Note on the Security Component of the 2004 CDI
Michael O’Hanlon
Adriana Lins de Albuquerque
The Brookings Institution
April 2004
1
Table of Contents
Note on the Security Component of the 2004 CDI............................................................. 3
Security Component Ranking ............................................................................................. 7
Security Component Results -- Breakdown........................................................................ 8
5-year averages: Financial contributions to UN PKO 1998-2002 .................................... 11
5-year averages: Defense budgets 1998-2002 .................................................................. 12
5-year averages: GDP ($) 1998-2002 ............................................................................... 13
5-year averages: Active Forces 1998-2002....................................................................... 14
Calculations: Personnel (Direct and Indirect) and Financial Contributions to UN PKO
1998-2002 ......................................................................................................................... 15
Calculations: Personnel (Direct and Indirect) and Financial Contributions to non-UN
missions 1998-2002 .......................................................................................................... 26
2
Note on the Security Component of the 2004 CDI
A Word on Methodology
The essence of these rankings for security-related contributions to development is as
follows. Naturally, money paid to the United Nations for regular peacekeeping
assessments is included. So are estimated costs for deploying troops to UN-conducted
peacekeeping missions that exceed the reimbursements provided by the UN for such
costs. So are similar costs incurred in missions authorized by the UN and serving a
specific peacekeeping purpose. These are the marginal (that is, the additional) costs of
deploying troops that have already been trained, equipped, and paid through normal
national military budgets to specific overseas deployments.
Finally, we include an estimate of these normal national costs for training, equipping, and
paying troops to the extent that those troops might be used in peacekeeping, stabilization,
or other humanitarian missions. No country to our knowledge maintains specific forces
simply to have them available for such missions, without any other purpose. Thus it is
difficult to compute costs in this category. The best way to determine how many troops in
a country's armed forces are potentially available for such peacekeeping or stabilization
missions is to examine what has actually happened in the recent past. By examining a
sufficiently long period of time, one can begin to get a sense of how many
of its own troops a country might consider in some general sense to be potentially
available for peacekeeping, stabilization, or humanitarian purposes. The maximum
number of troops deployed abroad over a given time frame gives a sense of the number
that can said to be trained, equipped, paid, and otherwise maintained in a country's force
structure partly for the possible purpose of carrying out such missions.
For example, Australia and New Zealand deployed large forces to East Timor in
1999/2000. A number of NATO countries have deployed significant numbers of troops to
Balkans peace operations since the mid-late 1990s. The United States deployed
considerable numbers of forces for that latter purpose itself, but even moreso devoted a
large number of personnel to the NATO air war to protect the Kosovar Albanian people
from Serb aggression in 1999.
This latter case is somewhat controversial, perhaps, since we are counting forces devoted
to a wartime operation as a humanitarian-related security expenditure in a developmentrelated cost index. But NATO's purpose in Kosovo, while partly strategic, was principally
focused on restoring Kosovar Albanians to their homes. Few viewed Serbia as a general
threat to the continent's stability, so the purpose of this mission was not to check a threat
that if left unaddressed could grow with time, but to prevent Slobodan Milosevic and his
minions from slaughtering another small oppressed minority population of the former
Yugoslavia. Hence we count efforts towards winning that war in this index.
We do not count the role of the United States or any other country in post-Saddam Iraq
(or for that matter postwar Korea). That mission is blessed by the UN and serves a
humanitarian purpose in trying to help the Iraqi people achieve a stable government and
prosperous economy. But few can doubt that the peacekeeping mission was an inevitable
3
consequence of the US-led invasion, given how the post-Saddam period has unfolded in
Iraq, and that the invasion was itself undertaken principally for strategic purposes. This is
not to criticize the invasion; some who have worked on this index supported it while
others opposed it. But we are generally unified in the view that US-led action in Iraq,
while aiming to achieving substantial humanitarian benefits for the Iraqi people, was not
principally motivated by that consideration. Hence it is not considered germane to this
exercise focused on development indicators, and the contributions of various countries to
the mission, however worthy, are not included in the security index.
Methods Used
The direct cost of personnel contributions (total civilian police, observer and troops) to
United Nations peacekeeping operations is measured as the average annual cost of
deploying personnel to such missions during the time period 1998-2002. The number of
personnel contributed per year is measured as the average monthly personnel contribution
that each DAC country deploys to U.N. peacekeeping missions. The average number of
personnel contributed yearly between 1998- 2002 is then multiplied by the estimated cost
of deploying these personnel. For the purposes of this study all kinds of personnel is
valued at $9,000/person/month.
The indirect cost of personnel contributions (total civilian police, observer and troops)
is measured as the average annual cost of having personnel ready to be deployed to U.N.
peacekeeping operations during the time period 1998-2002. The number of personnel
ready to be deployed per year is measured as the peak annual personnel contribution that
each DAC country deployed to U.N. peacekeeping operations during the period 19982002. This is since the peak annual amount of personnel each country contributed to U.N.
peacekeeping operations is assumed to be the number of personnel that the country has to
train and provide for in peacetime in order to be able to deploy them to U.N.
peacekeeping operations when needed. To estimate the cost of doing so, we measure how
much of each DAC country’s active military forces the peak annual number of personnel
contributions to U.N. peacekeeping operations constitute, and then multiply this fraction
with the average defense budget of the country in question over the period 1998-2002.
The average annual financial contribution to United Nations is measured as the
average annual amount of financial contributions made to the United Nations for
peacekeeping operations by each DAC country over the period 1998 and 2002. There is
no equivalent manner of measuring financial contributions to non-United Nations
peacekeeping and humanitarian missions, and hence no column for this category in this
cumulative table of financial estimates of contributions to peacekeeping operations and
humanitarian interventions.
Annual average direct cost of personnel contributions to non-United Nations
peacekeeping operations and humanitarian interventions is measured as the average
annual cost of deploying personnel (total civilian police, observer and troops) to
international but non-United Nations peacekeeping operations and humanitarian
4
interventions over the period 1998–2002. Peacekeeping missions and humanitarian
interventions included are;
• Peace Monitoring Group in Bougainville (Bougainville)
• Multinational Force and Observers, (MFO), Egypt.
• SFOR, Bosnia
• KFOR, Kosovo
• ISAF, Afghanistan
• AFOR, Albania
• Northern Watch, Iraq
• INTERFET, East Timor
• Kosovo air war
• Deliberate Forge, NATO air operation in support of SFOR operations
• Joint Guardian, NATO contingency operation in Kosovo
• French intervention in Cote d’Ivoire
• British intervention in Sierra Leone
The average number of personnel contributed by each country to each mission yearly
between 1998 and 2002 is multiplied by the estimated cost of deploying these personnel.
For the purposes of this study all kinds of personnel is valued at $10,000/person/month.
The reason this estimate differs from the direct cost of personnel contributions to United
Nations peace keeping operations ($9,000/person/month) is because the U.N. reimburses
each personnel with $1,000/month.
Questions and Answers about the Security Component
Q: How did you decide what missions to include?
A: We have included all un conducted missions motivated principally by humanitarian
goals, as well as un-blessed missions of similar type run by organizations such as NATO,
and in the case of the Kosovo air campaign, a humanitarian-motivated mission blessed
only by NATO (not the un, but the world's largest security organization of democracies).
Q: By looking at only humanitarian missions you have chosen intent as a selection
criterion. Why do you believe that is the right selection criteria?
A: The main reason we focus on military missions primarily motivated by
humanitarianism is that otherwise the index would be dominated by the costs of the iraq
war and aftermath which, however worthy they may have been and however many
humanitarian benefits they have undoubtedly produced, were not motivated principally
by development concerns and would not have been conducted--especially not on the scale
observed—for that purpose.
Q: Why did you use $10,000 as the cost of deployed troop/month?
A: Past U.S. military operations in the last decade have cost at least $10,000 per deployed
troop per month, in marginal or additional costs (not counting pay, normal training and
5
equipment costs, etc.). We thus take this figure as a good estimate for all western
countries for all operations, in the interest of simplicity, since most countries do not
provide data of the quality or detail provided by the pentagon for theus role in various
operations.
Q: What is the difference between direct and indirect cost of contributing personnel to
missions, and how do you avoid double counting?
A: We assume that whatever (maximum) fraction of a country's total military personnel
were deployed at some point for a humanitarian mission, that same fraction of the
country's defense budget should be viewed as being spent each year to prepare for
possible humanitarian missions. One could argue that such an estimate is too high, since
the same forces could perform other missions. Similarly, one could argue it is too low,
since to surge and sustain a force of a given size requires that one have backup forces to
provide a rotation base. We find this approach therefore reasonable and simple. The
marginal costs of a mission, in other words the costs we estimate at$10,000 per deployed
troop per month, are the equivalent of a supplemental appropriation cost. The fraction of
the peacetime budget devoted to manning and training and equipping forces that may be
used in humanitarian missions is distinct from these supplemental costs. Thus there is no
double counting.
Q: What aspects where not included in your study?
A: We do not include, at present at least, certain matters such as how much of a country's
defense budget is devoted to protecting sea lanes that thus aid in the cause of global trade
and development because we have not yet found a good way to estimate this contribution.
No navies are maintained primarily for this purpose, and even when they defend sealanes it is principally for more strategic purposes, so it is difficult to determine a fair
share of the defense budget to allocate for this purpose.
6
Security Component Ranking
Rank
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
Country
Australia
UK
New Zealand
Norway
Finland
Netherlands
US
Portugal
Greece
Ireland
France
Italy
Sweden
Denmark
Germany
Belgium
Austria
Canada
Spain
Switzerland
Japan
Percentage of GDP
0.36%
0.29%
0.25%
0.23%
0.1992%
0.1989%
0.170%
0.167%
0.15%
0.147%
0.13%
0.126%
0.114%
0.113%
0.111%
0.1043%
0.1007%
0.09%
0.078%
0.075%
0.0113%
7
Security Component Results -- Breakdown
Country
Financial estimate of contributions to international peacekeeping and humanitarian intervention missions
United Nations Peace Keeping Operations (PKO)
Non United Nations PKO and
humanitarian interventions
Annual average
Annual indirect
direct cost of
cost of
personnel
personnel
contributionsiv
contributionsv
$276,312,000
$751,692,470
Average
annual
GDP
% of
GDP
$1,393,284,500
$385bn.
0.362%
Total
Annual indirect cost
of personnel
contributionsii
Annual average
financial
contributionsiii
Australia
Annual average
direct cost of
personnel
contributionsi
$101,304,000
$235,375,730
$28,600,344
Austria
$70,092,000
$31,768,443
17,282,538
$59,568,000
$24,106,135
$202,817,120
$201.4bn
0.1007%
Belgium
$1,620,000
$ 1,175,239
$20,450,311
$136,771,000
$100,761,240
$260,777,790
$250bn.
0.1043%
Canada
$36,396,000
$49,470,629
$20,450,311
$221,527,000
$300,410,390
$628,254,330
$686.2bn
0.092%
Denmark
$13,176,000
$16,933,162
$13,253,589
$115,290,000
$132,760,000
$191,412,750
$169.6bn
0.1129%
Finland
$59,508,000
$40,408,178
$9,739,240
$76,080,000
$66,395,980
$252,131,400
$126.6bn
0.1992%
France
$56,808,000
$58,966,740
$147,191,670
$740,177,000
$828,925,410
$1,832,068,800
$1.3744tr.
0.133%
Germany
$41,904,000
$39,182,761
$180,440,070
$762,237,000
$1,139,704,000
$2,163,467,800
$1.9456tr.
0.111%
Greece
$3,132,000
$774,446
$8,081,628
$125,605,000
$41,443,303
$179,036,380
$118.08bn
0.152%
Ireland
$68,148,000
$49,983,548
$4,799,777
$13,488,000
$13,828,386
$150,247,710
$102.18bn
0.147%
Italy
$22,464,000
$21,541,957
$95,874,174
$709,151,000
$594,477,730
$1,443,508,900
$1.1468tr.
0.126%
Japan
$15,012,000
$98,232,494
$359,796,160
0
0
$473,040,650
$4.191tr.
0.0113%
Netherlands
$22,248,000
$42,999,955
$30,939,170
$276,733,000
$387,598,480
$760,518,610
$382.4bn.
0.1989%
New Zealand
$41,688,000
$57,381,211
$4,256,058
$11,880,000
$14,783,805
$129,989,070
$52.7bn
0.247%
Norway
$20,736,000
$77,463,410
$11,524,285
$122,802,000
$136,979,390
$369,505,090
$159.4bn
0.232%
Portugal
$70,416,000
$33,953,442
$7,912,011
$49,699,000
$20,426,536
$182,406,990
$109.4bn
0.167%
Spain
$14,796,000
$7,618,543
$46,697,966
$269,125,000
$117,741,110
$455,978,620
$587.4bn
0.078%
Sweden
$17,172,000
$20,668,372
$19,311,289
$81,912,000
$124,994,440
$264,058,100
$231.92bn.
0.114%
Switzerland
$3,348,000
$32,911,300
0
$11,340,000
$142,319,140
$189,918,440
$253.6bn.
0.075%
UK
$59,940,000
$117,916,080
$120,983,080
$830,870,000
$3,007,621,400
$4,137,330,600
$1.405tr.
0.294%
US
$73,872,000
$178,510,470
$544,806,580
$1,953,160,000
$13,726,415,000
$16,476,764,000
$9.7016tr.
0.1698%
8
i
The direct cost of personnel contributions (total civilian police, observer and troops) to United Nations peacekeeping operations is measured as the average
annual cost of deploying personnel to such missions during the time period 1998-2002. The number of personnel contributed per year is measured as the average
monthly personnel contribution that each DAC country deploys to U.N. peacekeeping missions. The average number of personnel contributed yearly between
1998 to 2002 is then multiplied by the estimated cost of deploying these personnel. For the purposes of this study all kinds of personnel is valued at
$9,000/person/month.
ii
The indirect cost of personnel contributions (total civilian police, observer and troops) is measured as the average annual cost of having personnel ready to
be deployed to U.N. peacekeeping operations during the time period 1998-2002. The number of personnel ready to be deployed per year is measured as the peak
annual personnel contribution that each DAC country deployed to U.N. peacekeeping operations during the period 1998-2002. This is since the peak annual
amount of personnel each country contributed to U.N. peacekeeping operations is assumed to be the number of personnel that the country has to train and provide
for in peacetime in order to be able to deploy them to U.N. peacekeeping operations when needed. To estimate the cost of doing so, we measure how much of
each DAC country’s active military forces the peak annual number of personnel contributions to U.N. peacekeeping operations constitute, and then multiply this
fraction with the average defense budget of the country in question over the period 1998-2002.
iii
The average annual financial contribution to United Nations is measured as the average annual amount of financial contributions made to the United
Nations for peacekeeping operations by each DAC country over the period 1998 and 2002. There is no equivalent manner of measuring financial contributions to
non-United Nations peacekeeping and humanitarian missions, and hence no column for this category in this cumulative table of financial estimates of
contributions to peacekeeping operations and humanitarian interventions.
iv
Annual average direct cost of personnel contributions to non-United Nations peacekeeping operations and humanitarian interventions is measured as the
average annual cost of deploying personnel (total civilian police, observer and troops) to international but non-United Nations peacekeeping operations and
humanitarian interventions over the period 1998-2002. Peacekeeping missions and humanitarian interventions included are;
• Peace Monitoring Group in Bougainville (Bougainville)
• Multinational Force and Observers, (MFO), Egypt.
• SFOR, Bosnia
• KFOR, Kosovo
• ISAF, Afghanistan
• AFOR, Albania
• Northern Watch, Iraq
• INTERFET, East Timor
• Kosovo air war
• Deliberate Forge, NATO air operation in support of SFOR operations
• Joint Guardian, NATO contingency operation in Kosovo
• French intervention in Cote d’Ivoire
• British intervention in Sierra Leone
The average number of personnel contributed by each country to each mission yearly between 1998 and 2002 is multiplied by the estimated cost of deploying
these personnel. For the purposes of this study all kinds of personnel is valued at $10,000/person/month. The reason this estimate differs from the direct cost of
personnel contributions to United Nations peace keeping operations ($9,000/person/month) is because the U.N. reimburses each personnel with $1,000/month.
Not all missions took place during all the 12 months of each year they are listed in the detailed year-by-year matrix for non-United Nations peacekeeping and
humanitarian interventions. Personnel contributions to each mission are thus calculated separately depending on the duration of the mission. The duration of each
9
mission that did not take place on a year-long basis can be found in the detailed year-by-year matrix for non-United Nations peacekeeping and humanitarian
interventions. The total cost of deployments for all missions during each year is then added in order to assess the overall cost of deployments during the period
1998-2002. This total is then divided by the number of years in the period studied (5) in order to get the average annual cost of personnel contributions to nonUnited Nations peacekeeping operation and humanitarian interventions.
v
The indirect cost of personnel contributions (total civilian police, observer and troops) to non-United Nations peacekeeping and humanitarian interventions is
measured as the average annual cost of having personnel ready to be deployed to such missions during the time period 1998-2002. The number of personnel
ready to be deployed per year is measured as the peak annual personnel contribution that each DAC country deployed to the specific non-United Nations
peacekeeping and humanitarian interventions mentioned above (end note iv) during the period 1998-2002. This is since the peak annual amount of personnel
each country contributed to these missions is assumed to be the number of personnel that the country has to train and provide for in peacetime in order to be able
to deploy them to similar missions when needed. To estimate the cost of doing so, we measure how much of each DAC country’s active military forces the peak
annual number of personnel contributions to of non-United Nations peacekeeping and humanitarian interventions constitute, and then multiply this fraction with
the average defense budget of the country in question over the period 1998-2002.
10
5-year averages: Financial contributions to UN PKO 1998-2002
Country
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Denmark
Finland
France
1998
13,202,391
8,371,495
9,810,350
25,313,027
6,172,234
4,849,717
71,086,083
1999
12,089,003
7,675,597
8,996,640
22,492,079
5,638,432
4,423,446
64,795,683
2000
31,633,217
20,092,509
23,548,329
58,333,162
14,759,458
11,580,963
169,158,046
2001
48,882,408
28,625,678
34,111,033
77,797,045
22,521,205
15,839,960
246,713,852
2002
37,194,702
21,647,409
25,785,204
58,845,808
17,176,618
12,002,116
184,204,656
Annual average
$28,600,344
$17,282,538
$20,450,311
$48,556,22
$13,253,589
$9,739,240
$147,191,670
Germany
Greece
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Netherlands
New
Zealand
Norway
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
86,392,040
2,526,783
1,996,757
48,360,962
163,027,921
14,520,133
1,986,206
79,986,582
2,709,002
1,827,129
44,309,588
162,629,069
13,303,646
1,803,798
210,152,428
7,444,908
4,778,413
115,971,030
437,434,417
34,811,714
4,714,421
295,736,663
15,870,948
8,743,224
154,080,800
592,864,602
52,334,027
7,235,805
223,527,196
11,856,499
6,653,360
116,648,490
443,024,790
39,726,332
5,540,062
$180,440,070
$8,081,628
$4,799,777
$95,874,174
$359,796,160
$30,939,170
$4,256,058
5,417,447
2,900,919
23,017,855
9,868,414
0
4,974,249
3,359,906
21,116,154
8,850,657
0
13,012,631
9,159,847
55,266,873
23,029,623
0
19,470,566
13,915,218
76,386,044
31,191,431
0
14,746,530
10,224,165
57,702,906
23,616,321
0
$11,524,285
$7,912,011
$46,697,966
$19,311,289
0
UK
55,630,973
50,448,584
131,610,386
209,815,840
157,409,630
$120,983,080
US
284,500,530
257,612,890
667,322,130
875,429,830
639,167,510
$544,806,580
Source: United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations, New York.
11
5-year averages: Defense budgets 1998-2002
Country
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Netherlands
New
Zealand
Norway
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
UK
US
1998
7bn
1.835bn
2.879bn
6.448bn.
2.760bn
1.929bn.
31.942bn
27.052bn
4.037bn
0.811bn
18.201bn
37.6bn
7.248bn
0.860bn
1999
7.2bn
1.664bn
2.457bn
6.996bn
2.552bn.
1.695bn.
29.497bn
25.423bn.
3.426bn
0.745bn
16.239bn
43.2bn
6.535bn
0.824bn
2000
7.1bn
1.497bn
2.402bn
7.456bn
2.283bn.
1.583bn.
26.538bn.
22.871bn.
3.195bn
0.711bn
15.704bn
45.6bn
6.047bn
0.804bn
2001
6.8bn
1.513bn
2.142bn
7.292bn
2.260bn
1.351bn
24.257bn
20.154bn
3.217bn
0.763bn
14.861bn
40.3bn
5.372bn
0.678bn
2002
7.6bn.
1.7bn.
2.7bn.
7.6bn.
2.4bn
1.7bn.
29.5bn.
24.9bn.
3.5bn.
0.724bn.
19.4bn.
42.6bn.
6.6bn.
0.697bn
Yearly average
7.14bn.
1.6418bn.
2.516bn.
7.1584bn.
2.451bn.
1.6516bn.
28.3468bn.
24.08bn.
3.475bn.
0.7508bn.
16.881bn.
41.86bn.
6.3604bn.
0.7726bn.
3.422bn.
1.617bn.
6.123bn.
4.885bn.
3.7bn.
38.090bn
276.618bn
3.303bn.
1.332bn.
7.358bn.
4.525bn.
3.169bn
35.945bn
278.398bn
2.820bn.
1.267bn.
6.857bn.
4.405bn.
2.893bn.
33.890bn.
281.601bn.
2.854bn
1.6bn
6.621bn
3.997bn.
2.602bn.
32.608bn.
284.448bn.
3.8bn.
1.3bn.
8.4bn.
4.5bn.
3.3bn.
38.4bn.
347.9bn.
3.2398bn.
1.4232bn.
7.0718bn.
4.4624bn.
3.1328bn.
35.7866bn
293.793bn
Source: The Military Balance, 1998/1999, 1999/2000, 2000/2001, 2002/2003, Institute for Strategic Studies, London
12
5-year averages: GDP ($) 1998-2002
Country
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Netherlands
New
Zealand
Norway
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
UK
US
1998
390bn.
212bn
250bn
604bn
174bn
124bn.
1.4tr
2.1tr
121bn.
78bn
1.2tr
3.8tr.
372bn
58bn.
1999
399bn.
198bn.
237bn
644bn
166bn.
123bn.
1.4tr
1.9tr.
107.4bn.
87bn.
1.1tr
4.3tr.
375bn.
51bn.
2000
380bn.
194bn.
238bn.
705bn.
162bn.
120bn.
1.3tr
1.8tr.
113bn.
97.9bn.
1.1tr.
4.7tr.
347bn.
53bn.
2001
358bn.
189bn.
227bn.
700bn.
161bn.
124bn.
1.3tr.
1.8tr.
114bn.
129bn
1.1tr.
4.1tr.
384bn.
47.5bn.
2002
398bn.
214bn.
298bn.
778bn.
185bn.
142bn.
1.472tr.
2.128tr..
135bn.
119bn.
1.234tr.
4.055tr.
$434*
54bn.
Annual average
385bn.
201.4bn
250bn.
686.2bn
169.6bn
126.6bn
1.3744tr.
1.9456tr.
118.08bn
102.18bn
1.1468tr.
4.191tr.
382.4bn.
52.7bn
146bn
105bn.
553bn.
227bn
265bn
1.3tr
8.5tr
150bn.
104bn.
569bn.
230bn.
246bn.
1.4tr.
9.2tr.
162bn.
104bn.
568bn.
238.6bn
245bn.
1.4tr.
9.9tr.
164bn.
111bn.
588bn.
209bn.
247bn.
1.4tr.
10.2tr.
175bn.
123bn.
659bn.
255bn.
265bn.
1.525tr.
10.708tr.
159.4bn
109.4bn
587.4bn
231.92bn.
253.6bn.
1.405tr.
9.7016tr.
Sources: The Military Balance, 1998/1999, 1999/2000, 2000/2001, 2002/2003, Institute for Strategic Studies, London, CIA World Fact Book <<
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/>> .
13
5-year averages: Active Forces 1998-2002
Country
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Netherlands
New
Zealand
Norway
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
UK
US
1998
57.400
45.500
43.700
60.600
32.100
31.700
358.800
333.500
168.500
11.500
298.400
242.600
57.180
9.550
1999
55.200
40.500
41.750
60.600
24.300
31.700
317.300
332.800
165.670
11.500
265.500
236.300
56.380
9.530
2000
50.600
35.500
39.250
59.100
21.810
31.700
294.430
321.000
159.170
11.460
250.600
236.700
51.940
9.230
2001
50.700
34.600
39.420
56.800
21.400
32.250
273.740
308.400
159.170
10.460
230.350
239.800
50.430
9.230
2002
50.920
34.600
39.260
52.300
22.700
31.850
260.400
296.000
177.600
10.460
216.800
239.900
49.580
8.710
Yearly average
52,964
38,140
40,676
57,880
24,462
31,840
300,934
318,340
166,022
11,076
252,330
239,060
53,102
9,250
28.900
53.600
193.950
53.100
3.300
210.940
1.401.600
31.000
49.700
186.500
53.100
3.740
212.400
1.371.500
26.700
44.650
166.050
52.700
3.470
212.450
1.365.800
26.700
43.600
143.450
33.900
3.600
211.430
1.367.700
26.600
43.600
177.950
33.900
3.500
210.450
1.414.000
27,980
47,030
173,580
45,340
3,522
211,534
1,384,120
Source: The Military Balance, 1998/1999, 1999/2000, 2000/2001, 2002/2003, Institute for Strategic Studies, London.
14
Calculations: Personnel (Direct and Indirect) and Financial Contributions to UN PKO 1998-2002
Country
Australia
1998
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
32
1999
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
54
2000
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
1746
2001
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
1614
2002
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
1246
Fin. contrib’s:
$13,202,391
Fin. contrib’s:
$12,089,003
Fin.
contrib’s:
$31,633,217
Fin.
contrib’s:
$48,882,408
Fin.
Contrib’s:
$37,194,702
Numbers used
Average annual personnel
contribution/month:
938
Calculations
Average annual direct cost:
(938*$9,000*12)=
$101,304,000
Peak annual personnel
contribution/month:
1746
Average annual
indirect cost:
1746/52,964 )
($7.14bn)
=$235,375,730
Average annual active forces:
52,964
Average annual financial
contribution to UN PKOs:
$28,600,344
Average annual defense
budget:
$7.14bn.
Austria
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
736
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
720
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
738
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
598
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
452
Fin. contrib’s:
$8,371,495
Fin. contrib’s:
$8,371,495
Fin.
contrib’s:
$20,092,509
Fin.
contrib’s:
$28,625,678
Fin.
contrib’s:
$21,647,409
Average annual personnel
contribution /month:
649
Average annual direct cost:
(649*$9,000*12)=
$70,092,000
Peak annual personnel
contribution/month:
738
Average annual
indirect cost:
738/38,140
($1.6418bn.)
=
$31,768,443
Average annual active forces:
38,140
Average annual defense
budget
$1.6418bn.
Average annual financial
contribution to UN PKOs:
$17,421,717
15
Country
Belgium
1998
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
11
1999
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
11
2000
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
16
2001
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
19
2002
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
17
Numbers used
Average annual personnel
contributions /month:
15
Calculations
Average annual irect cost:
(15*$9,000*12)
=$1,620,000
Peak annual personnel
contribution/month:
19
Fin. contrib’s:
$9,810,350
Fin. contrib’s:
$8,996,640
Fin.
contrib’s:
$23,548,329
Fin.
contrib’s:
$34,111,033
Fin.
Contrib’s:
$25,785,204
Average annual active forces:
40,676
Average annual
indirect cost:
19/ 40,676)
($2.516bn)
=$ 1,175,239
Average annual defense
budget
$2.516bn.
Canada
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
290
Fin. contrib’s:
$25,313,027
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s
326
Fin. contrib’s:
$22,492,079
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
400
Fin.
contrib’s:
$58,333,162
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
397
Fin.
contrib’s:
$77,797,045
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
274
Fin.
Contrib’s:
$58,845,808
Average annual personnel
contributions/month:
337
Peak annual personnel
contribution/month:
400
Average annual active forces:
57,880
Average annual defense
budget:
$7.1584bn.
Average annual financial
contributions to UN PKOs:
$20,450,311
Average annual
direct cost:
(337*$9,000*12)=
$36,396,000
Average annual
indirect cost:
400/ 57,880
($7.1584bn.)
=
$49,470,629
Average annual financial
contribution to UN PKOs:
$48,556,224
16
Country
Denmark
1998
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
121
1999
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s
92
2000
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
133
2001
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
169
2002
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
93
Fin. contrib’s:
$6,172,234
Fin. contrib’s:
$5,638,432
Fin.
contrib’s:
$14,759,458
Fin.
contrib’s:
$22,521,205
Fin.
Contrib’s:
$17,176,618
Numbers used
Average annual personnel
contributions/month:
122
Calculations
Average annual direct cost:
(122*$9,000*12)=
$13,176,000
Peak annual personnel
contribution/month:
169
Average annual
indirect cost:
169/ 24,462)
($2.451bn)
=
$16,933,162@
Average annual active forces:
24,462
Average annual defense
budget
$2.451bn.
Finland
Average annual financial
contribution to UN PKOs:
$13,253,589
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
779
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
579
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
660
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
660
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
76
Average annual personnel
contribution/month:
551
Average annual direct cost:
(551*$9,000*12)=
$59,508,000
Peak annual personnel
contribution/month:
779
Fin. contrib’s:
$4,849,717
Fin. contrib’s:
$4,423,446
Fin.
contrib’s:
$11,580,963
Fin.
contrib’s:
$15,839,960
Fin.
Contrib’s:
$12,002,116
Average annual active forces:
31,840
Average annual
indirect cost:
779/31,840)
($1.6516bn)
=$40,408,178@
Average annual defense
budget
$1.6516bn.
Average annual financial
contribution to UN PKOs:
$9,739,240
17
Country
France
1998
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
626
1999
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
496
2000
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
491
2001
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
566
2002
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
450
Fin. contrib’s:
$71,086,083
Fin. contrib’s:
$64,795,683
Fin.
contrib’s:
$169,158,050
Fin.
contrib’s:
$246,713,850
Fin.
contrib’s:
$184,204,660
Numbers used
Average annual personnel
contribution/month:
526
Calculations
Average annual direct cost:
(526*$9,000*12)=
$56,808,000
Peak annual personnel
contribution/month:
626
Average annual
indirect cost:
626/300,934)
($28.3468bn)
=$58,966,740@
Average annual active forces:
300,934
Average annual financial
contributions to UN PKOs:
$147,191,670
Average annual defense
budget
$28.3468bn.
Germany
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
190
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
253
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
470
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
507
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
518
Fin. contrib’s:
$86,392,040
Fin. contrib’s:
$86,392,040
Fin.
contrib’s:
$210,152,430
Fin.
contrib’s:
$295,736,660
Fin.
contrib’s:
$223,527,200
Average annual personnel
contribution/month:
388
Average annual direct cost:
(388*$9,000*12)=
$41,904,000
Peak annual personnel
contribution/month:
518
Average annual
indirect cost:
518/318,340)
($24.08bn)
=
$39,182,761@
Average annual active forces:
318,340
Average annual defense
budget
$24.08bn.
Average annual financial
contributions to UN PKOs:
$180,440,070
18
Country
Greece
1998
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
23
1999
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
25
2000
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
29
2001
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
29
2002
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
37
Fin. contrib’s:
$2,526,783
Fin. contrib’s:
$2,709,002
Fin.
contrib’s:
$7,444,908
Fin.
contrib’s:
$15,870,948
Fin.
Contrib’s:
$11,856,499
Numbers used
Average annual personnel
contribution/month:
29
Calculations
Average annual direct cost:
(29*$9,000*12)
=$3,132,000
Peak annual personnel
contribution/month:
37
Average annual
indirect cost:
37/166,022 )
($3.475bn.)
=$774,446@
Average annual active forces:
166,022
Average annual financial
contribution to UN PKOs:
$8,081,628
Average annual defense
budget
$3.475bn.
Ireland
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
740
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
717
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
764
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
599
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
337
Fin. contrib’s:
$1,996,757
Fin. contrib’s:
$1,827,129
Fin.
contrib’s:
$4,778,413
Fin.
contrib’s:
$8,743,224
Fin.
contrib’s:
$6,653,360
Average annual personnel
contribution/month:
631
Average annual direct cost:
(631*$9,000*12)=
$68,148,000
Peak annual personnel
contribution/month:
764
Average annual
indirect cost:
764/ 11,476 )
($0.7508bn.)
=$49,983,548@
Average annual active forces:
11,476
Average annual defense
budget
$0.7508bn.
Average annual financial
contributions to UN PKOs:
$4,799,777
19
Country
Italy
1998
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
94
1999
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
114
2000
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
194
2001
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
322
2002
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
318
Fin. contrib’s:
$48,360,962
Fin. contrib’s:
$44,309,588
Fin.
contrib’s:
$115,971,030
Fin.
contrib’s:
$154,080,800
Fin.
contrib’s:
$116,648,490
Numbers Used
Average annual personnel
contribution/month:
208
Calculations
Average annual direct cost:
(208*$9,000*12)=
$22,464,000
Peak annual personnel
contribution/month:
322
Average annual
indirect cost:
322/252,330 )
($16.881bn)
=$21,541,957@
Average annual active forces:
252,330
Average annual defense
budget
$16.881bn.
Japan
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
41
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
32
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
30
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
30
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
561
Fin. contrib’s:
$163,027,920
Fin. contrib’s:
$162,629,070
Fin.
contrib’s:
$437,434,420
Fin.
contrib’s:
$592,864,600
Fin.
contrib’s:
$443,024,790
Average annual financial
contributions to UN PKOs:
$95,874,174
Average annual personnel
contribution/month:
139
Average annual direct cost:
(139*$9,000*12)=
$15,012,000
Peak annual personnel
contribution/month:
561
Average annual
indirect cost:
561/239,060 )
($41.86bn.)
=
$98,232,494@
Average annual active forces:
239,060
Average annual defense
budget
$41.86bn.
Average annual financial
contributions to UN PKOs:
$359,796,160
20
Country
Netherlands
1998
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
128
1999
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
168
2000
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
313
2001
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
359
2002
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
64
Fin. contrib’s:
$14,520,133
Fin. contrib’s:
$13,303,646
Fin.
contrib’s:
$34,811,714
Fin.
contrib’s:
$52,334,027
Fin.
Contrib’s:
$39,726,332
Numbers used
Average annual personnel
contribution/month:
206
Calculations
Average annual direct cost:
(206*$9,000*12)=
$22,248,000
Peak annual personnel
contribution/month:
359
Average annual
indirect cost:
359/53,102 )
($6.3604bn)
=$42,999,955@
Average annual active forces:
53,102
Average annual financial
contributions to UN PKOs:
$30,939,170
Average annual defense
budget
$6.3604bn.
New
Zealand
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
12
Fin. contrib’s:
$1,986,206
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
18
Fin. contrib’s:
$1,803,798
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
650
Fin.
contrib’s:
$4,714,421
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
687
Fin.
contrib’s:
$7,235,805
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
564
Fin.
contrib’s:
$5,540,062
Average annual personnel
contribution/month:
386
Peak annual personnel
contribution/month:
687
Average annual
direct cost:
(386*$9,000*12)
= $41,688,000
Average annual active army
9,250
Average annual
indirect cost
687/ 9,250)
($0.7726bn)
=
$57,381,211@
Average annual defense
budget
$0.7726bn.
Average annual financial
contributions to UN PKOs:
$4,256,058
21
Country
Norway
1998
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
669
1999
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
69
2000
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
71
2001
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
77
2002
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
74
Fin. contrib’s:
$5,417,447
Fin. contrib’s:
$4,974,249
Fin.
contrib’s:
$13,012,631
Fin.
contrib’s:
$19,470,566
Fin.
Contrib’s:
$14,746,530
Numbers used
Average annual personnel
contribution/month:
192
Calculations
Average annual direct cost:
(192*$9,000*12)=
$20,736,000
Peak annual personnel
contribution/month:
669
Average annual
indirect cost:
669/27,980)
($3.2398bn)
=$77,463,410@
Average annual active forces:
27,980
Average annual defense
budget
$3.2398bn.
Portugal
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
239
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
66
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
967
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
1122
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
865
Fin. contrib’s:
$2,900,919
Fin. contrib’s:
$3,359,906
Fin.
contrib’s:
$9,159,847
Fin.
contrib’s:
$13,915,218
Fin.
contrib’s:
$10,224,165
Average annual financial
contributions to UN PKOs:
$11,524,285
Average annual personnel
contribution/month:
652
Average annual direct cost:
(652*$9,000*12)=
$70,416,000
Peak annual personnel
contribution/month:
1122
Average annual
indirect cost:
1122/47,030)
($1.4232bn.)
=
$33,953,442@
Average annual active forces:
47,030
Average annual defense
budget:
$1.4232bn.
Average annual financial
contributions to UN PKOs:
$7,912,011
22
Country
Spain
1998
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
65
1999
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
77
2000
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
177
2001
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
187
2002
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
181
Fin. contrib’s:
$23,017,855
Fin. contrib’s:
$21,116,154
Fin.
contrib’s:
$55,266,873
Fin.
contrib’s:
$76,386,044
Fin.
contrib’s:
$57,702,906
Numbers used
Average annual personnel
contribution/month:
137
Calculations
Average annual direct cost:
(137*$9,000*12)=
$14,796,000
Peak annual personnel
contribution/month:
187
Average annual
indirect cost:
187/173,580)
($7.0718bn)
=
$7,618,543@
Average annual active forces:
173,580
Average annual defense
budget
$7.0718bn.
Sweden
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
210
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
158
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
174
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
136
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
119
Fin. contrib’s:
$9,868,414
Fin. contrib’s:
$8,850,657
Fin.
contrib’s:
$23,029,623
Fin.
contrib’s:
$31,191,431
Fin.
contrib’s:
$23,616,321
Average annual financial
contributions to UN PKOs:
$46,697,966
Average annual personnel
contribution/month:
159
Average annual direct cost:
(159*$9,000*12)=
$17,172,000
Peak annual personnel
contribution/month:
210
Average annual indirect cost:
210/45,340)
($4.4624bn.)
=
$20,668,372@
Average annual active forces:
45,340
Average annual defense
budget:
$4.4624bn.
Average annual financial
contributions to UN PKOs:
$19,311,289
23
Country
Switzerland
U.K
1998
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
27
1999
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
24
2000
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
30
2001
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
37
2002
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
36
Fin. contrib’s:
0
Fin. contrib’s:
0
Fin.
contrib’s:
0
Fin.
contrib’s:
0
Fin.
Contrib’s:
0
Numbers used
Average annual personnel
contribution/month:
31
Calculations
Average annual direct cost:
(31*$9,000*12)
=$3,348,000
Peak annual personnel
contribution/month:
37
Average annual active forces:
3,522
Average annual
indirect cost:
37/3,522)
($3.1328bn.)
=
$32,911,300@
Average annual defense
budget
$3.1328bn.
Average annual financial
contributions to UN PKOs:
0
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
428
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
434
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
552
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
666
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
697
Average annual personnel
contribution/month:
555
Average annual direct cost:
(555*$9,000*12)=
$59,940,000
Peak annual personnel
contribution/month:
697
Fin. contrib’s:
$55,630,973
Fin. contrib’s:
$50,448,584
Fin.
contrib’s:
$131,610,390
Fin.
contrib’s:
$209,815,840
Fin.
Contrib’s:
$157,409,630
Average annual active forces:
211,534
Average annual
indirect cost:
697/211,534)
($35.7866bn)
=117,916,080@
Average annual defense
budget
$35.7866bn
Average annual financial
contributions to UN PKOs:
$120,983,080
24
Country
USA
1998
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
610
1999
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
470
2000
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
841
2001
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
804
2002
Monthly
average
person.
contrib’s:
697
Fin. contrib’s:
$284,500,530
Fin. contrib’s:
$257,612,890
Fin.
contrib’s:
$667,322,130
Fin.
contrib’s:
$875,429,830
Fin.
contrib’s:
$639,167,510
Countries used
Average annual personnel
contribution/month:
684
Calculations
Average annual direct cost:
(684*$9,000*12)=
$73,872,000
Peak annual personnel
contribution/month:
841
Average annual
indirect cost:
841/1,384,120)
($293.793bn)
=
$178,510,470@
Average annual active
forces:
1,384,120
Average annual defense
budget:
$293.793bn
Average annual financial
contributions to UN PKOs:
$544,806,580
25
Calculations: Personnel (Direct and Indirect) and Financial Contributions to non-UN missions 1998-2002
Country
Australia
1998
Person. contrib’s:
100(Bougainville
(MFO)
1999
Person. contrib’s:
150(Bougainville)
26 (MFO)
5400(Interfet)
2000
Person. contrib’s:
150(Bougainville)
26 (MFO)
5400(Interfet)
Total: 126
Direct cost:
126
(12*10,000)
=
15,120,000
Total: 5576
Total: 5576
Direct cost:
5576
(12*10,000)
=
669,120,000
Direct cost:
5576
(12*10,000)
=
669,120,000
2001
Person. contrib’s:
149(Bougainville)
26 (MFO)
2002
Person. contrib’s:
35 (Bougainville)
25 (MFO)
Total: 175
Total: 60
Direct cost:
175
(12*10,000)
=
21,000,000
Direct cost:
60
(12*10,000)
=
7,200,000
Numbers used
Peak:
5576
Average annual
active forces:
52,964
Average annual
defense budget:
7.14bn.
Calculations
Annual average
direct cost:
15,120,000+
669,120,000+
669,120,000+
21,000,000+
7,200,000+
=
1,381,560,000/5
=
276,312,000
Annual average
indirect cost:
(5576/52,964)
(7.14bn.)
=
751,692,470
Austria
Person. contrib’s:
200 (SFOR)
Person. contrib’s:
200 (SFOR)
216 (4z Kosovo)
Person. contrib’s:
56 (SFOR)
480 (KFOR)
Person. contrib’s:
56 (SFOR)
480 (KFOR)
Total: 416
Total: 536
Total: 536
Direct cost:
200
(12*10,000)+
216
(2,5*10,000)
=
24,000,000+
5,400,000
=
78,000,000
Direct cost:
536
(12*10,000)
=
64,320,000
Direct cost:
536
(12*10,000)
=
64,320,000
Total: 200
Person. contrib’s:
2 (SFOR)
498 (KFOR)
60 (ISAF)
Total: 560
Direct cost:
200
(12*10,000)
=
24,000,000
Direct cost:
560
(12*10,000)
=
67,200,000
Peak:
560
Average annual
active forces:
38,140
Average annual
defense budget
1.6418bn.
Annual average
direct cost:
24,000,000+
78,000,000+
64,320,000+
64,320,000+
67,200,000
=
297,840,000/5
=
59,568,000
Annual average
indirect cost:
560/38,140
(1.6418bn.)
=24,106,135
26
Country
Belgium
1998
Person. contrib’s:
550 (SFOR)
Total=550
1999
Person. contrib’s:
550 (SFOR)
1,079
(20z Kosovo)
Total =1,629
Direct cost:
550
(12*10,000)
=
66,000,000
Canada
Person. contrib’s:
960 (SFOR)
28 (MFO)
Direct cost:
550
(12*10,000)
1,079
(2.5*10,000)
=
66,000,000
26,975,000
=
92,975,000
2000
Person. contrib’s:
550 (SFOR)
900 (KFOR)
4 (Del.Forge)
2001
Person. contrib’s:
450 (SFOR)
1010 (KFOR)
2002
Person. contrib’s:
450 (SFOR)
1010 (KFOR)
Total =1,460
Total =1,460
Average annual
active forces:
40,676
Direct cost:
1,460
12*10,000)
=
175,200,000
Direct cost:
1,460
(12*10,000)
=
175,200,000
Average annual
defense budget
2.516bn.
Total =1,454
Direct cost:
1,454
(12*10,000)
=
174,480,000
Calculations
Annual average
direct cost:
66,000,000+
92,975,000+
174,480,000+
175,200,000+
175,200,000
=
683,855,000/5
=
136,771,000
Annual average
indirect cost:
1,629/40,676
(2.516bn.)
=
100,761,240
Person. contrib’s:
1,380 (SFOR)
28 (MFOR),
971(18z Kosovo)
Person. contrib’s:
1,350 (SFOR),
800 (KFOR),
(MFO)
Person. contrib’s:
1,200 (SFOR),
800 (KFOR)
(MFO)
Person. contrib’s:
1,600 (SFOR),
800 (KFOR),
29 (MFO)
Total =2,379
Total =2,176
Total =2,027
Total =2,429
Direct cost:
1,408
(12*10,000)+
971
(2,5 *10,000)
=
168,960,000+
24,275,000
=
193,235,000
Direct cost:
2,176@
(12*10,000)
=
261,120,000@
Direct cost:
2,027
(12*10,000)
=
243,240,000
Direct cost:
2,429
(12*10,000)
=
291,480,000
Total =988
Direct cost:
988
(12*10,000)
=
118,560,000
Numbers used
Peak:
1,629
Peak:
2,429
Average annual
active forces:
57,880
Average annual
defense budget:
7.1584bn.
Annual average
direct cost:
118,560,000+
193,235,000+
261,120,000+
243,240,000+
291,480,000
=
1,107,635,000/5
=
221,527,000
Annual average
indirect cost:
2,429/57,880
(7.1584bn.)
=
300,410,390
27
Country
Denmark
1998
Person. contrib’s:
600 (SFOR)
1999
Person. contrib’s:
630 (SFOR),
324 (6z Kosovo)
2000
Person. contrib’s:
425 (SFOR),
900 (KFOR)
2001
Person. contrib’s:
345 (SFOR),
900 (KFOR)
Total =954
Total =1,325
Total =1,245
Direct cost:
630
(12*10,000)+
234
(2,5*10,000)
=
75,600,000+
5,850,000
=
81,450,000
Direct cost:
1,325
(12*10,000)
=
159,000,000
Direct cost:
1,245
(12*10,000)
=
149,400,000
Person. contrib’s:
0
Person. contrib’s:
480 (SFOR),
800 (KFOR)
Person. contrib’s:
120 (SFOR),
800 (KFOR)
Total =1,280
Total =920
Total =600
Direct cost:
600
(12*10,000)
=
72,000,000
Finland
Person. contrib’s:
0
2002
Person. contrib’s:
365 (SFOR),
540 (KFOR),
50(ISAF)
Total =955
Direct cost:
955
(12*10,000)
=
114,600,000
Direct cost:
0
Average annual
active forces:
24,462
Average annual
defense budget:
$2.451bn.
Calculations
Annual average
direct cost:
72,000,000+
81,450,000+
159,000,000+
149,400,000+
114,600,000
=
576,450,000/5
=
115,290,000
Annual average
indirect cost:
1,325/24,462
($2.451bn.)
=
$132,760,000
Person. contrib’s:
20 (SFOR).
800 (KFOR),
50 (ISAF)
Total =870
Direct cost:
0
Numbers used
Peak:
1,325
Direct cost:
1,280
(12*10,000)
=
153,600,000
Direct cost:
920
(12*10,000)
=
110.400,000
Direct cost:
870
(12*10,000)
=104,400,000
Peak:
1280
Average annual
active forces:
31,840
Average annual
defense budget
1.6516bn.
Annual average
direct cost:
153,600,000+
110.400,000+
104,400,000
=368,400,000/5
=
73,680,000
Annual average
indirect cost:
1,280/31,840
(1.6516bn.)
=66,395,980
28
Country
France
1998
Person. contrib’s:
3,300 (SFOR),
17 (MFO)
Total =3,317
1999
Person. Contrib’s:
3,000 (SFOR),
17 (MFO),
4045
(75z Kosovo)
2000
Person. contrib’s:
3,200 (SFOR),
5,080 (KFOR),
17 (MFO)
2001
Person. contrib’s:
2,200 (SFOR),
5,100 (KFOR),
17 (MFO)
Total =8,297
Total =7,317
Direct cost:
8,297
(12*10,000)
=
995,640,000
Direct cost:
7,317
(12*10,000)
=
878,040,000
2002
Person. contrib’s:
2,200 (SFOR),
5,200 (KFOR)
400 (ISAF)
1,000
(Cote d’Ivoire)
Numbers used
Peak:
8,800
Average annual
active army:
300,934
Total =7,062
Direct cost:
3,317
(12*10,000)
=
398,040,000
Germany
Person. contrib’s:
2,600 (SFOR),
81 (MF0)
Total =2,681
Direct cost:
3,017
(12*10,000)+
4045
(2.5*10,000)
=
362,040,000+
101,125,000
=
463,165,000
Person. contrib’s:
2,738 (SFOR),
4,400 (J Guardian)
7,929
(147z Kosovo)
Person. contrib’s:
2369 (SFOR),
5300 (KFOR)
Person. contrib’s:
2100 (SFOR),
5100 (KFOR)
Total =7,669
Total =7,200
Total =15,067
Direct cost:
7,669
(12*10,000)
=
920,280,000
Direct cost:
7,200
(12*10,000)
=
864,000,000
Total =8,800
Direct cost:
7,800
(12*10,000)+
1000
(3*10,000)
=
936,000,000+
30,000,000
=
966,000,000
Person. contrib’s:
1900 (SFOR),
4600 (KFOR),
1120 (ISAF)
Total =7,620
Direct cost:
2,681
(12*10,000)
=
321,720,000
Direct cost:
2,738
(12*10,000)+
4,400
(6*10,000)+
7,929
(2,5 *10,000)=
328,560,000+
264,000,000+
198,225,000
=
790,785,000
Direct cost:
7,620
(12*10,000)
=
914,400,000
Average annual
defense budget
28.3468bn.
Calculations
Annual average
direct cost:
398,040,000+
463,165,000+
995,640,000+
878,040,000+
966,000,000+
=
3,700,885,000/5
=
740,177,000
Annual average
indirect cost:
8,800/300,934
(28.3468bn.)
=
828,925,410
Peak:
15,067
Average annual
active forces:
31,8340
Average annual
defense budget
24.08bn.
Annual average
direct cost:
321,720,000+
790,785,000+
920,280,000+
864,000,000+
914,400,000+
=
3,811,185,000/5
=
762,237,000
Annual average
indirect cost:
15,067/31,8340
(24.08bn.)
=
1,139,704,000
29
Country
Greece
1998
Person. contrib’s:
250 (SFOR)
1999
Person. contrib’s:
250 (SFOR)
593 (11z Kosovo)
2000
Person. contrib’s:
250 (SFOR),
430 (KFOR)
2001
Person. contrib’s:
250 (SFOR),
1,700 (KFOR)
Total =843
Total =680
Total =1,950
Direct cost:
250
(12 *10,000)+
593
(2.5*10,000)
=
30,000,000+
14,825,000
=
44,825,000
Direct cost:
680
(12 *10,000)
=
81,600,000
Person. Contrib.’s:
50 (SFOR)
Person. contrib’s:
50 (SFOR),
104 (KFOR)
Person. contrib’s:
50 (SFOR),
104 (KFOR)
Total =154
Total =154
Direct cost:
154
(12 *10,000)
=
18,480,000
Direct cost:
154
(12 *10,000)
=
18,480,000
Total: 250
Direct cost
250
(12*10,000)
=
30,000,000
Ireland
Person. contrib’s:
0
2002
Person. contrib’s:
250 (SFOR),
1,700 (KFOR),
(ISAF)
Total =1,980
Direct cost:
1,950
(12 *10,000)
=
234,000,000
Direct cost:
1,980
(12 *10,000)
=
237,600,000
Numbers used
Peak:
1,980
Average annual
active forces:
166,022
Average annual
defense budget
3.475bn.
Annual average
indirect cost:
1,980/166,022
(3.475bn.)
=
41,443,303
Person. contrib’s:
50 (SFOR),
104 (KFOR),
50 (ISAF)
Peak: 204
Average annual
active forces:
11,076
Total =204
Direct cost:
0
Direct cost:
50
(12 *10,000)
=
6,000,000
Calculations
Annual average
direct cost:
30,000,000+
44,825,000+
81,600,000+
234,000,000+
237,600,000
=
628,025,000/5
=
125,605,000
Direct cost:
204
(12 *10,000)
=
24,480,000
Average annual
defense budget
0.7508bn.
Annual average
direct cost:
6,000,000+
18,480,000+
18,480,000+
24,480,000
=
67,440,000/5
=
13,488,000
Annual average
indirect cost:
204/11,076
(0.7508bn.)
=
$13,828,386
30
Country
Italy
1998
Person. contrib’s:
2,500 (SFOR)
Direct cost:
2,500
(12 *10,000)
=
300,000,000
Japan
Person. contrib’s:
0
1999
Person. contrib’s:
2,531 (AFOR)
2,313 (SFOR),
77 (MFO),
1,160 (JGuardian),
2,805
(52z Kosovo)
Total =8,886
Direct cost:
2,531
(5 *10,000)+
2,390
(12 *10,000)+
1,160
(6 *10,000)+
2,805
(2.5 *10,000)
=
126,550,000+
286,800,000+
69,600,000+
70,125,000
=
553,075,000
Person. contrib’s:
0
2000
Person. contrib’s:
1,640 (SFOR),
6,400 (KFOR),
77 (MFO)
2001
Person. contrib’s:
1,500 (SFOR),
5,360 (KFOR),
77 (MFO)
Total =8,117
Total =6,937
Direct cost:
8,117
(12 *10,000)
=
974,040,000
Direct cost:
6,937
(12 *10,000)
=
832,440,000
2002
Person. contrib’s:
1,600 (SFOR),
5,360 (KFOR)
350 (ISAF),
75 (MFO)
Numbers used
Peak:
8,886
Average annual
active forces:
252,330
Total =7,385
Direct cost:
7,385
(12 *10,000)
=
886,200,000
Average annual
defense budget
16.881bn.
Calculations
Annual average
direct cost:
300,000,000+
553,075,000+
974,040,000+
832,440,000+
886,200,000
=
3,545,755,000/5
=
709,151,00
Annual average
indirect cost:
8,886/252,330
(16.881bn.)
=
594,477,730
Person. contrib’s:
0
Person. contrib’s:
0
Person. contrib’s:
0
Peak:
Direct cost:
0
Average annual
active forces:
239,060
Direct cost:
0
Direct cost:
0
Direct cost:
0
Direct cost:
0
Direct cost:
0
Average annual
defense budget
41.86bn.
Indirect cost:
0
31
Country
Netherlands
1998
Person. contrib’s:
1,375 (SFOR)
Direct cost:
1,375
(12 *10,000)
=
165,000,000
New
Zealand
1999
Person. contrib’s:
375 (SFOR)
1,220 (KFOR),
400 (JGuardian),
1,241
(23z Kosovo)
2000
Person. contrib’s:
1,267 (SFOR),
1,450 (KFOR),
155 (DelForge)
2001
Person. contrib’s:
1,100 (SFOR),
1,450 (KFOR),
80 (DelForge)
2002
Person. contrib’s:
1,000 (SFOR),
1,450 (KFOR),
150 (ISAF)
Total =2,872
Total =2,630
Total =2,600
Total =3,236
Direct cost:
2,872
(12 *10,000)
=
344,640,000
Direct cost:
2,630
(12 *10,000)
=
315,600,000
Direct cost:
2,600
(12 *10,000)
=
312,000,000
Person. contrib’s:
22 (SFOR)
25 (MFO)
130(Bougainville
Direct cost:
1,595
(12 *10,000)+
400
(6 *10,000)+
1241
(2.5 *10,000)
=
191,400,000+
24,000,000+
31,025,000
=
246,425,000
Person. contrib’s:
27(SFOR)
26 (MFO)
30(Bougainville)
Total =177
Total=83
Numbers used
Peak:
3,236
Average annual
active forces:
53,102
Average annual
defense budget
6.3604bn.
Annual average
indirect cost:
3,236/53,102
(6.3604bn.)
=
387,598,480
Person. contrib’s:
27(SFOR)
26 (MFO)
31(Bougainville)
Person. contrib’s:
27(SFOR)
26 (MFO)
9 (Bougainville)
Total=84
Total=72
Person. contrib’s:
15(Bougainville)
12 (ISAF)
26 (SFOR)
26 (MFO)
Peak:
177
Average annual
active army
9,250
Total=79
Direct cost
177
(12 *10,000)
=
21,240,000
Direct cost:
83
(12 *10,000)
=
9,960,000
Calculations
Annual average
direct cost:
165,000,000+
246,425,000+
344,640,000+
315,600,000+
312,000,000+
=
1,383,665,000/5
=
276,733,000
Direct cost:
84
(12 *10,000)
=
10,080,000
Direct cost:
72
(12 *10,000)
=
8,640,000
Direct cost:
79
(12 *10,000)
=
9,480,000
Average annual
defense budget
0.7726bn.
Annual average
direct cost:
21,240,000+
9,960,000+
10,080,000+
8,640,000+
9,480,000
=
59,400,000/5
=
11,880,000
Annual average
indirect cost:
177/9,250
(0.7726bn.)
=
14,783,805
32
Country
Norway
1998
Person. contrib’s:
700 (SFOR),
4 (MFO)
Total =704
1999
Person. contrib’s:
700 (SFOR),
5 (MFO),
100 (JGuardian),
378 (7z Kosovo)
2000
Person. contrib’s:
125 (SFOR),
1200 (KFOR),
5 (MFO)
2001
Person. contrib’s:
125 (SFOR),
980 (KFOR),
5 (MFO)
Total =1,330
Total =1,110
Direct cost:
1,330
(12 *10,000)
=
159,600,000
Direct cost:
1,110
(12 *10,000)
=
133,200,000
Total =1,183
Direct cost:
704
(12 *10,000)
=
84,480,000
Portugal
Direct cost:
705
(12 *10,000)
100
(6 *10,000)
378
(2.5 *10,000)
=
84,600,000+
6,000,000+
9,450,000
=
100,050,000
Person. contrib’s:
0
Person. contrib’s:
431 (8z Kosovo)
Direct cost:
0
Direct cost:
431
(2.5*10,000)
=
10,775,000
2002
Person. contrib’s:
125 (SFOR),
980 (KFOR),
(ISAF),
4 (MFO)
Numbers used
Peak:
1,330
Average annual
active forces:
27,980
Total =1,139
Direct cost:
1,139
(12 *10,000)
=
136,680,000
Average annual
defense budget
3.2398bn.
Calculations
Annual average
direct cost:
84,480,000+
100,050,000+
159,600,000+
133,200,000+
136,680,000
=
614,010,000/5
=
122,802,000
Annual average
indirect cost:
1,183/27,980
(3.2398bn.)
=
136,979,390
Person. contrib’s:
335 (SFOR),
340 (KFOR)
Person. contrib’s:
330 (SFOR),
313 (KFOR)
Total =675
Total =643
Direct cost:
675
(12 *10,000)
=
81,000,000
Direct cost:
643
(12 *10,000)
=
77,160,000
Person. contrib’s:
330 (SFOR)
313 (KFOR),
20 (ISAF)
Total =663
Direct cost:
663
(12 *10,000)
=
79,560,000
Peak:
675
Average annual
active forces:
47,030
Average annual
defense budget:
1.4232bn.
Annual average
direct cost:
10,775,000+
81,000,000+
77,160,000+
79,560,000
=
248,495,000/5
=
49,699,000
Annual average
indirect cost:
675/47,030
(1.4232bn.)
20,426,536
33
Country
Spain
1998
Person. contrib’s:
1,600 (SFOR)
Direct cost:
1,600
(12 *10,000)
=
192,000,000
Sweden
Person. contrib’s:
1
Direct cost:
1
(12 *10,000)
=
120,000
1999
Person. contrib’s:
1,600 (SFOR),
593(11z Kosovo)
2000
Person. contrib’s:
1600 (SFOR),
900 (KFOR)
2001
Person. contrib’s:
1200 (SFOR)
1300(KFOR)
Total =2,193
Total =2,500
Total =2,500
Direct cost:
1,600
(12 *10,000)+
593
(2,5*10,000)
=
192,000,000+
14,825,000
=
206,825,000
Direct cost:
2,500
(12 *10,000)
=
300,000,000
Direct cost:
2,500
(12 *10,000)
=
300,000,000
Person. contrib’s:
511 (SFOR)
Person. contrib’s:
510 (SFOR),
760 (KFOR)
Person. contrib’s:
42 (SFOR),
751 (KFOR)
Total =1,270
Total =793
2002
Person. contrib’s:
1200 (SFOR)
1340 (KFOR)
350 (ISAF)
Total =2,890
Direct cost:
511
(12 *10,000)
=
61,320,000
Direct cost:
2,890
(12 *10,000)
=
346,800,000
Numbers used
Peak:
2,890
Average annual
active forces:
173,580
Average annual
defense budget
7.0718bn.
Calculations
Annual average
direct cost:
192,000,000+
206,825,000+
300,000,000+
300,000,000+
346,800,000
=
1,345,625,000/5
=
269,125,000
Annual average
indirect cost:
2,890/173,580
(7.0718bn.)
=
117,741,110
Person. contrib’s:
42 (SFOR),
751 (KFOR),
45 (ISAF)
Total =838
Direct cost:
1,270
(12 *10,000)
=
152,400,000
Direct cost:
793
(12 *10,000)
=
95,160,000
Direct cost:
838
(12 *10,000)
=
100,560,000
Peak:
1,270
Average annual
active forces:
45,340
Average annual
defense budget:
4.4624bn.
Annual average
direct cost:
120,000+
61,320,000+
152,400,000+
95,160,000+
100,560,000
=
409,560,000/5
=
81,912,000
Annual average
indirect cost:
1,270/45,340
(4.4624bn.)
=
124,994,440
34
Country
Switzerland
1998
Person. contrib’s:
0
1999
Person. contrib’s:
108 (2z Kosovo)
2000
Person. contrib’s:
130 (KFOR)
2001
Person. contrib’s:
160 (KFOR)
2002
Person. contrib’s:
160 (KFOR)
Numbers used
Peak:
160
Average annual
active forces:
3,522
Direct cost:
0
U.K
Person. contrib’s:
5,250 (SFOR),
160 (NWatch)
Total =5,410
Direct cost:
5,410
(12 *10,000)
=
649,200,000
Direct cost:
108
(2.5*10,000)
=2,700,000
Direct cost:
130
(12 *10,000)
=
15,600,000
Direct cost:
160
(12 *10,000)
=
19,200,000
Person. contrib’s:
130 (AFOR),
4,500 (SFOR),
9,600 (JGuardian),
160 (N.Watch),
3,398
(63z Kosovo)
Person. contrib’s:
2,700 (SFOR),
3,500 (KFOR),
350 (DelForge),
160 (NWatch)
4,500
(Sierra Leone)
Person. contrib’s:
2,600 (SFOR),
3,900 (KFOR),
350 (DelForge),
185(NWatch)
Total =17,778@
Direct cost:
130@
(5*10,000)+
4,500@
(12 *10,000)+
9,600@
(6*10,000)+
3398@
(2.5*10,000)=
6,500,000@+
540,000,000@+
576,000,000@+
84,950,000@
=
1,207,450,000@
Total =11,210
Direct cost:
7,035
(12 *10,000)
=
844,200,000
Direct cost:
6,710
(12 *10,000)+
+4,500
(1.5*10,000)+
=
805,200,000+
67,500,000
=
872,700,000
Direct cost:
160
(12 *10,000)
=
19,200,000
Average annual
defense budget
3.1328bn.
Person. contrib’s:
1,700 (SFOR),
2,200 (KFOR),
400 (ISAF),
350 (DelForge),
190 (NWatch)
Peak:
17,778
Total =4,840
Average annual
defense budget
35.7866bn
Average annual
active forces:
211,534
Total =7,035
Direct cost:
4,840
(12 *10,000)
=
580,800,000
Calculations
Annual average
direct cost:
2,700,000+
15,600,000+
19,200,000+
19,200,000
=
56,700,000/5
=
11,340,000
Annual average
indirect cost:
160/3,522
(3.1328bn.)
=
142,319,140
Annual average
direct cost:
649,200,000+
1,207,450,000+
872,700,000+
844,200,000+
580,800,000
=
4,154,350,000/5
=
830,870,000
Annual average
indirect cost:
17,778/211,534
(35.7866bn)
=
3,007,621,400
35
Country
USA
1998
Person. contrib’s:
12,810 (SFOR),
917 (MFO),
1,422 (NWatch)
1999
Person. contrib’s:
12,350 (SFOR)
918 (MFO)
1,400 (NWatch),
50,000(Kosovo)
2000
Person. contrib’s:
8,590 (SFOR),
5,950 (KFOR),
918 (MFO),
1,400 (NWatch)
2001
Person. contrib’s:
7,180 (SFOR),
5,740 (KFOR),
860 (MFO),
1,400 (NWatch)
Total =64,668
Total =16,858
Total =15,180
Direct cost:
14,668
(12 *10,000)+
50,000
(2,5*10,000)
=
1,760,160,000+
1,250,000,000
=
3,010,160,000
Direct cost:
16,858
(12 *10,000)
=
2,022,960,000
Direct cost:
15,180
(12 *10,000)
=
1,821,600,000
Total =15,149
Direct cost:
15,149
(12 *10,000)
=
1,817,880,000
2002
Person. contrib’s:
2,350 (SFOR),
5,360 (KFOR),
1,400 (NWatch)
Total =9,110
Direct cost:
9,110
(12 *10,000)
=
1,093,200,000
Numbers used
Peak:
64,668
Average annual
active forces:
1,384,120
Average annual
defense budget:
293.793bn
Calculations
Annual average
direct cost:
1,817,880,000+
3,010,160,000+
2,022,960,000+
1,821,600,000+
1,093,200,000
=
9,765,800,000/5
=
1,953,160,000
Annual average
indirect cost:
64,668/1,384,120
(293.793bn)
=
13,726,415,000
Source: All personnel contribution numbers are from The Military Balance, 1998/1999, 1999/2000, 2000/2001, 2002/2003, Institute for Strategic Studies,
London.
Note 1: Duration for all missions during one year is assumed to be 12 months, with the exception of the following missions:
Kosovo air war: 2.5 months
AFOR: 5 months
Joint Guardian: 6 months
British intervention in Sierra Leone: 1.5 months
French intervention in Cote d’Ivoire: 3 months
Note 2: Assumed that the ratio of personnel to airplanes ready to be deployed during the Kosovo air war is 50,000/927. This ratio is based on how many
personnel was represented by the 927 airplanes the United States had ready to be deployed, which is the most reliable ratio of personnel to airplanes among the
states involved in this NATO operation. The constant z will be used in calculations to illustrate this ratio.
36