, by Age Group and School Attendance: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percent
30
27.3
Total
25
Attending School
Not Attending School
20
15.7
15
10
6.4
6.3
5
2.0
1.1
14.1
2.7
2.5
0
5-9
10-12
Age Group
46
13 -17
The majority of working children in Bamiyan were agricultural, forestry and fishery workers (Figure
24). For the whole Bamiyan province, this type of workers comprised 58 percent of all working
children aged 5 to 17 years. Among male working children, this type of workers made up 63
percent, while among female working children, 43 percent. Services and sales workers were the
next largest group of working children, comprising 17 percent of the total working children 5 to 17
years of age. Among working boys, services and sales workers comprised 17 percent, while among
working girls, the proportion was slightly higher at 18 percent. Children engaged in elementary
occupations such as cleaners, helpers, and laborers (11 percent for both sexes; 9 percent among
working boys; 15 percent among working girls) and in craft and related works such as construction,
handicraft, and food processing workers (5 percent for both sexes; 4 percent among working boys; 9
percent among working girls) also constituted a large group of working children in Bamiyan.
Non-agricultural works were commonly reported for working girls in Saighan and Kahmard. In
Saighan, seven in ten working girls were engaged in elementary occupations, while one in three (35
percent) working girls in Kahmard was a craft or related trade worker (Table 18).
Figure 24
Percentage Distribution of Working Children 5-17 Years Old by Sex and
Occupation: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percent
70
60
Agricultural, forestry and fishery workers
Service and sales workers
Elementary occupation
Craft and related trade workers
Others
63.3
57.6
50
42.6
40
30
20
17.0
10.7
10
17.6
16.7
15.3
9.0
5.4
8.5
4.2
4.1
3.0
0
Both Sexes
Male
47
Female
7.2
Table 18
Percentage Distribution of Working Children Aged 5 to 17 Years, by Main Occupation, Sex and District: Bamiyan, September
2011
Main Occupation
Bamiyan
Total
Working children 5-17
years (Number, in 00)
Boys
Provincial Center
Girls
Total
Boys
Shibar
Girls
Total
Boys
Saighan
Girls
Total
Boys
Girls
99
72
27
12
10
3
4
3
1
9
4
4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
57.6
63.3
42.6
45.9
49.8
32.1
55.1
57.6
48.5
44.7
74.9
13.6
17.0
16.7
17.6
14.4
15.5
10.5
17.9
21.8
7.8
2.2
2.2
2.3
10.7
9.0
15.3
9.0
10.2
5.1
2.7
3.0
1.9
41.6
13.9
70.0
5.4
4.2
8.5
13.3
13.2
13.4
10.2
6.3
20.4
5.3
4.4
6.1
Others
4.1
3.0
7.2
12.4
7.8
28.5
10.7
8.9
15.5
1.3
1.3
1.4
Not Reported
5.2
3.9
8.8
5.0
3.5
10.1
3.5
3.0
5.8
4.8
3.1
6.6
Total (Percent)
Agricultural, forestry
and fishery workers
Service and sales
workers
Elementary
occupation
Craft and related
trade workers
Table 18 (continued)
Percentage Distribution of Working Children Aged 5 to 17 Years, by Main Occupation, Sex and District: Bamiyan, September
2011
Main Occupation
Working children 517 years (Number, in
00)
Kahmard
Total
Boys
Yakawlang
Girls
Total
Boys
Panjab
Girls
Total
Boys
Waras
Girls
Total
Boys
4
3
1
16
14
2
23
16
7
31
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
48.2
54.9
19.4
63.1
67.6
31.8
55.5
58.3
49.5
65.8
69.2
57.6
6.9
7.5
3.0
2.5
2.3
4.0
25.6
25.7
25.3
24.2
23.3
26.3
7.5
7.8
6.0
17.2
18.3
9.0
6.8
6.9
6.7
3.5
4.0
2.2
19.7
16.0
35.8
2.1
1.7
5.0
4.2
2.3
8.4
2.7
1.4
5.8
Others
9.4
8.2
14.9
1.5
1.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
6.3
1.7
1.2
3.1
Not Reported
8.0
5.5
19.4
13.7
9.2
45.3
3.7
3.6
4.0
2.1
1.0
4.9
Total (Percent)
Agricultural, forestry
and fishery workers
Service and sales
workers
Elementary
occupation
Craft and related
trade workers
48
22
Girls
9
7.6 FUNCTIONAL DIFFICULTY
The 2011 Bamiyan SDES asked questions that seek to determine whether a person had difficulty in
any of the following: seeing, hearing, walking, remembering, communicating, and self-caring. These
questions were asked for sample household members aged 5 years and older.
Some 17 thousand inhabitants of Bamiyan aged 5 years and older at the time of the survey, making
up 5.3 percent of the population in this age group, had functional difficulty in at least one of the
following: seeing, hearing, walking, remembering, communicating, and self-caring. In all districts,
the percentage with functional difficulty was higher among males than among females. In entire
Bamiyan province, the percentage with functional difficulty among the male population 5 years old
and above was 5.8 percent, while among the female population in the same age group, it was 4.7
percent (Figure 25).
Among districts, Waras had the highest proportion of the population 5 years old and above with
functional difficulty (9 percent). The proportion among its male population 5 years old and above
with a functional difficulty was 9.7 percent, while it was 8.3 percent among its female population of
the same age group. By contrast, Kahmard had the lowest proportion of the population with
functional difficulty with only around 1.1 percent of its male and female population aged 5 years or
older having functional difficulty.
Box 2: Functional difficulty
The 2011 SDES defines a person with functional difficulty as one with
difficulty in functioning or one who may have activity limitations which
may range from a slight to a severe deviation in terms of quality or
quantity in executing the activity in a manner or to the extent that is
expected of people without the health condition. This condition can be
due to an illness or any health problem that may be physical, mental of
emotional, or a health condition such as pregnancy, ageing, stress or
congenital anomaly. Difficulty is usually manifested when a person is
doing an activity with increased effort, discomfort or pain, slowness, or
changes in the way he/she does the activity.
Source: Disability Statistics Training Manual, WHO and UNESCAP 2005
49
Figure 25
Percentage of the Population 5 Years and Older With Functional Difficulty, by
Sex and District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percent
9.7
10
9
Both Sexes
Male
Female
9.0
8
8.3
7
5.8
6
5.2
5
4
5.3
5.2
4.7
4.8
4.5
6.0
5.7
5.5
5.3
5.1
3.8
3
3.9
4.5
4.5
3.4
2.9
2
1.3
1
1.1
0.8
0
Bamiyan
Provincial
Center
Shibar
Saighan
Kahmard
Yakawlang
Panjab
Waras
As shown in Figure 26, there seems to be a positive correlation between age and functional
difficulty, that is, as the age increases the proportion of the population having a functional difficulty
increases as well. It is to be noted that having at least one type of functional difficulty was more
prevalent at ages 60 years and above than at younger ages. For the whole Bamiyan province, 31.0
percent of the population aged 60 years or older had a functional difficulty, with the proportion
among the males (31.9 percent) higher than among females (29.4 percent). In most age groups, the
proportion with functional difficulty tended to be higher among males than among females, except
for the age groups 50-54, and 55-59 which showed the opposite pattern.
50
Figure 26
Percentage of the Population 5 Years and Older With Functional Difficulty, by
Sex and Age Group: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percent
35
Both Sexes
Male
31.9
Female
30
25
20
16.0
14.8
15
10.2
10
8.1
6.2
4.5
5
2.0
1.6
2.1
2.5
2.9
0
5-9
10 - 14
15 - 19
20 - 24
25 - 29
30 - 34
35 - 39
40 - 44
45 - 49
50 - 54
55 - 59
60 and Over
The proportion of persons with functional difficulty in Bamiyan Province was higher among the
population without any grade or level completed (7 percent) than among those who had attended at
least primary level of education. Among the male population aged 5 years and older with no
schooling, 8.9 percent had functional difficulty, while among their female counterparts, the
corresponding proportion was 6.0 percent. Among males who had completed any grade or had
attained any level of education, the proportion with functional difficulty ranged narrowly from 1.6
percent for males who had attained primary level of education to 2.0 percent for males who reached
or completed high school or higher level of education. Among females, the corresponding
proportion ranged from 1.1 for those who had reached or completed secondary level to 1.4 percent
for those who had at least some high school education (Figure 27).
51
Figure 27
Percentage of the Population 5 Years and Older With Functional Difficulty, by
Percent
Highest Grade/Level Completed and Sex: Bamiyan, September 2011
10
8.9
9
8
Both Sexes
7.4
Male
Female
7
6
6.0
5.8
5.3
4.7
5
4
3
1.5 1.6 1.3
2
1.5
1.8 2.0
1.8
1.1
1.4
1
0
Total
No Schooling
Primary
Secondary
High School or
higher
There was a higher proportion of persons with functional difficulty among those with work than
among those with no work in Bamiyan Province. This was also the general pattern among districts.
At the province level, persons with functional difficulty among those with work comprised 6.3
percent (Figure 28). By comparison, among those with no work, those with functional difficulty
made up 4.9 percent. At the district level, the proportion with functional difficulty among those with
work ranged from 1.0 percent for Kahmard to 10.0 percent for Waras. Aside from Waras, Shibar and
Yakawlang had proportions higher than the provincial figure at 7.7 percent and 6.6 percent,
respectively. Again, Waras had the highest proportion of persons with functional difficulty among
those with no work, at 8.6 percent, followed by Saighan (5.3 percent). Kahmard had the lowest
proportion at 1.1 percent.
Figure 29 shows the population aged 5 years and older with functional difficulty, by type of
functional difficulty for Bamiyan and its districts. Difficulty with seeing and difficulty in walking were
generally more common than other types of functional difficulty. At the province level, 2.3 percent
of the population aged 5 years and older had difficulty with seeing, and 2.4 percent had difficulty in
walking. Those with difficulty in hearing comprised 1.9 percent, while those who had difficulty with
remembering, communicating, or self-caring each accounted for less than 1.5 percent.
52
Figure 28
Percentage of Population 5 Years and Older With Functional Difficulty, by
Presence of Work and District: Bamiyan, September 2011
12.0
10.0
10.0
7.7
8.0
8.6
With work
No work
6.6
6.3
5.7
6.0
5.3
4.9
4.9
4.8
4.4
4.1
3.6
4.0
3.3
2.0
1.0 1.1
0.0
Bamiyan
Provincial
Center
Shibar
Saighan
Kahmard
Yakawlang
Panjab
Waras
Figure 29
Percentage of the Population 5 Years and Older with Functional Difficulty,
by Type of Difficulty and District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percent
5
Seeing
Hearing
Walking
Remembering
Communicating
Self-caring
4
4.2
3.4
3
2.3
2
2.4
1.9
2.6
2.1
3.2
2.7
2.6
2.2
2.6
2.1
1.8
2.0
2.0
1.6
1.7
1.5
1.2
1.1
1
0.4
0.5
0.4
0
Bamiyan Provincial Center Shibar
Saighan
53
Kahmard
Yakawlang
Panjab
Waras
Among districts, Waras had the highest proportion of the population with any type of functional
difficulty, possibly because it had the least access to health facilities due to its very rough terrain. In
this district, the population aged 5 years and older who had difficulty with walking made up 4.2
percent, while those who had difficulty with seeing, 3.4 percent, and difficulty with hearing, 3.2
percent.
The type of functional difficulty would vary by age of the population. Among Bamiyan children 5 to 9
years old, as to be expected, difficulty in self-caring was more commonly reported than any other
type of functional difficulty. For these children, as for the other types of difficulty, the proportion
having difficulty with self-caring reported in the survey was less than 1.0 percent (Figure 30a).
Difficulty in walking was most commonly reported among the population in the ages 30 to 49 years,
followed by difficulty in seeing. Of the Bamiyan population who were in the age group 30-39 years,
2.1 percent had difficulty in walking, while among those in the age group 40-49 years, 4.1 percent
had such difficulty. Among the elderly, difficulty in seeing was the most common followed by
difficulty in walking and hearing. Of the population aged 60 years and older in Bamiyan province,
19.3 percent had difficulty with their sight, 16.3 percent with walking, 14.9 percent with hearing, and
6.8 percent with remembering.
For Waras, the proportion with any type of functional difficulty was significantly higher than at the
province level, for all age groups. For instance among the population aged 60 years and older in
Waras at the time of the survey, persons who had difficulty with their walking comprised 24.0
percent (Figure 30b). This is higher than the figure at the province level which was 16.3 percent
(Figure 30a).
Difficulty in walking was the most commonly reported type of functional difficulty in Waras in most
age groups, followed by difficulty with seeing, except for children 5 to 9 years old wherein difficulty
with self-caring was the most common (1.6 percent). Among the elderly, those with difficulty with
their walking made up 24.0 percent, while those having difficulty seeing, or hearing comprised 23.8
percent and 22.0 percent, respectively.
54
Figure 30a
Percentage of the Population 5 Years and Older with Functional Difficulty,
by Type of Difficulty and Age Group: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percent
20
Seeing
Hearing
Walking
Remembering
Communicating
Self-caring
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
5-9
10-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60 +
Figure 30b
Percentage of the Population 5 Years and Older with Functional Difficulty,
by Type of Difficulty and Age Group: Waras, September 2011
Percent
25
20
Seeing
Hearing
Walking
Remembering
Communicating
Self-caring
15
10
5
0
5-9
10-19
20-29
30-39
55
40-49
50-59
60 +
7.7 FERTILITY
Fertility of women in a population refers to their actual birth performance. Fertility normally relates
to live births. The 2011 Bamiyan SDES included questions designed to gather data on the fertility of
women in Bamiyan. Specifically the data collected pertain to the number of children ever born alive
to each ever-married woman in sample households and the number of live births born in the 12
months prior to survey by each ever married woman below 50 years old.
Table 19 and Figure 31 show the percentage distribution of Bamiyan ever-married women aged 15
to 49 years by number of children ever born alive. Table 19 also presents the data on children ever
born by currently married women. The number of children ever born to a woman is a measure of
her lifetime fertility experience up to the time of the survey. The term children ever born or CEB
refers to children born alive, excluding stillbirths and other foetal deaths.
At the time of the survey, there were about 55,000 ever-married women in Bamiyan. Of this
number, 16.8 percent did not have any children. As to be expected, the percentage of ever-married
women without children was highest in the age group 15-19 with those childless comprising more
than half (57.4 percent) of all ever-married women in this age group. Those with one child made up
22.5 percent while those with two children, 11.3 percent.
Among ever-married women in the age group 20-24, those without children comprised 29.1 percent.
Among women in the age group 25-29, the corresponding figure was 14.5 percent. The percentage
of ever-married women who were childless among older age groups may indicate the level of
infertility of Bamiyan women of reproductive age. Among ever-married women in the age group 4044, the childless accounted for 9.2 percent, while among women in the age group 45-49, 7.5
percent. These figures are high yet at the other extreme those who had 10 or more children
comprised 13.6 percent and 18.0 percent among ever-married women in the age groups 40-44 and
45-49, respectively.
Table 19 shows that the percentage distribution by CEB of currently married women of Bamiyan is
similar to that for its ever-married women because the widowed and the divorced or separated
comprised a very small percentage of the ever-married women, especially among ever-married
women younger than 40 years. It is important to note that in each of the age groups 35-39, 40-44
and 45-49, four in five married women had four or more CEB. These are high- mortality risk women.
They would be exposed to an elevated risk of mortality in their next birth delivery. Also, their child
would have a high mortality risk.
56
TABLE 19
Percent Distribution of Ever-Married Women and Currently Married Women Aged 15-49 Years,
by Number of Children Ever Born and Age of Women : Bamiyan, September 2011
Number of Children Ever Born Alive
Age Group
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10+
Total
Number of
Women
(000)
EVER-MARRIED WOMEN
Total
16.8
8.5
10.7
10.9
11.2
10.2
9.7
7.3
6.0
3.5
5.2
100.0
55
15 - 19
57.4
22.5
11.3
4.2
4.6
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
3
20 - 24
29.1
21.9
22.2
14.1
6.5
3.0
1.5
0.8
0.3
0.2
0.4
100.0
10
25 - 29
14.5
8.5
15.9
19.4
18.1
11.2
6.6
3.1
1.4
0.8
0.6
100.0
11
30 - 34
10.2
3.7
7.5
12.0
15.4
16.3
14.8
8.9
6.0
2.7
2.6
100.0
9
35 - 39
8.4
1.9
3.6
6.3
10.7
13.7
16.7
14.1
11.2
6.7
6.9
100.0
9
40 - 44
9.2
1.8
4.0
4.9
8.1
11.5
13.9
12.9
12.8
7.5
13.6
100.0
7
45 - 49
7.5
2.0
3.7
5.0
7.7
10.1
12.4
12.0
13.0
8.7
18.0
100.0
5
53
CURRENTLY MARRIED WOMEN
Total
16.5
8.6
10.8
11.0
11.3
10.2
9.7
7.3
6.0
3.4
5.1
100.0
15 - 19
57.3
22.7
20 - 24
28.6
22.1
11.4
4.2
4.3
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
3
22.4
14.2
6.5
3.0
1.5
0.8
0.3
0.2
0.4
100.0
10
25 - 29
14.2
8.4
16.1
19.5
18.2
11.2
6.6
3.1
1.4
0.8
0.6
100.0
11
30 - 34
9.8
3.6
7.5
12.1
15.5
16.5
14.9
9.0
6.0
2.7
2.6
100.0
9
35 - 39
7.9
1.8
3.4
6.1
10.7
13.8
16.9
14.4
11.3
6.8
7.0
100.0
9
40 - 44
8.0
1.7
3.8
4.4
7.9
11.6
14.4
13.4
13.3
7.5
14.0
100.0
6
45 - 49
6.5
2.1
3.0
4.8
7.7
10.2
12.1
12.1
13.7
9.0
18.8
100.0
5
Appendix Table 3 presents the distribution of ever-married women by CEB for the districts of
Bamiyan. Among the districts, Kahmard and Shibar had the lowest percentage of high-parity evermarried women. Among ever-married women 40-44 years, the percentage with eight or more CEB
was 15.5 percent for Kahmard and 18.1 percent for Shibar. The corresponding percentage for
Yakawlang was the highest among districts, at 45.6 percent. Panjab and the Provincial Center had
the next highest each with 37 percent of married women having eight or more CEB.
57
Percent
FIGURE 31
Percent Distribution of Ever-Married Women, by Number of Children Ever
Born and Age of Women: Bamiyan, September 2011
60 57.4
50
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8+
39.6
40
33.8
29.1
30
24.8
20
14.5
10.2
11.2
0.9
9.2
8.4
10
7.5
2.8
0
15 - 19
20 - 24
25 - 29
30 - 34
35 - 39
40 - 44
45 - 49
Age of Women
The fertility of Bamiyan women is high. Table 20 shows that, on the average, Bamiyan women who
were in their early twenties have given birth to about two children, while those in their late thirties,
5.6 children. Women in their late forties have given birth to 6.5 children, on the average.
Women aged 45-49 represent the women with completed fertility. The mean CEB for age group 4549 can be used to compare the fertility of two or more populations. Women in Yakawlang and
Panjab had the highest fertility. Ever-married women aged 45 to 49 years in these districts have
given birth to seven children, on the average. Kahmard had the lowest fertility as suggested by the
mean CEB of its ever-married women aged 45 to 49 years, which is 4.8 children. However, this
number is to be interpreted with caution because this is lower than the mean CEB for women 35-39
in Kahmard, which is 5.0. The figures for Kahmard reflect the common error in the data on CEB
which is the omission of children who have left home, or children who have died, especially those
born long ago and died at a very young age. This error tends to be more evident in the data for older
women, that is, women aged 40 years and above. In the 2011 Bamiyan SDES, ever-married women
in sample households were asked for the number of children who were born alive but later died.
Hence, there could be minimal omission of such children. However, a question pertaining to children
who are living elsewhere was not asked in the survey.
58
TABLE 20
Mean Number of Children Ever Born Among Ever-Married Women 15-49, by Age of Women and District:
Bamiyan, September 2011
Age Group
Total
Bamiyan
Provincial
Center
Shibar
Saighan
Kahmard
Yakawlang
Panjab
Waras
4.0
4.0
3.5
4.0
3.5
4.3
4.3
4.1
15 - 19
0.8
0.8
0.6
1.0
0.7
0.8
0.6
0.7
20 - 24
1.7
1.8
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.9
1.6
1.6
25 - 29
3.1
3.1
2.6
3.0
3.0
3.5
3.1
3.0
30 - 34
4.5
4.6
3.8
4.0
3.9
4.9
4.6
4.6
35 - 39
5.6
5.6
5.2
5.1
5.0
6.0
5.8
5.7
40 - 44
6.1
6.2
5.3
5.8
4.8
6.7
6.2
6.2
45 - 49
6.5
6.4
5.3
5.8
4.8
7.2
7.1
6.8
Using the data on CEB and live births in the 12 months prior to the survey by five-year age group of
women, and number of women, regardless of marital status, by five-year age group, age-specific
fertility rates and total fertility rate (TFR) were estimated indirectly using the Brass PF Ratio Method.
The method involves the calculation of average parities or mean children ever born (mean CEB) by
age group of women of reproductive age, and the estimation of period measure of fertility. The
latter is derived by calculating age-specific fertility rates and cumulating these rates from age 15 to
age 49, taking into account the width of the age interval, which is 5. The resulting fertility measure
represents the average number of children that would have been borne by women experiencing the
current age-specific fertility rates. The mean CEB is a measure of fertility level only. It does not
convey any information on the timing of the births or age pattern of fertility. The age pattern of
fertility from data on current fertility, that is, live births in the 12 months prior to survey is adjusted
by the level of fertility implied by the average parity of women in age groups 20-24, 25-29, and 3034. The use of CEB data for these age groups is recommended as the error of under-reporting of CEB
among younger women tends to be smaller compared to that for older women. Appendix Table 4
illustrates the estimation of the total fertility rate (TFR) for Bamiyan using the fertility data for the
province and following the procedure discussed in detail in the UN Manual X (United Nations, 1983,
pp.32-37).
Two sets of TFR estimates were calculated, and these are presented in Table 21 as low and high
estimates. For the high TFR estimates, the weighted average of the P/F ratios for age groups 20-24,
25-29 and 30-34 were used to adjust the observed current fertility to the fertility level implied by the
reported CEB of women in these three age groups. The weights used were the number of women in
those three age groups. The weighted average of the P/F ratios for these age groups was adopted
since these P/F ratios are not similar. Either one of the ratios for age groups 20-24 or 25-29 could
have been chosen if the ratios for these two age groups were similar.
For the low TFR estimates, the weighted average of the P/F ratios for age groups 25-29 and 30-34
was used as adjustment factor since fertility in Bamiyan appears to have been steady in the past
decade as reflected in the percentage distribution of ever-married women by CEB for age groups 2529 and 30-34 shown in Figure 32a and Appendix Table 4. Also, the P/F ratios for age group 30-34 for
Bamiyan and its districts do not differ significantly from the ratios for age group 25-29, implying that
59
under-reporting of CEB in the survey by the two age groups could be of a similar degree. The P/F
ratio for age group 15-19 was disregarded. An estimate of F(1) is usually not stable because only very
few women 15-19 years of age had a live birth in the 12 months prior to the survey.
Estimates of age-specific fertility rates (ASFR), total fertility rate (TFR), general fertility rate (GFR) for
women 15-49 years, and crude birth rate (CBR) for Bamiyan and each district are presented in Table
21. Estimates of GFR for women 15-44 years are also shown in this table.
The TFR for Bamiyan is estimated at 7.8 children per woman under the low series and at 8.1 children
under the high series. The TFR may be viewed as representing the completed fertility of a synthetic
cohort of women. For example, the TFR of 7.8 for Bamiyan may be interpreted to mean that a cohort
of 1000 women would have 7,800 children in their lifetime, on the average, assuming that they bear
children at the fertility rates prevailing in Bamiyan in 2011 and none of the women die before
reaching the end of the childbearing period.
The estimated GFR for Bamiyan women 15-49 years ranges from 220 to 227 live births per 1000
women aged 15-49 years, while CBR ranges from 48 to 50 live births per 1000 population. All these
fertility indicators imply a very high level of fertility. For Bamiyan and each district, the total
population reported in the survey was used as denominator to estimate CBR.
Estimates of the TFR as well as GFR and CBR at the district level may be interpreted with caution
especially for small districts. The level of precision of ASFR estimates is greatly diminished if these
are based on small numbers of live births. The TFR estimates and other fertility indicators presented
in Table 21 depict very high fertility levels in all districts. Panjab had the highest fertility with the
estimated TFR ranging from 9.3 to 9.7.
Figure 32a and Figure 32b describes the age pattern of fertility of women in Bamiyan province and
its districts. In general, Bamiyan women aged 25 to 29 years had the highest fertility than women in
other age groups. Among districts, this pattern was apparent for Provincial Center, Saighan and
Kahmard. In the other districts, women aged 30 to 34 years had the highest fertility, except for
Shibar where women aged 35 to 39 years seemed to have the highest fertility. ASFR for Shibar and
Kahmard does not follow the usual pattern and hence, have to be interpreted with caution.
60
TABLE 21
Estimates of Age-Specific Fertility Rates, Total Fertility Rate, General Fertility Rate and Crude Birth Rate by District:
Bamiyan, September 2011
Bamiyan
Provincial
Center
Shibar
Saighan
Kahmard
Yakawlang
Panjab
Waras
Age-Group
Low
High
Low
High
Low
High
Low
High
Low
High
Low
High
Low
High
Low
High
AGE-SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATES (per 1000 women)
15 - 19
70
72
83
87
42
46
44
49
75
79
84
85
51
53
69
69
20 - 24
301
310
316
328
265
287
194
220
235
248
360
364
278
291
293
294
25 - 29
366
377
356
369
336
365
410
463
385
407
375
380
415
434
345
346
30 - 34
348
359
317
330
322
350
313
354
205
216
434
439
475
498
346
346
35 - 39
259
267
238
248
345
375
270
305
213
226
253
256
370
388
220
220
40 - 44
149
154
144
150
187
203
104
118
168
178
125
127
201
210
146
146
45 - 49
73
75
65
67
126
136
38
43
71
75
70
71
63
66
93
93
TFR
7.8
8.1
7.6
7.9
8.1
8.8
6.9
7.8
6.8
7.1
8.5
8.6
9.3
9.7
7.6
7.6
GFR (15-49)
220
227
222
230
212
231
191
216
194
206
243
246
245
257
210
210
GFR (15-44)
236
243
237
246
228
248
206
233
209
221
259
262
263
276
225
225
CBR
Notes:
47.9
49.5
48.0
49.8
45.3
49.2
39.6
44.8
39.3
41.6
53.8
54.4
53.9
56.4
47.4
47.5
Adjustment factor for high TFR estimates is K= (P2/F2)*Women20-24/(Women20-24+Women25-29 +
Women30-34) + (P3/F3)*Women25-29/(Women20-24 + Women25-29 + Women30-34) + (P4/F4)*Women3034/(Women20-24 + Women25-29 + Women30-34)
Adjustment factor for low TFR estimates is K= (P3/F3)*Women25-29/(Women25-29 + Women30-34) +
(P4/F4)*Women30-34/(Women25-29 + Women30-34)
Age-specific fertility rates are expressed per 1000 women in a specific age group
Total fertility rate (TFR) is expressed per woman 15-49
General fertility rate (GFR) is expressed per 1000 women 15-49 (or women 15-44)
Crude birth rate (CBR) is expressed per 1000 population
61
Age-Specific Fertility
Rate
(in thousands)
FIGURE 32a
Age-Specific Fertility Rates: Bamiyan, September 2011
500
450
366
400
350
348
301
300
259
250
200
149
150
100
73
70
50
0
15 - 19
20 - 24
25 - 29
30 - 34
Age of Women
35 - 39
40 - 44
45 - 49
FIGURE 32b
Age-Specific
Fertility
Rates
for
the Districts of Bamiyan, September 2011
Age-Specific Fertility
Rate
(in thousands)
500
Provincial
Center
Shibar
450
Saighan
400
Kahmard
350
300
Yakawlang
250
Panjab
200
Waras
150
100
50
0
15 - 19
20 - 24
25 - 29
30 - 34
Age of Women
62
35 - 39
40 - 44
45 - 49
7.8 MORTALITY
7.8.1 Childhood Mortality
This section presents the estimates of childhood mortality rates using data on the number of
children ever born by sex and by age group of mother, the number of children who are no longer
alive by sex and by age group of mother and the number of women, irrespective of marital status, by
age group collected in the 2011 Bamiyan SDES. These childhood mortality rates were estimated
using the Trussell’s Method which is a variant of the original Brass Method. The estimation
procedure involves the calculation of proportions of children who are dead among the children ever
born to women of reproductive ages classified by five-year age group, and the conversion of these
proportions into estimates of probabilities of dying, q(x), before attaining certain exact childhood
ages, x. The method assumes that fertility patterns remain constant. It also assumes that childhood
mortality has remained constant in the recent past. The assumption on mortality can be relaxed. A
smooth change in mortality can be assumed. The method can generate estimates of the period to
which the mortality estimates refer. These can be used to ascertain if there has been a change in
childhood mortality.
For this report, child mortality estimates for each sex were estimated separately. Hence, an
examination of the quality of data on children ever born by sex is important. One way of ascertaining
the quality of these data is by examining the sex ratios of the CEB by age group of the mother for any
suspicious irregularity. Normally, the sex ratio at birth is around 1.05 (or 1.06) males per female. Sex
ratios of CEB higher than 1.07 suggest an omission of females while sex ratios lower than 1.02 may
indicate omission of males. Sex ratios outside this normal range (that is, 1.02 to 1.07) can also be
due to misreporting of the sex of the reported children in the survey, or possibly due to sex-selective
abortion.
Sex ratios of children ever born (CEB) by age of mother for Bamiyan are presented in Table 22. There
is a general pattern of an increasing sex ratio of CEB with the age of women. The sex ratios of CEB
are generally higher for women 35 to 49 years, than for younger women, implying an underreporting of female children by women 35 to 49 years. In contrast, a sex ratio of CEB lower than
100.0 was apparent for women 15-19 years, implying an omission of male children in their reported
CEB. It may also be due to the relatively small number of CEB reported by the youngest age group of
women. The estimates of childhood mortality by sex presented in Table 24 and Appendix Table 6
may have to be interpreted cautiously. The unusual values of the sex ratios of CEB, especially those
reported by women aged 35 to 49 years may indicate omission of children which can possibly consist
disproportionately of dead children.
63
TABLE 22
Women Aged 15 to 49 Years, Children Ever Born and Children Who Are Dead by Sex, and Sex Ratio of Children Ever
Born, by Age of Mother: Bamiyan, September 2011
Total (00)
Male children (00)
Female children (00)
Women 15
Sex Ratio
Age of
to 49 Years
of Children
Women
Ever Born
Dead
Ever Born
Dead
Ever Born
Dead
(00)
Ever Born
Total
802
2,231
288
1,165
154
1,066
134
109.3
15 - 19
218
26
5
13
2
13
2
99.5
20 - 24
154
176
18
89
10
87
8
101.6
25 - 29
123
352
37
181
19
171
17
105.9
30 - 34
93
405
48
210
25
195
23
107.7
35 - 39
90
500
61
262
33
238
28
110.2
40 - 44
71
430
64
229
36
201
29
113.7
45 - 49
53
341
54
181
28
160
26
113.0
The average parities by sex of the child and by age of mother in Appendix Table 5 show some
indications of omission of children for older women. One of such indications is that the increase in
average parity is more gradual at ages 40 years and above compared to the increase at younger
ages. Unless there has been an increase in fertility recently among younger women, the trend would
be that of a rapidly increasing average parity with age of women. The data suggest that omission of
children increases with age of women.
TABLE 23
Proportions of Children Who Are Dead, by Sex of Children and Age of Mother: Bamiyan, September 2011
Age of Mother
Index, i
Both Sexes
Male
Female
15 - 19
1
0.179
0.179
0.179
20 - 24
2
0.104
0.115
0.094
25 - 29
3
0.105
0.107
0.102
30 - 34
4
0.119
0.121
0.117
35 - 39
5
0.122
0.126
0.117
40 - 44
6
0.150
0.156
0.144
45 - 49
7
0.160
0.158
0.162
64
Table 23 presents the proportions of children who are dead by sex of children and by age of mother.
The proportion of children who are dead increases consistently with age of mother, for women aged
above 25 years. For age groups 20-24 and 25-29, the proportions vary. By comparison, the
proportions of children dead for women 15 to 19 years are higher than for older women, which is to
be expected because of the higher mortality risk of children born to this age group of women.
The estimates of the proportion of children who are dead shown in Table 23 indicate that mortality
in Bamiyan is very high. In Bamiyan, in 2011, the proportion dead among male children born to
women aged 15-19 was 18 percent; the same percentage was recorded for female children. Among
children born to women 45-49 years, the corresponding percentage was 16 percent, for both male
and female children.
Table 24 presents the estimates of probabilities of dying from birth to early childhood ages 1,2, 3,
and 5 calculated using the Trussell’s Method and using data on children ever born and children who
are no longer alive as reported in the 2011 Bamiyan SDES. The probability of dying between birth
and exact age 1 year is also referred to as infant mortality rate (IMR), while the probability of dying
between birth and exact age 5 is also called under-five mortality rate.
The estimate of probability of dying from birth to exact age 1 year or IMR is higher than the
estimates of the probability of dying from birth to any of the childhood ages 2, 3 and 5 years. For
the province of Bamiyan, the estimates of IMR for male and female children are the same at 209
infant deaths per 1000 live births. The estimates of the probabilities of dying between birth and
exact age 2, 3 or 5 years, although lower than the IMR, are still high at over 100 deaths per 1000 live
births.
The q(x) estimates in Table 24 are somewhat erratic. The IMR or q(1) estimates are very high and are
not consistent with the estimates of probability of dying from birth to exact age 2, 3 or 5 years, that
is, q(2), q(3) or q(5). One way of examining the consistency of the estimated probabilities of dying is
to determine the mortality level associated with each q(x) estimate. Together with the estimates of
the reference time to which the estimates of probability of dying refer to, the mortality levels
associated with the q(x) values can be used to determine if there has been a decline or rise in child
mortality and if the mortality levels are consistent for the two sexes.
TABLE 24
Estimates of Probabilities of Dying, q(x), by Sex, and Estimates of Reference Period, t(x), to Which
the Probabilities of Dying Refer: Bamiyan, September 2011
Age of
Women
15 - 19
20 - 24
25 - 29
30 - 34
Age
x
1
2
3
5
Both Sexes
Probability
Years
of dying
before
from birth
survey,
to age x,
t(x)
q(x)
0.209
0.114
0.107
0.122
0.9
2.0
3.8
5.9
Male
Probability
Years
of dying
before
from birth
survey,
to age x,
t(x)
q(x)
0.209
0.126
0.110
0.124
0.9
2.0
3.7
5.8
Female
Probability
Years
of dying
before
from birth
survey,
to age x,
t(x)
q(x)
0.209
0.102
0.104
0.119
0.9
2.0
3.8
6.0
Appendix Table 6 shows the mortality levels in the West Model Life Tables associated with the
estimated q(x) values, and the approximate reference year corresponding to each q(x) value. To
ascertain the trend of mortality, probabilities of dying from birth to exact ages 10, 15 and 20 years
based on data on CEB and children who are no longer alive reported by women in the age groups 3565
39, 40-44 and 45-49 years, respectively, and the corresponding mortality levels and estimates of
reference time are included in Appendix Table 6.
The estimate of q(1) or IMR for Bamiyan refers to about one year prior to survey yet it is very high
compared to the estimates of probabilities of dying from birth to older ages specified in the table.
The associated mortality level in the West Model Life Tables of q(1) is 8.9 for males and 7.3 for
females, much lower than the mortality levels associated with the other q(x) estimates. Estimates of
q(1) should therefore be disregarded. An alternative q(1) estimate can be estimated from the West
Model Life Tables based on the estimated mortality level associated with other childhood mortality
estimates q(3) and q(5) which appear to be fairly consistent. The estimate of q(3) refers to some 4
years prior to survey while q(5), to about 6 years prior to survey.
The inconsistency of the estimated mortality levels under the West Model associated with the q(x)
values can be due to the inherent variability of the q(x) estimates due to sample size limitation.
Nonetheless, the mortality levels corresponding to the q(x) estimates tend to show that childhood
mortality may have not changed in the decade prior to the survey.
Table 25 presents the final estimates of IMR and under-five mortality rate for Bamiyan province.
The final IMR estimates were derived by interpolation of 1q0 value in West Model Life Tables
corresponding to the mortality level consistent with q(5) indirectly estimated using the Trussell’s
Method. IMR estimates for both sexes were derived by getting the average of the estimates for
males and females weighted by the sex ratio at birth. For the final estimates of IMR and under-five
mortality rate, there was no adjustment made for the possible omission of more girls than boys in
the reported CEB since the sex ratio of the CEB reported by women aged 30 to 34 is within the
acceptable range.
The reference period for the IMR estimate is the same as the reference period for the q(5) estimate
or under-five mortality rate since the IMR was derived based on the mortality level for q(5). The
estimates of the reference period t(x) are shown in Table 24. For Bamiyan, the estimated reference
period for the estimate of under-five mortality rate is some 6 years prior to the survey, that is, 5.9
years prior to survey for both sexes, 5.8 years for boys, and 6.0 years for girls.
The infant mortality rate in Bamiyan around August of 2005, that is, about 6 years prior to the 2011
Bamiyan SDES, was estimated at 86 infant deaths per 1000 live births for both sexes. By sex, the
mortality rate of male infants was higher than of female infants at 90 male infant deaths per 1000
male live births compared to 82 female infant deaths per 1000 female live births. These estimates
are lower than the IMR estimates for Afghanistan with April 2004 as reference period (111 for both
sexes, 119 for boys and 102 for girls).
The under-five mortality rate for Bamiyan, also with August 2005 as reference period, was estimated
at 122 deaths at ages below 5 years per 1000 live births for both sexes, 124 for boys and 119 for
girls. The corresponding estimates for Afghanistan around April 2004 were 161 for both sexes, 169
for boys and 153 for girls.
66
TABLE 25
Final Estimates of Infant Mortality Rate and Under-Five Mortality Rate, by Sex:
Bamiyan, September 2011
Both Sexes
Male
Female
Infant Mortality
Rate
Under-five
Mortality Rate
Infant
Mortality
Rate
Under-five
Mortality
Rate
Infant
Mortality
Rate
Under-five
Mortality Rate
86
122
90
124
82
119
Notes:
Infant mortality rate refers to infant deaths per 1000 live births. In this table, IMR estimates were derived
by interpolation of 1q0 value in West Model Life Tables corresponding to the mortality level consistent
with q(5) estimated using Trussell Method. IMR estimates for both sexes were derived by getting the
average of the estimates for males and females weighted by sex ratio at birth.
Under-five mortality rate refers to deaths to children below 5 years of age per 1000 live births.
7.8.2 Maternal Mortality
WHO defines maternal death as “the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of
termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause
related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental
causes.” In countries with incomplete civil registration system or where information about causes of
death are not available, population-based surveys would include questions that are based on an
alternative definition, that is, death during pregnancy, childbirth or within 42 days of termination of
pregnancy, regardless of whether the death is due to accidental or incidental causes or not. The
2011 Bamiyan SDES included questions designed to identify pregnancy-related deaths.
Table 26 presents estimates for Bamiyan in year 2011 of the proportion of pregnancy-related
deaths among deaths of women of reproductive age, by age at death. The estimated proportions of
pregnancy-related deaths are high. The proportion of pregnancy-related deaths among all female
deaths of reproductive age in the 2 years prior to the survey was 31 percent. The proportion of
pregnancy-related deaths was highest among female deaths at ages 20 to 24 years, at 56 percent,
and lowest among female deaths at ages 15 to 19 years, at 6 percent. The estimate of WHO,
UNICEF, UNFPA and the World Bank for Afghanistan for year 2010 was 27.5 percent. For the
same year, the estimate for the Islamic Republic of Iran was 1.3 percent (WHO, UNICEF,
UNFPA, World Bank: 2012).
67
TABLE 26
Deaths Among Females of Reproductive Age and Pregnancy-Related Deaths During 24 Months
Prior to Survey, and Proportion of Pregnancy-Related Deaths Among Female Deaths of
Reproductive Age: Bamiyan, 2011
Proportion of pregnancyAge of Women
Female Deaths in
Pregnancy Related
related deaths among
at Death
the 24 Months Prior
Deaths in the 24
deaths of women of
to Survey
Months Prior to Survey
reproductive age
col. 1
col.2
col. 3
col. 4=col.3/col.2
Total
405
126
0.311
15 - 19
35
2
0.057
20 - 24
64
36
0.563
25 - 29
33
10
0.303
30 - 34
65
28
0.431
35 - 39
51
20
0.392
40 - 44
100
24
0.240
45 - 49
57
6
0.105
Figure 33 compares the proportion of pregnancy-related deaths by age of women at death and the
distribution of all births by age of women. If the risks of pregnancy-related deaths do not vary by
age, the two age patterns should be similar. Figure 33 suggests an elevated risk for age group 20-24.
It is also possible that there was a mis-reporting of ages which resulted in an overstatement of the
proportion of pregnancy-related deaths at age group 20-24 and understatement at age group 25-29,
and possibly age group 15-19.
Figure 33
Distribution of Births by Age of Women and Proportion of Pregnancy-Related
Proportion of births/
Deaths Among Deaths of Women of Reproductive Age by Age at Death:
pregnancy-related
Bamiyan, September 2011
deaths
0.8
Distribution of births by age of women
0.7
Proportion of pregnancy-related deaths among
deaths of women of reproductive age
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
15 - 19
20 - 24
25 - 29
30 - 34
35 - 39
Age at Time of Survey/ Age at Death
68
40 - 44
45 - 49
Figure 34 will further show that pregnancy-related deaths for age groups 15-19 and 25-29 were
under-reported, possibly due to either omission of deaths that truly belong to these age groups or
misreporting of age at death as falling in the age range 20 to 24 years when it should be either in the
age range 25 to 29 years or 15 to 19 years. Pregnancy-related deaths should approximately follow
the age pattern of fertility. Figure 34 does not show this pattern, although at ages above 40 years,
the pattern is plausible because maternal mortality risk is widely observed to be high at these ages.
Percent
Figure 34
Distribution of Births by Age of Women, and Distribution of PregnancyRelated Deaths by Age at Death: Bamiyan, September 2011
50
45
Distribution of births by age of women
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
15 - 19
20 - 24
25 - 29
30 - 34
35 - 39
40 - 44
45 - 49
Age at Time of Survey/ Age at Death
Table 27 presents estimates of maternal mortality rate (MMRate) and maternal mortality ratio
(MMR) for Bamiyan in 2011. The impact of misclassification of age at death on the estimates of
maternal mortality ratio is assumed to be minimal since the calculation used the total number of
pregnancy–related deaths. Maternal mortality ratio was estimated following this formula:
MMR = MMRate / GFR
where GFR refers to general fertility rate
The GFR was derived using age-specific fertility rates estimated indirectly using the Trussell Method.
69
Maternal mortality in Bamiyan is high. The maternal mortality ratio for the province is estimated at
346 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births, while the maternal mortality rate is estimated at 79
maternal deaths per 100,000 women aged 15 to 49 years. The MMR estimate of the WHO, UNICEF,
UNFPA and the World Bank for Afghanistan for year 2010 is 460 maternal deaths per 100,000 live
births, with the lower estimate and upper estimate placed at 250 and 850, respectively (WHO,
UNICEF, UNFPA, and World Bank: 2012).
TABLE 27
Estimates of Maternal Mortality Rate and Maternal Mortality Ratio for Bamiyan; September 2011
Maternal Mortality Rate
General Fertility Rate
Maternal Mortality Ratio
col. 1
col. 2
col. 3 = col.1/col.2*1000
(live births per 1,000
women 15-49)
(maternal deaths per 100,000
live births)
227
346
(maternal deaths per 100,000
women 15-49)
79
70
7.9 HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS
7.9.1 Size of Households
Bamiyan households are large. For every ten households in this province, seven had 6 to 9 members
and two had 10 or more members (Table 28). Those with 2 to 5 members accounted for only 29.2
percent, while one-person households comprised 0.4 percent. The average household size of
Bamiyan Province at the time of the survey was 7.4 persons per household. The average household
size of the districts varied narrowly from 7.0 for Shibar to 8.2 for Saighan. In Saighan, almost three in
ten households had 10 or more members. Apart from Saighan, three other districts had an average
household size that was larger than the provincial average (7.4), namely, Kahmard (7.8), Panjab (7.9)
and Waras (7.6).
TABLE 28
Percentage Distribution of Households by Size and Average Household Size and District:
Bamiyan, September 2011
Size of
Households
Bamiyan
Provincial
Center
Shibar
Saighan
Kamhard
Yakawlang
Panjab
Waras
All Households
(000)
50
12
4
3
4
11
6
10
1 Person
0.4
0.6
0.2
0.6
0.3
0.7
0.2
0.3
2 Persons
3.5
4.9
4.7
2.4
2.6
3.7
2.2
2.7
3 Persons
5.5
6.7
5.5
3.7
5.0
6.0
4.1
4.8
4 Persons
8.9
10.5
10.1
6.9
8.8
8.6
7.4
8.1
5 Persons
11.4
13.5
11.4
8.5
11.1
11.6
10.7
9.9
6 Persons
13.3
13.6
13.3
12.4
10.9
13.5
13.0
14.1
7 Persons
13.9
13.2
13.8
13.4
12.9
14.4
13.1
15.2
8 Persons
12.6
11.8
11.1
14.1
13.6
12.7
13.3
12.8
9.7
7.8
9.5
10.1
11.0
9.8
10.8
10.8
20.8
17.3
20.2
28.0
23.6
19.2
25.1
21.3
29.2
70.3
35.8
63.6
31.8
68.0
21.5
77.9
27.5
72.2
29.8
69.5
24.5
75.3
25.5
74.3
7.4
7.1
7.0
8.2
7.8
7.2
7.9
7.6
9 Persons
10 Persons or
more
2-5 persons
6 - 9 persons
Average
Household Size
71
7.9.2 Main Source of Energy for Cooking
Animal dung was the most common source of energy for cooking in Bamiyan, with 45.5 percent of
households in this province using it as their fuel for cooking (Figure 35). Straw, shrubs or grass and
wood were also commonly used. The former was used by 26.3 percent of households in Bamiyan,
while wood, by 13.4 percent. Liquefied petroleum gas was used by only 6.4 percent of households,
and coal/lignite, by 2.1 percent. The remaining 6.0 percent used other types of fuel such as
electricity, kerosene, charcoal, and agricultural crop residue.
In Provincial Center and Shibar liquefied petroleum gas was also a popular fuel for cooking with 18.7
percent and 16.8 percent, respectively, of households using it for cooking. In Kahmard, a large
percentage of households used coal or lignite (20.0 percent) and charcoal (11.1 percent). Straw,
shrubs or grass (39.0 percent) were the most commonly used fuel for cooking in this district,
followed by wood (24.1 percent). Animal dung was used by only 2.4 percent of households in
Kahmard. In contrast, animal dung was the main source of energy for cooking for 86.5 percent of
households in Panjab and 69.0 percent of households in Waras.
Percent
Figure 35
Percentage Distribution of Households by Source of Energy for Cooking and
District: Bamiyan, September 2011
100
90
86.5
80
69.0
70
63.9
60
53.9
50 45.5
43.7
30
40.1
39.0
40
28.7
26.3
22.7
22.3
20
15.1
9.1
10
7.7
4.7
4.1
4.0
2.4
2.3
2.9
2.4
3.5
4.0
0
Bamiyan Provincial
Center
Animal Dung
Shibar
Straw / Shrubs / Grass
Wood
Saighan
Kahmard Yakawlang
Liquefied Petroleum Gas
72
Panjab
Coal / Lignite
Waras
Charcoal
Other fuel
7.9.3 Main Source of Energy for Heating
Animal dung was also an important source of energy for heating in Bamiyan Province. About seven
in every ten households in this province used it as fuel for heating (Figure 36). Coal was used by 14.0
percent of households, wood by 9.9 percent and charcoal by 5.6 percent. The other 1.4 percent of
households used other types of fuel or source of energy for heating such as electricity, diesel,
kerosene, and gas.
Animal dung was used as fuel for heating by almost all households in Yakawlang and Panjab, that is,
by 94.8 percent of households in Yakawlang and by 95.6 percent of households in Panjab. In
Kahmard, coal was the most popular source of fuel for heating with 46.6 percent of households
using it, followed by animal dung with 25.2 percent. Three in ten households in Provincial Center
also used coal as their main source of energy for heating. The most commonly used fuel for heating
in this district was also animal dung, which was used by 45.8 percent of households.
Figure 36
Percentage Distribution of Households by Source of Energy for Heating and
District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percent
100
94.8
95.6
90
80
70
76.2
69.3
69.1
60.0
60
50
46.6
45.8
40
29.7
30
20
25.2
16.7
14.0
13.2
10
3.0
0.1
0.2
Panjab
Waras
0
Bamiyan
Provincial
Center
Shibar
Animal Dung/Bushes
Saighan
Coal
Kahmard Yakawlang
Wood
73
Charcoal
Others
7.9.4 Main Source of Energy for Lighting
Solar power was the leading source of energy for lighting among households in Bamiyan Province.
Three in every five households in this province were using solar power for lighting (Figure 37).
Electricity was used by 21.0 percent of households, and kerosene lamp, by 15.1 percent. The other
2.6 percent used other sources for lighting such as gas lamp and candle. Households that did not use
any fuel for lighting made up 0.1 percent.
More than half of households in Provincial Center (66.4 percent of households), Shibar (58.0
percent), Yakawlang (55.6 percent), Panjab (77.2 percent) and Waras (86.6 percent) used solar
power for their lighting. Electricity was also the main source of energy for lighting by 37.3 percent of
households in Yakawlang and 29.6 percent of households in Shibar. By comparison, 52.2 percent of
households in Kahmard, used electricity for lighting. The hydropower derived from a huge river in
Kahmard facilitated the use of electricity for lighting for the majority of households in this district.
However, a large percentage of households (28.3 percent) in this district still used kerosene lamp,
and 11.9 percent used solar power for lighting. In contrast, 65.3 percent of households in Saighan
mainly used kerosene lamps.
Percent
100
Figure 37
Percentage Distribution of Households by Source of Energy for Lighting and
District: Bamiyan, September 2011
86.6
90
77.2
80
70
66.4
65.3
61.1
58.0
60
55.6
50
40
28.3
30
20
15.1
16.6
16.3
11.9
8.8
10
2.6
4.6
7.6
3.7
1.7
5.9
1.1
8.3
1.2
9.1
0.4
0
Bamiyan
Provincial
Center
Shibar
Saighan
Solar
Kahmard
Electricity
74
Yakawlang
Kerosene lamp
Panjab
Others
Waras
7.9.5 Main Source of Water for Drinking, Washing, Cooking and Other Uses
Unprotected spring and surface water, such as river, stream, dam, lake, pond, and canal, were
the most common sources of drinking water in Bamiyan Province, with 35 percent of households in
the province getting their drinking water from unprotected spring and 33 percent from surface
water. About 16 percent of households in this province had access to improved sources of water for
drinking, namely, piped water into dwelling, compound/yard or neighbour (0.7 percent of
households), tubewell borehole (0.4 percent), protected well (7.1 percent), and protected spring
(7.4 percent).
Among the districts, Provincial Center and Saighan had the largest proportion of households that had
access to improved drinking water sources (18.0 percent and 28.5 percent, respectively). Public taps
were main source of drinking water for 24.4 percent of households in Provincial Center, while
unprotected spring for 19.4 percent. In Saighan, protected well was the main source of drinking
water for 24.8 percent of households, while unprotected spring, for 21.1 percent of households. For
the rest of the districts, safe water sources for drinking were accessible to about 8.0 percent (for
Kahmard) to 16.0 percent (for Waras) of households. In Kahmard, about seven in ten households
(69.0 percent) obtained their water for drinking from surface water particularly river, while in Waras,
six in ten households (63.4 percent) obtained it from unprotected spring.
TABLE 29
Percentage Distribution of Households by Source of Drinking Water and District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Source of Drinking Water
Total
Piped Water
Bamiyan
Provincial
Center
Shibar
Saighan
Kahmard
Yakawlang
Panjab
Waras
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
10.3
24.8
15.0
13.5
6.8
5.3
1.0
1.9
Piped into dwelling
0.3
0.2
0.7
0.1
0.7
0.0
0.2
0.5
Piped into compound/yard
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.6
0.1
0.4
0.5
Piped to neighbour
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
Public tap
9.6
24.4
14.0
13.3
5.3
5.1
0.3
0.7
0.4
1.0
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.1
12.6
17.4
9.4
29.4
5.9
5.9
15.8
10.9
Protected well
7.1
11.1
6.7
24.8
2.5
2.6
6.8
4.1
Unprotected well
5.5
6.3
2.7
4.6
3.4
3.4
9.0
6.8
42.3
24.8
39.7
24.6
17.9
41.5
55.0
74.0
7.4
5.5
7.0
3.4
3.8
9.2
7.1
10.6
35.0
19.4
32.7
21.1
14.1
32.3
47.9
63.4
33.0
28.5
35.4
29.9
69.0
46.9
27.6
11.8
1.4
3.4
0.2
2.5
0.3
0.3
0.4
1.4
Tube well borehole
Dug well
Water from Spring
Protected spring
Unprotected spring
Surface water (river, stream,
dam, lake, pond, canal )
Other Sources
Note:
Other sources include tanker-truck, cart with small truck or drum, and bottled water.
Unprotected spring and surface water were also the main sources of water for washing, cooking and
other uses for most households in all districts of Bamiyan Province . In Kahmard, 69.1 percent of
households used surface water for the cited household uses, which is almost equal to the
percentage of its households using it for drinking.
75
TABLE 30
Percentage Distribution of Households by Source of Water for Washing, Cooking and Other Household Uses and
District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Bamiyan
Provincial
Center
100.0
100.0
100.0
8.6
20.0
Piped into dwelling
0.2
Piped into compound/yard
Source of Drinking Water
Kamhard
Yakawlang
Panjab
Waras
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
14.3
13.8
7.1
3.5
0.5
1.6
0.2
0.4
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.3
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.3
1.4
0.1
0.2
0.6
Piped to neighbour
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.1
Public tap
8.0
19.6
13.4
13.5
5.3
3.4
0.2
0.5
Tube well borehole
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.1
Dug well
9.3
10.0
8.3
29.0
5.5
3.8
11.2
9.0
Protected well
4.9
5.3
6.2
24.6
2.4
1.4
4.7
2.7
Unprotected well
4.4
4.7
2.1
4.4
3.2
2.4
6.6
6.3
39.1
20.3
39.4
23.2
17.9
37.1
47.5
73.1
6.2
3.4
7.4
3.6
3.7
7.8
5.1
10.0
32.9
16.9
32.1
19.6
14.2
29.3
42.4
63.1
41.3
46.3
37.7
31.4
69.1
54.8
40.2
14.0
1.6
3.1
0.1
2.6
0.2
0.7
0.3
2.2
Total
Piped Water
Water from Spring
Protected spring
Unprotected spring
Surface water (river, stream,
dam, lake, pond, canal)
Other Sources
Shibar
Saighan
Note:
Other sources include tanker-truck, and cart with small truck or drum.
7.9.6 Household Assets and Facilities
Wrist watch or clock was the most common item owned by members of households in Bamiyan
Province, followed by mobile phone. At least one member in 85.7 percent of households in this
province owned a watch, while mobile phone was owned by at least one member in 70.6 percent of
households. Radio was a common asset among Bamiyan households. This was found in 57.9 percent
of households. Television set was present in the homes of 25.5 percent of households. Among
districts, ownership of radio and television, as well as computer, was highest in Shibar (85 percent,
45 percent, and 17.5 percent of households, respectively). At the province level, 6.4 percent of
households owned a computer at the time of survey.
In terms of the presence of electricity at home, about one in four households (26.8 percent) in
Bamiyan Province had electricity in their homes. In Kahmard and Yakawlang, a much higher
percentage of households had electricity in their homes, that is, 60.7 percent of households in
Kahmard and 68.9 percent of households in Yakawlang.
On the ownership of a transport vehicle, 16.3 percent of Bamiyan households owned a motorcycle
or scooter, while 14.9 percent owned a bicycle. More than 20 percent of households in Provincial
76
Center (21.3 percent), Shibar (27.9 percent) and Kahmard (27.6 percent) owned a bicycle and the
rest of the districts with less than 15 percent.
Figure 38
Percentage of Households With at Least One Member Owning a Watch,
Mobile Telephone, Bicycle, Motorcycle or a Computer, by District: Bamiyan,
September 2011
Percent
100
90
95.0
89.8
87.5
86.9
83.1
85.7
79.1
80
87.2
78.1
86.3
77.6
71.6
70.6
71.5
70
62.2
58.4
60
50
40
27.9
30
27.6
21.3
20
14.9
11.9
12.6
9.1
10
5.6
0
Bamiyan
Provincial
Shibar
Saighan
Kahmard Yakawlang Panjab
Center
Watch
Mobile Telephone
Bicycle
Motorcycle/Scooter
Waras
Computer
Figure 39
Percentage of Households Owning a Radio, Television, or Having Electrity in
Their Home, by District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Percent
100
90
85.0
77.6
80
67.3
70
60
57.9
68.9
55.5
58.9
57.5
60.7
50
45.0
40.4
40
30
20
25.5
28.8
28.3
31.5
26.8
20.5
22.4
17.7
12.3
10
8.4
11.4
2.3
6.5
0
Bamiyan
Provincial
Center
Shibar
Saighan
Radio
Kahmard
Television
77
Yakawlang
Electricity
Panjab
Waras
7.10 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS
7.10.1 Construction Materials of Roofs
The majority of households (87.9 percent) in Bamiyan Province at the time of the survey were living
in houses with roofs made of wood, branches, and mixture of mud and straw. In all districts, at least
85.0 percent of households lived in houses with roof made of wood, branches, and a mixture of mud
and straw except in Shibar where a smaller proportion of households (64.0 percent) were living in
houses with wooden roof with a combination of branches, or with a mixture of mud and straw. This
is because Shibar had the largest proportion of households living in houses with roofing shingle with
a mixture of mud and straw (22.9 percent). Also, 9.2 percent of its households were in houses with
natural roofing made of thatch or palm leaf.
TABLE 31
Percentage Distribution of Households by Main Material of the Roof and District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Main material of the roof
Total
Bamiyan
Provincial
Center
Shibar
Saighan
Kahmard
Yakawlang
Panjab
Waras
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Wood Planks
50.1
48.9
40.9
79.7
69.9
25.3
60.4
58.4
Wood
37.8
36.3
23.2
10.5
22.5
62.8
32.5
35.9
Roofing Shingle
5.2
5.8
22.9
2.8
0.8
3.3
3.5
3.6
Thatch /Palm Leaf
2.7
3.4
9.2
5.0
1.8
2.9
0.3
0.4
Others
4.2
5.6
3.8
2.0
5.1
5.8
3.3
1.6
Note:
Others include palm or bamboo, cardboard, metal, cement, and sod.
78
7.10.2 Construction Materials of Outer Walls
Stone with mud was the most common material for the outer walls of houses in Bamiyan Province.
Households living in houses with walls made of such material comprised 74.5 percent of the total
households in this province. Dirt was used for the outer walls by 9.3 percent of households, bricks
and covered adobe by only 5.5 percent and 3.9 percent, respectively. At the district level, the
percentage of households living in houses with outer walls made of stone with mud ranged from
58.4 percent (for Shibar) to 89.2 percent (for Yakawlang). The proportion of households living in
houses with outer walls made of dirt varied from 3.4 percent (for Yakawlang) to 19.9 percent (for
Saighan). Compared to other districts, a higher percentage of households in the Provincial Center
and Shibar lived in houses made of finished walls. In the Provincial Center, 9.2 percent lived in
houses with outer walls made of bricks, and 10.4 percent in houses with walls made of covered
adobe. In Shibar, households living in houses with outer walls made of bricks comprised 22.6
percent.
TABLE 32
Percentage Distribution of Households by Main Material of the Outer Wall, by District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Main material of the outer
wall
Total
Bamiyan
Provincial
Center
Shibar
Saighan
Kamhard
Yakawlang
Panjab
Waras
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
74.5
62.1
58.4
75.8
65.1
89.2
79.3
80.4
Dirt
9.3
9.1
7.8
19.9
13.5
3.4
5.9
13.3
Bricks
5.5
9.2
22.6
1.2
8.8
1.8
0.2
1.7
Covered adobe
3.9
10.4
3.2
0.0
2.9
1.9
0.0
2.0
Others
6.9
9.3
8.1
3.1
9.7
3.6
14.6
2.5
Stone with mud
Note:
Others include uncovered adobe, wood with mud, cardboard, reused wood, cement, wood planks or shingles, and metal.
79
7.10.3 Floor Covering
Most households in Bamiyan Province lived in houses with floor covered with Namad/Gleem (38.6
percent of households), Moket (33.0 percent), and carpet (10.5 percent). At the district level, except
in Kahmard and Waras, households living in houses with those types of covering comprised over
80.0 percent, with Panjab having the highest percentage at 94.9 percent. In Kahmard and Waras,
households who used earth or sand for their floor made up 44.8 percent and 25.2 percent,
respectively, of the total households in these districts. For the entire Bamiyan Province such
households comprised 14.8 percent.
TABLE 33
Percentage Distribution of Households by Main Material of the Floor, by District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Main material of the
floor
Total
100.0
Provincial
Center
100.0
Namad / Gleem
38.6
21.8
49.5
61.5
8.5
51.2
58.4
36.3
Moket
33.0
54.7
20.7
18.7
19.7
26.4
30.1
29.5
Carpet
10.5
12.9
16.2
4.4
14.5
12.5
6.4
5.7
Earth / Sand
14.8
8.7
11.4
8.6
44.8
8.8
3.8
25.2
Vinyl or asphalt strip
1.6
0.9
0.2
4.8
8.8
0.3
0.7
0.7
Others
1.6
1.0
1.9
1.9
3.6
0.9
0.6
2.5
Bamiyan
Shibar
Saighan
Kahmard
Yakawlang
Panjab
Waras
100.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Note:
Others include wood planks, palm or bamboo, parquet, cement, and ceramic tiles.
7.10.4 Ownership of the Dwelling
Eighty-seven percent of households in Bamiyan Province at the time of the survey were living in
houses they own. Only 3.9 percent were renting, while 7.5 percent had free lodging. At least 9 in10
of households in Shibar (91.7 percent), Saighan (97.1 percent) and Kahmard (96.1 percent) owned
the houses they were occupying at the time of the survey. Panjab had the lowest percentage of
households having ownership of the house they were occupying, at 73.0 percent. In the same
district, households that were renting comprised 10.9 percent, and those with free lodging, 12.2
percent. In the Provincial Center, households owning the house they occupied made up 85.3 percent
of its total households, those renting comprised 6.0 percent, while those living in a rent-free house,
7.8 percent. Similarly, 7.7 percent of households in Waras were living in a rent-free dwelling and a
higher percentage in Yakawlang at 8.9 percent.
TABLE 34
Percentage Distribution of Households by Tenure Status of the Dwelling and District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Tenure Status of the
Dwelling
Total
100.0
Provincial
Center
100.0
Owned
87.1
Rented
3.9
Pledged
Bamiyan
Shibar
Saighan
Kahmard
Yakawlang
Panjab
Waras
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
85.3
91.7
97.1
96.1
89.3
73.0
86.6
6.0
2.8
0.6
1.5
1.2
10.9
2.7
0.9
0.3
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.2
2.2
2.6
Free lodging
7.5
7.8
5.2
1.9
2.1
8.9
12.2
7.7
Others
0.4
0.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
1.3
0.4
Not Reported
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.0
80
7.10.5 Type of Toilet Facility
Only around 13 percent of households in Bamiyan Province had an improved toilet facility. As
defined by UNICEF, an improved toilet facility can be any of these types of toilet facility: flush to
piped sewer system (1.5 percent), flush to septic tank (0.7 percent), flush to pit latrine (1.1 percent),
ventilated improved pit latrine (5.0 percent), pit latrine with slab (1.6 percent), and composting
toilet (2.7 percent). At the district level, the proportion of households with an improved toilet
facility varied from 1.1 percent for Saighan to 19.7 percent for Provincial Center.
More than half of households in Yakawlang (57.3 percent) and Panjab (54.1 percent) had no toilet
facility. At the province level, one in three households (33.3 percent) had no toilet facility.
TABLE 35
Percentage Distribution of Households by Type of Toilet Facility and District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Total
100.0
Provincial
Center
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Flush /Pour Flush
16.6
13.4
21.3
4.6
14.1
23.9
14.3
16.8
Pit Latrine
10.7
21.2
20.2
3.1
14.5
2.4
10.5
4.1
Composting Toilet
2.7
4.8
3.1
0.0
1.8
3.8
2.3
0.2
Type of Toilet Facility
Bamiyan
Shibar
Saighan
Kahmard
Yakawlang
Panjab
Waras
Bucket
0.7
0.3
1.0
0.3
1.9
1.0
0.6
0.3
No Facility/Bush Field
33.3
13.8
19.7
26.4
3.6
57.3
54.1
38.9
Others
36.1
46.5
34.8
65.6
64.1
11.5
18.2
39.7
7.10.6 Number of Rooms in the Dwelling at the Disposal of the Household and
Number of Sleeping Rooms
Table 36 shows the distribution of households in Bamiyan Province by the number of rooms in their
dwelling and by household size. The data in this table would indicate whether residents are living in
crowded conditions. Over-crowded housing may have a negative impact on physical and mental
health of persons living in it, and on the development of children.
The dwelling rooms considered in Table 36 are bedrooms, dining rooms, sitting rooms, study rooms
and servants’ rooms. Kitchens and toilets are not counted as rooms. Three in ten households (31.6
percent) in Bamiyan Province lived in dwellings with only one room, while about four in ten (38.9
percent) had two rooms. There was a significant percentage of large households in Bamiyan which
lived in houses with only one or two rooms. About 15 percent of households with 10 or more
members lived in housing units with only one room, and around 39 percent lived in dwellings with
two rooms. In contrast, only about 12 percent of households with 10 or more members lived in
dwellings with five or more rooms.
81
TABLE 36
Percentage Distribution of Households by Number of Dwelling Rooms at their Disposal and Household Size:
Bamiyan, September 2011
Number of rooms at the disposal of the household
One Two
Three
Four
Five
6 or more
31.6
38.9
15.0
8.0
3.0
3.3
Total
Households (00)
497
Total
100.0
1 Person
2
100.0
64.1
16.6
11.2
4.5
0.9
1.8
0.9
2 Persons
18
100.0
54.1
32.3
8.4
3.5
0.7
0.6
0.5
3 Persons
27
100.0
47.9
34.9
9.6
4.8
1.6
1.1
0.3
4 Persons
44
100.0
44.7
35.7
9.6
6.0
1.8
2.0
0.2
5 Persons
56
100.0
40.1
37.5
12.0
5.6
2.0
2.5
0.2
6 Persons
66
100.0
36.9
39.7
12.4
6.2
2.1
2.5
0.2
7 Persons
69
100.0
32.0
40.4
14.6
7.3
3.1
2.4
0.1
8 Persons
63
100.0
27.1
42.6
16.0
8.1
3.1
2.9
0.3
9 Persons
48
100.0
23.8
42.2
17.1
10.0
3.3
3.5
0.1
10 Persons or
more
103
100.0
15.2
38.5
21.7
12.7
5.2
6.5
0.2
Household Size
Total
Not Stated
0.2
Among the districts, Kahmard had the largest percentage of households living in housing units with
five or more rooms. Three in ten of its households (30.9 percent) had five or more rooms in their
dwelling. Saighan had also a relatively large proportion of households living in houses with that
number of rooms, at 11.2 percent (Table 37). In the other districts, the percentage ranged from 1.9
percent for Yakawlang to 5.2 percent for Panjab. In contrast, households living in dwellings with only
one room comprised at least 30 percent in four of the seven districts of Bamiyan, ranging from 30.8
percent in Panjab to 43.5 percent in Yakawlang. Less than 10 percent of households in Kahmard (3.5
percent) and Saighan (8.5 percent) lived in dwellings with one room. In Shibar, such households
comprised 15.9 percent of the total households in this district.
TABLE 37
Percentage Distribution of Households by Number of Dwelling Rooms at their Disposal, and District:
Bamiyan, September 2011
District
Bamiyan
Total
Households
(000)
50
Number of rooms at the disposal of the household
6 or
Total
One Two Three Four Five
more
100.0 31.6 38.9
15.0
8.0
3.0
3.3
Not
Stated
0.2
Provincial Center
12
100.0
34.1
40.4
15.0
6.0
2.0
2.3
0.2
Shibar
4
100.0
15.9
49.2
21.4
9.9
1.9
1.6
0.0
Saighan
3
100.0
8.5
33.2
29.5
17.1
5.7
5.5
0.3
Kahmard
4
100.0
3.5
18.1
21.5
25.9
12.8
18.1
0.1
Yakawlang
11
100.0
43.5
39.0
11.2
4.0
0.9
1.0
0.3
Panjab
6
100.0
30.8
44.7
12.9
6.1
3.2
2.0
0.1
Waras
10
100.0
40.5
40.6
10.7
5.0
1.7
1.3
0.3
82
Table 38 shows the distribution of households in Bamiyan province by the number of rooms in their
dwelling used for sleeping and by household size. These data provide a more refined indicator of the
crowdedness of housing units, and also reflects the degree of privacy that persons living in them
have. For every two households in Bamiyan province, one (or 51.5 percent of total households) had
one sleeping room in their dwelling and about two (37.9 percent) in five had two sleeping rooms.
A notable proportion of large households lived in dwellings with only one sleeping room. One in
four households with ten members lived in such dwellings at the time of the survey. Households of
this size who were living in dwellings with two sleeping rooms comprised 49 percent, and those with
three bedrooms, 18 percent. Only 8 percent lived in dwellings with four or more sleeping rooms.
TABLE 38
Percentage Distribution of Households by Number of Dwelling Rooms Used for Sleeping and Household
Size: Bamiyan, September 2011
Household Size
Total
Total
Households
(00)
Number of rooms used for sleeping
Total
One
Two
Three
Four
Five
6 or
more
Not
Stated
497
100.0
51.5
37.9
7.5
2.1
0.4
0.4
0.2
1 Person
2
100.0
78.0
13.0
6.3
0.9
0.9
0.0
0.9
2 Persons
18
100.0
86.2
11.9
0.8
0.6
0.1
0.0
0.5
3 Persons
27
100.0
78.7
17.5
2.4
0.8
0.1
0.1
0.3
4 Persons
44
100.0
72.9
22.9
2.7
0.8
0.1
0.2
0.2
5 Persons
56
100.0
65.7
29.5
3.5
0.7
0.2
0.2
0.2
6 Persons
66
100.0
60.5
33.6
4.1
1.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
7 Persons
69
100.0
51.5
41.5
5.4
1.0
0.2
0.2
0.1
8 Persons
63
100.0
45.0
46.4
6.4
1.6
0.2
0.1
0.3
9 Persons
48
100.0
38.4
49.7
9.8
1.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
10 Persons or more
103
100.0
25.2
49.0
17.6
5.7
1.2
1.1
0.2
In Provincial Center, Yakawlang, Panjab and Waras, households living in dwellings with only one
sleeping room comprised more than half of the total households in the district. Kahmard had the
smallest proportion of households living in dwellings with one sleeping room at 25.0 percent, while
Saighan had the next smallest proportion at 32.3 percent. This is because three in ten households in
Kahmard (30.6 percent) and almost one in four households in Saighan (23.9 percent) lived in
dwellings with three or more sleeping rooms.
TABLE 39
Percentage Distribution of Households by Number of Dwelling Rooms Used for Sleeping and District:
Bamiyan, September 2011
District
Bamiyan
Total
Households
(000)
50
Number of rooms used for sleeping
Total
100.0
One
51.5
Two
37.9
Three
7.5
Four
2.1
Five
0.4
6 or
more
0.4
Not
Stated
0.2
Provincial Center
12
100.0
56.8
34.7
6.5
1.4
0.2
0.1
0.2
Shibar
4
100.0
42.7
47.5
7.9
1.3
0.5
0.2
0.0
Saighan
3
100.0
32.3
43.5
17.2
4.0
1.7
1.0
0.3
Kamhard
4
100.0
25.0
44.4
18.8
8.7
1.5
1.6
0.1
Yakawlang
11
100.0
56.0
36.0
5.8
1.3
0.3
0.4
0.3
Panjab
6
100.0
55.1
38.3
4.8
1.1
0.2
0.2
0.1
Waras
10
100.0
58.2
35.9
4.4
1.0
0.0
0.2
0.3
83
APPENDICES
APPENDIX TABLE 1
Percentage Distribution of Males and Females Aged 20-24 and 50-59 by Marital Status, by District:
Bamiyan, September 2011
District/
Age
Group
Males
Females
Total
Never
Married
Married
Widowed
Divorced /
Separated
Total
Never
Married
Married
Widowed
Divorced/
Separated
20-24
100.0
69.8
29.6
0.3
0.0
100.0
33.4
65.3
0.7
0.4
50-59
100.0
1.6
94.9
3.3
0.2
100.0
0.9
78.8
20.0
0.3
Bamiyan
Provincial Center
20-24
100.0
69.0
30.5
0.1
0.0
100.0
30.8
68.3
0.6
0.2
50-59
100.0
1.5
95.4
3.0
0.1
100.0
0.7
76.4
22.8
0.1
20-24
100.0
68.4
31.2
0.3
0.0
99.9
33.2
65.4
0.3
0.9
50-59
99.8
1.0
96.7
1.9
0.3
100.0
0.8
80.6
18.5
0.3
20-24
100.0
77.4
22.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
49.6
49.7
0.5
0.0
50-59
100.0
1.7
95.1
3.2
0.0
100.0
1.1
80.4
18.2
0.0
20-24
99.9
73.3
26.0
0.4
0.0
100.0
31.7
67.0
0.6
0.6
50-59
100.0
2.4
95.8
1.8
0.0
100.0
1.0
81.7
17.2
0.3
20-24
100.0
68.8
30.2
0.3
0.1
100.0
27.8
71.0
0.6
0.3
50-59
100.0
1.1
94.7
4.0
0.2
99.9
1.4
75.6
22.5
0.4
20-24
100.0
72.3
26.9
0.7
0.0
100.0
38.8
59.9
0.7
0.5
50-59
99.9
2.3
93.1
4.0
0.5
100.0
0.0
80.1
19.9
0.0
20-24
100.0
66.5
33.1
0.2
0.1
100.0
35.3
63.0
1.0
0.6
50-59
100.0
1.3
94.7
3.8
0.2
100.0
1.2
81.2
17.1
0.5
Shibar
Saighan
Kahmard
Yakawlang
Panjab
Waras
Note: Percentages may not add up to 100 due to cases of no report on marital status. Counts of
such cases were excluded in the computation of percentages shown in this table
84
APPENDIX TABLE 2
Literacy Rates by Age Group, Sex and District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Age
Provincial Center
Shibar
Both
Both
Male Female
Male
Female
Sexes
Sexes
5 years
and above
40.2
52.2
26.9
30.8
41.4
19.1
5-9
26.2
27.2
25.2
23.8
27.7
19.8
10 - 14
69.9
77.2
62.0
50.5
60.0
39.6
15 - 19
62.3
76.8
46.1
46.9
58.1
34.8
20 - 24
47.2
66.5
25.0
32.1
43.1
17.4
25 - 29
32.0
51.7
11.7
25.0
39.8
9.3
30 - 34
25.9
43.4
7.2
21.5
36.9
6.0
35 - 39
23.5
42.8
5.6
20.6
37.6
3.4
40 - 44
23.5
41.2
3.1
19.7
34.7
3.8
45 - 49
22.6
40.1
4.0
18.6
34.4
2.6
50 - 54
22.3
37.3
4.0
17.4
34.2
0.5
55 - 59
23.3
40.4
1.7
13.1
24.1
2.1
60 and Over
18.4
28.1
2.0
13.9
20.0
4.3
Age
5 years
and above
5-9
10 - 14
15 - 19
20 - 24
25 - 29
30 - 34
35 - 39
40 - 44
45 - 49
50 - 54
55 - 59
60 and Over
Yakawlang
Both
Male
Sexes
40.5
29.5
71.3
63.5
40.9
28.5
25.5
21.2
19.7
22.1
20.7
24.7
18.3
49.1
29.9
74.2
71.7
54.8
46.1
39.1
37.0
35.3
40.2
36.1
44.1
26.9
Female
31.3
29.1
68.2
55.1
26.1
11.2
11.5
6.9
3.2
2.6
3.2
1.8
2.8
Panjab
Both
Sexes
34.3
22.0
57.1
53.6
35.2
27.5
22.6
17.9
20.4
19.3
22.5
22.6
21.1
Male
Female
43.8
21.3
62.4
62.6
48.7
44.9
40.9
35.1
37.3
35.7
39.2
41.8
30.3
24.2
22.7
51.6
44.1
20.7
10.6
4.9
3.0
2.3
1.8
4.0
0.3
3.2
85
Saighan
Both
Sexes
Male
28.9
21.4
53.7
45.6
31.7
17.4
15.5
13.0
16.0
13.8
12.3
13.3
11.7
38.0
23.2
61.1
59.7
46.2
30.4
27.9
24.0
27.8
24.4
24.6
21.1
18.4
Waras
Both
Sexes
34.1
29.3
59.6
50.6
32.1
23.4
20.4
18.9
16.6
17.2
18.7
20.6
15.9
Kahmard
Female
Both
Sexes
Male
Female
19.1
19.6
46.4
29.7
13.8
4.7
3.4
2.5
3.5
2.3
0.6
3.8
1.8
27.1
17.2
45.6
51.8
33.0
18.6
10.1
10.9
13.0
12.9
15.3
15.4
9.6
36.8
20.3
55.7
64.5
47.4
30.9
17.6
19.1
20.1
22.2
24.9
24.4
13.8
15.6
14.1
33.4
32.4
12.9
5.2
3.6
3.2
4.4
3.4
2.8
2.1
2.4
Male
Female
43.7
30.6
64.3
62.0
48.2
39.9
36.6
37.4
29.6
32.9
33.0
36.3
23.5
24.3
28.1
54.8
39.0
17.0
8.0
5.5
3.3
4.4
2.3
1.9
1.4
2.3
APPENDIX TABLE 3
Percent Distribution of Ever-Married Women Aged 15-49 Years, by Number of Children Ever Born, Age
Group, and District: Bamiyan, September 2011
District and Age
Number of Children Ever Born Alive
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
15 - 19
57.4
22.5
20 - 24
29.1
21.9
11.3
4.2
4.6
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
22.2
14.1
6.5
3.0
1.5
0.8
0.3
25 - 29
14.5
8.5
15.9
19.4
18.1
11.2
6.6
3.1
30 - 34
10.2
3.7
7.5
12.0
15.4
16.3
14.8
35 - 39
8.4
1.9
3.6
6.3
10.7
13.7
40 - 44
9.2
1.8
4.0
4.9
8.1
11.5
45 - 49
7.5
2.0
3.7
5.0
7.7
16.8
8.5
10.7
10.9
15 - 19
54.5
21.3
15.4
5.3
20 - 24
26.2
21.1
23.7
15.9
25 - 29
13.7
9.0
14.5
21.8
30 - 34
9.5
3.4
7.4
12.4
35 - 39
7.7
2.7
4.6
40 - 44
8.4
2.6
45 - 49
9.6
1.1
15.9
15 - 19
9
Ever-married
Women (00)
10+
Total
0.0
0.0
100.0
34
0.2
0.4
100.0
102
1.4
0.8
0.6
100.0
113
8.9
6.0
2.7
2.6
100.0
90
16.7
14.1
11.2
6.7
6.9
100.0
89
13.9
12.9
12.8
7.5
13.6
100.0
71
10.1
12.4
12.0
13.0
8.7
18.0
100.0
53
11.2
10.2
9.7
7.3
6.0
3.5
5.2
100.0
552
3.5
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
8
6.3
3.2
1.8
0.8
0.3
0.2
0.4
100.0
25
18.7
11.2
6.3
2.6
1.1
0.6
0.4
100.0
29
16.0
15.4
13.6
8.4
6.9
3.6
3.5
100.0
21
6.6
10.5
13.3
17.7
11.7
11.5
6.0
7.8
100.0
22
3.5
4.1
8.5
10.3
14.2
11.4
13.7
8.0
15.3
100.0
16
4.6
3.5
7.1
10.8
13.8
12.4
10.8
8.3
18.2
100.0
12
8.6
11.3
11.9
11.4
9.9
9.7
6.5
5.9
3.4
5.5
100.0
132
63.3
23.5
9.6
0.7
2.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
3
20 - 24
35.5
20.4
20.4
14.5
5.1
2.9
0.9
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
6
25 - 29
17.9
9.5
24.1
18.9
16.1
6.6
3.3
2.1
1.3
0.3
0.0
100.0
7
30 - 34
11.2
2.7
13.2
16.8
21.3
10.8
12.6
5.1
3.9
1.3
0.9
100.0
7
35 - 39
6.5
1.5
5.5
8.3
17.4
14.3
14.4
11.0
11.7
6.3
2.9
100.0
6
40 - 44
8.7
0.8
7.1
8.5
10.5
14.1
17.7
14.7
9.3
1.4
7.5
100.0
5
45 - 49
6.3
3.1
7.9
10.2
8.9
17.1
11.3
10.5
15.0
3.9
6.3
100.0
4
18.9
8.1
13.7
12.5
12.9
9.5
8.7
6.1
5.5
1.9
2.2
100.0
38
Bamiyan
Total
Provincial Center
Total
Shibar
Total
86
APPENDIX TABLE 3 (continued)
Percent Distribution of Ever-Married Women Aged 15-49 Years by Number of Children Ever Born, Age
Group, and District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Number of Children Ever Born Alive
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10+
Total
Evermarried
Women (00)
15 - 19
51.6
15.0
19.0
7.2
6.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
2
20 - 24
33.3
23.4
17.6
14.8
6.5
0.5
2.3
1.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
4
25 - 29
14.3
11.2
17.0
19.3
17.3
10.3
5.1
3.0
1.8
0.3
0.3
100.0
7
30 - 34
12.0
5.4
9.4
13.9
18.8
14.6
11.1
7.1
5.0
1.0
1.7
100.0
6
35 - 39
9.8
0.3
4.8
8.7
12.6
15.6
21.4
8.0
11.4
4.1
3.4
100.0
6
40 - 44
8.2
0.4
3.4
8.2
10.5
12.4
13.1
16.2
13.1
6.9
7.6
100.0
5
45 - 49
8.1
2.1
2.1
5.7
10.2
14.6
14.8
13.5
16.1
4.4
8.3
100.0
4
15.7
7.4
9.9
12.1
13.0
11.0
10.8
7.4
7.1
2.5
3.1
100.0
33
15 - 19
60.1
21.6
10.8
4.8
3.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
3
20 - 24
35.9
21.5
17.4
12.4
5.9
4.3
2.0
0.0
0.3
0.3
0.0
100.0
7
25 - 29
17.4
8.8
18.5
17.7
13.1
10.6
7.3
3.4
1.3
0.8
1.3
100.0
10
30 - 34
15.3
7.2
9.7
11.3
11.0
14.7
14.9
8.9
5.4
1.0
0.6
100.0
10
35 - 39
11.0
4.0
4.6
8.8
10.7
15.1
12.9
14.2
13.2
2.6
2.8
100.0
8
40 - 44
13.5
4.8
7.2
6.3
8.9
12.3
16.6
14.9
11.3
2.1
2.1
100.0
7
45 - 49
11.5
4.9
6.4
6.2
12.8
12.6
17.7
13.6
10.2
2.1
2.1
100.0
5
20.4
9.5
11.1
10.7
9.9
10.9
10.7
8.1
6.0
1.3
1.3
100.0
50
15 - 19
54.3
24.9
11.1
4.4
5.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
8
20 - 24
26.2
20.6
23.9
13.1
8.7
3.8
1.5
1.1
0.3
0.2
0.6
100.0
25
25 - 29
13.1
6.0
12.8
18.3
19.6
13.8
8.6
3.9
2.3
0.8
0.8
100.0
24
30 - 34
8.1
2.8
5.0
11.0
13.9
17.2
18.1
10.4
6.4
3.0
4.1
100.0
19
35 - 39
8.3
1.8
2.2
5.3
7.8
11.3
16.6
16.9
10.7
8.9
10.0
100.0
18
40 - 44
8.7
1.0
3.9
4.2
5.6
10.2
11.6
9.5
14.7
10.7
20.2
100.0
14
45 - 49
6.9
1.1
2.4
3.2
6.0
6.9
11.0
10.0
15.8
13.3
23.3
100.0
10
16.2
8.2
10.1
10.1
10.7
9.9
9.8
7.3
6.3
4.5
6.9
100.0
119
District and Age
Saighan
Total
Kahmard
Total
Yakawlang
Total
87
APPENDIX TABLE 3 (continued)
Percent Distribution of Ever-Married Women Aged 15-49 Years by Number of Children Ever Born, Age
Group, and District: Bamiyan, September 2011
Number of Children Ever Born Alive
District and Age
0
1
15 - 19
64.2
21.0
20 - 24
32.4
19.4
25 - 29
18.9
6.2
30 - 34
12.7
3.3
35 - 39
10.1
40 - 44
13.2
45 - 49
2
Evermarried
Women (00)
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10+
Total
7.7
2.6
4.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
3
22.3
15.2
4.9
2.4
1.8
0.7
0.7
0.2
0.0
100.0
12
14.3
16.8
18.7
11.9
5.7
4.2
1.1
1.2
1.1
100.0
13
5.6
8.4
15.1
18.9
14.6
9.5
5.7
2.8
3.2
100.0
10
1.2
2.0
4.4
9.2
12.6
15.8
16.0
12.6
8.9
7.2
100.0
11
1.2
1.9
3.4
4.8
11.1
13.3
14.6
11.3
8.9
16.5
100.0
9
6.2
1.6
2.7
5.2
5.3
7.8
11.2
10.0
13.3
10.6
26.0
100.0
7
19.0
6.9
9.1
9.4
10.1
10.3
9.5
8.2
6.3
4.5
6.8
100.0
65
15 - 19
59.3
23.3
7.9
3.7
5.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
7
20 - 24
28.8
25.9
21.4
13.0
5.7
2.4
0.8
0.8
0.3
0.3
0.6
100.0
22
25 - 29
12.4
10.6
17.8
19.8
18.2
10.1
6.5
2.4
1.0
1.0
0.2
100.0
23
30 - 34
8.1
3.2
7.2
12.7
15.7
18.4
14.7
9.3
6.0
3.1
1.6
100.0
18
35 - 39
7.1
1.2
2.9
5.3
11.7
15.9
17.2
16.0
9.3
6.7
6.8
100.0
17
40 - 44
6.9
1.5
3.6
4.5
10.3
12.7
13.9
14.1
12.7
7.3
12.7
100.0
16
5.3
2.3
2.4
5.5
8.0
8.9
10.4
13.8
11.8
9.4
22.0
100.0
11
15.5
9.7
10.5
10.7
11.6
10.4
9.3
7.8
5.5
3.7
5.3
100.0
115
Panjab
Total
Waras
45 - 49
Total
88
APPENDIX TABLE 4
Indirect Estimation of Total Fertility Rate Using Brass P/F Method: Bamiyan, September 2011
AgeGroup
Inde
x (i)
col. 1
col.
2
Total
Wome
n 15-49
(00)
Childre
n Ever
Born
(00)
Live
Births
Within
12
Month
s Prior
to
Survey
(00)
col. 3
col. 4
col. 5
Averag
e Parity
per
woman
, P(i)
Period
Fertilit
y Rate,
f(i)
Average
Parity
Equivalent
, F(i)
P/F
Ratio
P(i)/F(i
)
Fertility for
Conventiona
l Age Group,
f+(i)
Adjuste
d
Fertility
Rate,
f*(i) low
Adjuste
d
Fertility
Rate,
f*(i)
high
col. 7
col. 8
col. 9 =
col.6 /
col.8
col. 10
col. 11
col. 12
802
2,231
83
col. 6 =
col.4 /
col. 3
2.78
15 - 19
1
218
26
6
0.12
0.027
0.133
0.051
2.349
0.034
0.070
0.072
20 - 24
2
154
176
21
1.15
0.135
0.808
0.511
2.244
0.144
0.301
0.310
25 - 29
3
123
352
21
2.87
0.174
1.676
1.323
2.167
0.175
0.366
0.377
30 - 34
4
93
405
16
4.35
0.170
2.525
2.199
1.978
0.167
0.348
0.359
35 - 39
5
90
500
12
5.56
0.128
3.165
2.918
1.905
0.124
0.259
0.267
40 - 44
6
71
430
6
6.03
0.078
3.556
3.369
1.788
0.071
0.149
0.154
45 - 49
7
53
341
2
6.41
0.039
3.754
3.708
1.729
0.035
0.073
0.075
7.8
8.1
Total (15-49)
TFR (per woman)
col. 7 =
col. 5 /
col.3
Cumulate
d Fertility,
φ(i)
3.8
Notes:
Cumulated fertility values are obtained by adding the values of f(i) and multiplying the sum by 5.
For example, φ(3) is calculated by adding f(1), f(2) and f(3),and multiplying the sum by 5.
Average parity equivalents are estimated by interpolation using the values of f(i) and φ(i).
To derive the adjusted fertility rate f*(i),the adjustment factors used are as follows:
For high estimates, K= (P2/F2)*Women20-24/(Women20-24+Women25-29 + Women30-34)+ (P3/F3)*Women25-29/(Women2024+Women25-29 + Women30-34)+ (P4/F4)*Women30-34/(Women20-24+Women25-29 + Women30-34)
For low estimates, K= (P3/F3)*Women25-29/(Women25-29 + Women30-34) + (P4/F4)*Women30-34/(Women25-29 + Women30-34)
89
APPENDIX TABLE 5
Average Parity per Woman, by Sex of Child and Age of Mother: Bamiyan, September 2011
Age of Mother
Index, i
Both Sexes
Male
Female
15 - 19
1
0.12
0.06
0.06
20 - 24
2
1.15
0.58
0.57
25 - 29
3
2.87
1.47
1.39
30 - 34
4
4.35
2.26
2.09
35 - 39
5
5.56
2.91
2.64
40 - 44
6
6.03
3.21
2.82
45 - 49
7
6.41
3.40
3.01
APPENDIX TABLE 6
Estimates of Probabilities of Dying, q(x), by Sex, Mortality Levels in the West Model Life
Tables Consistent With q(x) Estimates, and Estimates of Reference Period, t(x), to Which the
Probabilities of Dying Refer: Bamiyan, September 2011
Male
Probability
of dying
from birth
to age x,
q(x)
Female
Years
before
survey,
t(x)
Probability
of dying
from birth
to age x,
q(x)
Years
before
survey,
t(x)
Age of
Women
Age x
15 - 19
1
0.209
8.9
0.9
0.209
7.3
0.9
20 - 24
2
0.126
15.5
2.0
0.102
15.9
2.0
25 - 29
3
0.110
17.0
3.7
0.104
16.3
3.8
30 - 34
5
0.124
16.7
5.8
0.119
16.0
6.0
35 - 39
10
0.131
16.9
8.2
0.121
16.5
8.5
40 - 44
15
0.160
15.9
10.9
0.147
15.7
11.2
45 - 49
25
0.161
16.4
13.9
0.165
15.5
14.2
West
Mortality
Level
90
West
Mortality
Level
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
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91
UNFPA – because everyone counts!
For more Details, Please Contact:
Central Statistics Organization
Ansari Watt Kabul, Afghanistan
Phone: +930202104338
Name: Mr. Eidmarjan Samoon
P.O.Box: 1254.
E-Mail: mail@cso.gov.af.
Website: www.cso.gov.af