3.c gs-'.
093
COLUMBIA
DELIBaA.RY
Jug,
1
,, 1968
Marine Science, I.aborctorl
Oregon rS taste; Ui versi ty
DEPARTMENT of OCEANOGRAPHY
SCHOOL of SCIENCE
OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
1 October 1967
OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
II
through
31 March 1968
=Edlred by
I
Diana 'PAhf;If
v
piogres Repnr`f .Ne .2
RefBronkr° 6$ ;4
x
John V. Byrne
Chairman
Department of Oceanography
School of Science
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon
97331
Progress Report No. 21
RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
1 October 1967 through 31 March 1968
Edited by
Diane Merten
Office of Naval Research
Contract N00014-67-A-0369-0001
Project NR 104-936
National Science Foundation
Grant GB-4629
Grant GP-5317
Contract Nonr 1286(10)
Project NR 083-102
Contract Nonr 1286(09)
Project NR 083-600
Grant GA- 301
Grant GP-5165
Grant GA- 331
Grant GA- 545
Grant GA-5136
United States Navy
Contract N60530-67-C-0688
Grant GB-5494
Grant GA- 711
Atomic Energy Commission
Contract A T(45-1)1750
Grant GA- 738
Grant GA- 714
Grant GA- 799
Grant GA- 932
Public Health Service
Grant GA- 998
Grant GA-1028
Grant GA-1217
Grant ES 00026-04
Air Force
Grant GA- 934
Grant GA-1210
AF-49(638)1403
Grant GB-6548
National Aeronautics and Space
Grant GA-1246
Administration - NASA
NGR 38-002-013
Grant GA-1250
Grant GA-1281
Grant GA-1252
Grant GA-1452
United States Department of Interior
1T1- WP-111-02
Grant GA-1435
Grant GA-1411
USGS-14-08-0001-10766
BCF-14-17-0001-1759
Reference 68-4
May 1968
Reproduction in whole or in part is permitted for any purpose of the
United States Government.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
Atmospheric Effects on Incoming Solar Radiation in a
rop ca M ar i ne Environment
Tropical
nv ronmen - Q u i nn, Bur t . . . . .
Hydrographic Capability for the R /V YAQUINA and
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R/V CAYUSE - Neshyba, Mesecar. . . . . . .
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TOTEM Buoy Program - Neshyba, Young, Burt
OSU-ESSA Marine Forecasting Center - Neshyba, Burdwell .
Simplified Computation of Geostrophic Currents Over
Large Ocean Areas - Neshyba, Denner . . . . . . .
Analysis of Hydrographic Techniques - Neshyba, Yao . . .
Automatic Meteorological Stations AN-GMT - Neshyba,
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Still, Bales, Jones
Towed Physical-Chemical Probe - Neshyba, Albin, Jeter .
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GEK Methods and Measurements - Neshyba, Curtin
Federal Communication Commission License for Data
Telemetry - Neshyba, Bales . . . . . . . . . . .
Theoretical Studies of Long-Period Waves in the OceanLonguet-Higgins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reflection of Internal Waves and Tides - Longuet-Higgins . .
Hydrography and Dynamics of the Alaskan Stream -
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Favorite, Pattullo
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Water Masses of Oregon Coastal Waters - Blanton, Pattullo
Mean Sea Level Studies - Pattullo, Burdwell, PittOck . . . . .
Antarctic Intermediate Water in the South Pacific - Johnson,
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Pattullo . .
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Direct Measurement of Currents -- An Interpretation of
Coast and Geodetic Survey Measurements Made in
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Long Island Sound - Swans on, Pattullo
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Physical Oceanography of Shelf Waters Pattullo, Smith,
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Mooers, Pillsbury, Cutchin, Bogert
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Upwelling Along the Oregon Coast - Smith, Pattullo
Internal Tide - Upwelling Interaction Study - Mooers, Smith. . .
Upwelling Along the Southeast Arabian Coast Smith, Bottero
Upwelling in the Region of the Costa Rica Dome - Smith . .
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Upwelling in Yaquina Bay - Smith, Bourke . . . . . . .
Long Period Shelf Waves and Sea Level Smith, Mooers ., . .
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Ice Cover of the Greenland Sea - Skov, Smith . . . .
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Theoretical Studies - Beardsley, Zaneveld. . . . . .
Empirical Studies of the Inherent Optical Properties - Beardsley,
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Carder, Hodgson Tucker .
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Optical Surveys - Beardsley, Carder, Pak. . . . . . . .
Boundary Kinematics - Beardsley, Earle, Plank . . . . . .
Air-Sea Interaction - Pond, Gorner, Mesecar, Phelps, Slayman .
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Instrumentation - Mesecar
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Hydrography of Oregon Waters - Wyatt, Pattullo, Still,
Barstow, Gilbert . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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GEOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
Continental Margin Studies
Bottom Currents and Sediment Movement on the
Continental Shelf - Kulm, Neudeck. . . .
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Stratigraphy of Continental Shelf - Fowler, McKeel .
Foraminiferal Ecology - Fowler, Stensland, Gunther,
Ma its olf, McKeel . . . . . . . . . . . .
Paralic Foraminifera - Fowler, Manske, Margules .
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Deep-Sea Studies
Astoria Fan - Byrne, Nelson . . . . . . . . .
Postglacial and Late. Pleistocene Sedimentation in the
Abyssal Environments off Oregon- Washington Kulm, Duncan . .
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Deep-Sea Faunal Stratigraphy - Fowler, Duncan
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GEOPHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
Electrical Conductivity of Lava and Exploration of Geothermal
Anomalies with Electrical Methods - Bodvarsson, Mathews
Physics and Geochemistry of Thermal Areas - Bodvarsson. .
Theoretical Geophysics and Direct Interpretation Methods -
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Bodvarsson
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Direct Interpretation of Potential Field Measurements with
Special Emphasis on Marine Magnetic Fields - Bodvarsson,
Em it is
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Temperature Microstructure and Eddy Transport in the Ocean
Floor Boundary Layer - Bodvarsson, Korgen . . . . .
Paleomagnetic Studies - Heinrichs, McKnight . . . . . . .
Land Gravity - Heinrichs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Marine Magnetics - Heinrichs . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Earthquake Seismology - Gallagher, French, Johnson,
Pietrafesa
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Marine Gravity - Banks, Couch, Gemperle . . . . . . . .
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Marine Magnetics - Couch . . . . . .
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Tectonics - Couch . . . . . . . . .
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CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
Improvement of Shipboard Technique - Park, Ball, Bradford,
Cissell, Gordon, Hager . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Columbia River Plume - Gordon, Ball, Bradford, Catalfomo,
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Cissell, Park, Hager . . . . . . .
Subarctic Boundary in the Pacific - Park, Ball, Cissell,
Gordon, Hager, Pirson, Barstow. . . . . . .
Columbia River Estuary Study - Park, Forster, Haertel,
Catalfomo.
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Carbonic and Boric Acids - Pytkowicz, Culberson
Sulfate Complexes - Pytkowicz, Kester, Gates
Calcium Carbonate - Pytkowicz, Fowler, Hawley
Pytkowicz, Kester, Gates
Calcium Phosphate
Southern Ocean - Pytkowicz . . . . . . . .
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RADIOCHEMISTRY AND RADIOECOLOGY
Estuary Plankton Study - Haertel, Osterberg . . . . . . .
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Lead-210 in Marine Organisms - Beasley, Forster
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Specific Activity Studies of 65Zn on Various Soft Body Parts
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of Mytilus Californias - Larsen, Forster . . . .
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Radioanalysis - Larsen, Forster . . . . .
Non-Radioactive Water Mass Tracers - Hanson, Forster . .
The Effects of 60Co Gamma Irradiation on the Reproductive
Performance of the Brine Shrimp Artemia - Holton, Forster
Elemental-Extraction from Marine Waters - Guthrie, Ozawa,
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Forster
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Relative Specific Activity Changes with 65Zn Accumulation
from Food and Water, in Rockfish of the Genus Sebastodes -
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Nievaard, Forster, Renfro
Radiozinc Uptake in Pacific Coast Asteroids - Vermeere,
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Forster, RgTfro . . . . 54. . . .
Distribution of Cr, 65Zn, and Mn in the Tissues of Cancer
magister Dana, the Dungeness Crab - Tennant, Forster,
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Renfro
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Radionuclide Transfer through Food Webs - Renfro, Phelps,
Guthrie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Columbia River Estuary Fishes - Renfro, Guthrie, Phelps
Radioecology of Marine Animals - Pearcy, Eagle, Lorz, Smiles,
Forster
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Radioecology of Benthic Animals - Carey, McCauley, Paul,
Stander, Heeter, Larsen, Forster
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BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
Ecology of Oceanic Animals - Pearcy, Eagle, Lorz, Smiles
Assimilation of Organic Matter by Marine Second Trophic
Level Grazers - Small, O' Connors, Menzies . . . . .
Carbon and Nitrogen Budgets in and out of Upwelling Areas Small, Park, Ramberg, Cissell . . . . . . . . . .
Metabolism of Zinc-65 by Euphausiids - Small, Fowler . . .
Phytoplankton Ecology - Curl, Small . . . . . . . . . .
Storage Products of Marine Phytoplankton - Curl, Marmelstein
Ecosystem Simulation - Curl, Iverson . . . . . . . . . .
Physiological Ecology of Cryophilic Algae - Curl, Sutton . . .
Benthic Ecology - Carey, Alspach, Hancock, Hufford, Bertrand
Reproduction of an Abyssal Sea Cucumber - Hufford, Carey .
Deep-Sea Boring Molluscs - Tipper, McCauley . . . . . .
Checklist of Benthic Invertebrate Epifauna - McCauley, Carey,
Alspach
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Deep-Sea Fish Trematodes - McCauley, Pequegnat, Smoker
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Zooplankton Studies - Frolander, McCormick, Flynn . . .
Marine Microbiology - Morita . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pycnogonida of the Antarctic Regions - Hedgpeth, McCain .
Ecology of Inshore Marine Invertebrates - Hedgpeth, Gonor,
Barnes, Caplan, Butler, Lough . . . . . . . . . .
DEGREES GRANTED
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VISITING SCIENTISTS ABOARD R / V YAQUINA
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PUBLICATIONS .
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PAPERS SUBMITTED
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PAPERS PRESENTED AT SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS
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PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
Atmospheric Effects on Incoming Solar Radiation in a Tropical Marine
Environment - Quinn, Burt
Two papers on solar radiation (Quinn and Burt, 1967; Quinn and Burt,
1968) have been recently published.
A thid paper, "Computation of Incoming Solar Radiation over the
Equatorial Pacific, " has been completed and will be published in the June
issue of the Journal of Applied Meteorology. In this paper we have presented the results of using several existing formulas for estimating
incoming solar radiation from Canton Island July 1957 - June 1958 cloud
data. We also propose an approach which provides significantly improved
estimates of insolation from the same cloud data.
A study of incoming solar radiation in relation to weather conditions
at Wake Island is under way. Also, additional weather data are being
obtained for tropical Pacific sites in order to provide a more comprehensive estimation of variations (over the tropics of incoming solar radiation
reception.
Hydrographic Capability for the R/V YAQUINA and R/V CAYUSE- Neshyba,
Mesecar
Major items of equipment for the R/V YAQUINA electronics laboratory have either been received or are on order. The dry laboratory just
forward of the galley has been converted to accept racks of electronic
gear. This gear is presently being assembled. Initial tests of the Geodyne
Continuous Profiling System are scheduled for April, 1968. The system is
unique in that a separate digitizing current meter, with separate cable,
is an integral part of the system. This provides the capacity of recording
relative motions between the area 10 meters below sea surface and the
lowered sensor. An additional feature being constructed for the CTD is
a 3-unit Fjarlie selective bottom sampler. With this, one may obtain
with every profile three selected water samples and reversing thermometer
data. A computer program has been written to smooth each continuous
profile. The cost of the completed bottle sampler will be less than the cost
of factory calibration of the CTD probe itself; it makes the periodic
Nanseft cast usually used on hydrographic surveys to check CTD operation
unnecessary. Included in the system is an interface to the PDP-8/S
computer so that profile data are immediately placed into the computer's
storage unit.
Two Geodyne tape-recording current meters have been received, and
construction is almost complete on two sets of timed release mechanisms,
radio beacons, and xenon lights which together form free-diving meter
systems. A novel design for modest cost deep flotation units, to return
to the surface, is being fabricated.
2
It has been necessary to purchase a special winch for the CTD system.
Contract has been let, with delivery expected 1 May. The design is one
which permits the unit to be operated from either research vessel. The
entire electronics lab will be completed in time for the YALOC II cruise
to Dutch Harbor in August 1968. (Fig. 1 shows the proposed cruise track. )
TOTEM Buoy Program - Neshyba, Young, Burt
During summer of 1967, a prototype spar buoy was constructed with
State funds at Newport by Mr. Young, see Fig. 2. In September, the buoy
was towed to sea for preliminary trials, found seaworthy, and returned to
Newport. During the winter, minor modifications were made and the
instrument housing was completed. Further trials of mooring procedures,
with the TOTEM both resting on the bottom and floating in the water column,
were conducted during March 1968. We plan to moor the TOTEM about
25 miles off the coast of Newport during May 1968. Tentative plans are
to keep the buoy moored throughout the summer and the winter seasons.
An AN-GMT 5 automatic meteorological station obtained on loan from the
Naval Research Laboratory will be installed on the TOTEM. This unit
senses and telemeters upon command a wind vector, air temperature, and
pressure. Other sensors may be added. Base station will be set up in
the OSU-ESSA Marine Forecasting Center in the Marine Science Center,
Newport.
An additional AN-GMT 5 system will be set up at the Marine Science
Center. An initial research will be the correlation of winds measured
off shore with winds ashore.
OSU-ESSA Marine Forecasting Center - Neshyba, Burdwell
On 1 December 1967, a Marine Weather Forecasting Center began
operations at the Marine Science Center, Newport. Under a joint program,
the Department of Oceanography provides logistical support while ESSA
provides a full-time marine meteorologist, Mr. Burdwell. The objectives
of the program are
1.
To provide forecast and briefing support, including weather and
sea conditions, to OSU staff conducting oceanographic research.
2.
Tq undertake technical studies and develop techniques leading to
describing and forecasting changes in the marine environment,.
to include marine weather, sea state, surf conditions, ocean
currents, tidal behavior, sea surface temperature, and mixed
layer depth.
3.
To perform liaison with marine service users along the Oregon
coast.
4.
To obtain real-time feedback weather and marine environment
observations from cooperative interests along and off the Oregon
coast for program use and for relay to Weather Bureau offices
responsible for coastal and offshore forecasts and warnings.
PROPOSED CRUISE TRACK YALOC II
165°
1600
155°
150°
145°
Figure 1.
140°
135°
130°
125°
4
HOIST
INSTRUMENT HOUSE - RATED
FOR NOMINAL 5000 LB. PAYLOAD
T
4'
30'
SPAR
,,,,s-ST/LL WATER LEVEL
20'
TANK NO. / - FLOTATION
TANK NO. 2 - RESERVE TRIM / FLOTATION
36'
TANK NO. 3 - TRIM
184'
STEM
80'
BALLAST
12'
f:::
TANK NO. 4 - BALLAST FLOTATION
-
BALLAST
Figure 2. Prototype spar buoy, TOTEM.
5
5.
To develop and conduct a training program to improve the marine
forecasting skills of meteorologists assigned to the marine program.
Simplified Computation of Geostrophic Currents Over Large Ocean Areas Neshyba, Denner
In most operational programs for computing surface currents over
large areas, a sufficient density of hydro stations does not exist. However,
from ship reports of sea surface temperature and bathythermographs a
much larger quantity of data is available. The question arises: Can these
data be used to establish geostrophic flow? Because of the importance of
advection in the forecasting of thermal structure, the U.S. Navy presently
has two groups computing surface currents.
In this study, the geostrophic flow equation is written in the form
2w sin 0 (v -v 2 ) =
aT
1
dT
)
s, p
dx-
+
dS
(-0-46a s ) T,p
J
dp
P1
and an attempt is made to include the equation of state of seawater into
the computation for surface currents. The dependence of specific volume
upon temperature, salinity, and pressure is known from empirical data
collected by several researchers, more recently by Newton and Kennedy.
By restricting interest to the upper 2000 m of the ocean and by formulating
analytical functions for the partial coefficients above, which hold over
known regions, Mr. Denner-has been able to show a strong correlation in
computed surface currents with those computed by standard dynamic
section. Preliminary results have been reported in a paper to the 1968
Pacific Oceanographers Conference. A publication covering more comprehensive tests of the method is expected within the year. A thesis is
in preparation.
Mr. Denner will further test the method by participating in YALOC II
cruise across the Gulf of Alaska.
Analysis of Hydrographic Techniques - Neshyba, Yao
The effects of five different data processing methods on the accuracy
of geostrophic computations have been analyzed by using hydrographic data
collected from a set of 24-hour triangular stations off the Oregon coast.
Results show in all cases that the accuracy of the dynamic depth anomaly
depends on the choice of vertical integration intervals based on seawater
density distribution instead of on an arbitrary set of standard depths, and
that the effect of interpolation of hydro data is not significant if the data
are properly sampled and adequately interpolated. With properly sampled
data, the LaGrange interpolation method does not cause significant errors.
6
Among the several processing schemes employed, best results for seawater
density calculations are obtained by using the Hans Klein chart in combination
with a computer program.
Mr. Yao has returned to Taiwan where he is heavily engaged in teaching
and developing oceanographic programs at the Chinese College of Culture.
Automatic Meteorological Stations AN-GMT - Neshyba, Still, Bales, Jones
In cooperation with the TOTEM program, the Naval Research Laboratory
has loaned the Department three automatic meteorological stations AN-GMT 5.
In addition, the Naval Avionics Facility of Indianapolis (NAFI), the agency
which constructed the units, has provided technical and engineering support.
At this time, the units are set up for Navy frequencies; however, the
Department has requested a license from the FCC to operate the stations.
Upon FCC approval, NAFI will modify the telemetry units to conform with
assigned oceanographic data telemetry frequencies. Mr. Bales is responsible
for FCC liaison; Mr. Still will'be responsible for the continuous compilation
and distribution of data to users; and Mr. Jones (student assistant) will assist
in day-to-day operation and maintenance of the station.
Initial trials of the TOTEM in March included a radio test designed to
establish the effect of,water level around the TOTEM upon the propagation
characteristics of the system. The base station for these units will be the
Marine Forecasting Center at Newport.
Towed Physical-Chemical Probe - Neshyba, Albin, Jeter
A 14-bit digital converter has been designed,, constructed, and
laboratory tested. The system, reported in a thesis by Dr. Albin, is capable
of measuring any physical or chemical parameter which can be transformed
into a resistance, voltage, or current electrical analog. As such, it is usable
both with sensors such as platinum thermometers and with sensors such as
electrochemical cells whose output is a dc potential. A unique measuring
technique is employed to permit the. converter to be adjusted so that the fulldigitizing dynamic range of 14 bits can be matched to the sensor variable
output range. The technique is being reviewed for patent application. Temperature, pressure, oxygen, and pH transducers are being acquired.
D. Albin has been granted $4, 000 by the OSU Research Council to
conduct the work of transforming the laboratory model into a field oceano-
graphic instrument. An oceanographic research assistant, Mr. Jeter, has
been assigned to the program. Dr. Albin and Mr. Jeter will operate the
system during YALOC II cruise to attempt a continuous horizontal oxygenpH-temperature track across the Gulf of Alaska with vertical profile and
calibration casts every 100 miles. These data will play an important role in
the research objectives of YALOC II.
GEK Methods and Measurements - Neshyba, Curtin
In March 1967 OSU obtained on loan from the Naval Oceanographic Office
a complete GEK system. The initial objectives of this program were (1) to
build within the Department a GEK instrument capability, and (2) to incorporate
the GEK measurement into every standard hydro line as a routine measure-
ment. After the first year of operation, a third objective has been added,
that of improving the GEK method. A new GEK system has been built by the
Department and the Navy unit is to be returned.
GEK measurements are taken on a monthly basis during regular hydro
cruises. Experiments to date have included simultaneous towing of two pairs
of electrodes with both separate and additive. recording of signals, 24-hour
monitoring of currents along a 20-mile east-west line, data collection on the
electrode's potential drift and its relation to surface water temperature
variations. A data report detailing these experiments is in preparation. In
addition, Mr. Curtin has developed a new GEK operations manual for field
use. Research is currently being directed towards the fabrication of newly
designed electrodes to be housed in specially designed cases. The objective
is to achieve better noise isolation of the electrodes by maintaining their
seawater exposure during storage. Recorder improvement in both response
and resolution is being studied. An active filter has been designed to replace
the bulky filter presently incorporated in the recorders.
Federal Communication Commission License for Data Telemetry - Neshyba,
Bales
Temporary authority to test the network of automatic meteorological
stations has been granted by Chief of Naval Operations Office. In preparation
for permanent installations of the AN-GMT/5 systems, the Department has
submitted preliminary operational and technical requirements within the bands
assigned by Ocean Data Telemetry Frequencies Treaty. A 2nd class FCC
Commercial Operators License will be required by the FCC for supervision
of this system. Mr. Bales is preparing to qualify for this license.
Theoretical Studies of Long-Period Waves in the Ocean - Longuet-Higgins
The possibility of long waves in a rotating ocean becoming trapped along
a discontinuity of depth (a "sea-scarp") was demonstrated in a recent paper
(Longudt-Higgins, 1968). The analysis has now been extended to the situation
where the depth varies continuously in a zone separating two regions of different
depths. The possible trapping of waves in the transition zone has been investigated. It has been shown that the trapped waves always travel along the
transition zone with the shallower water to their right in the Northern
Hemisphere and to their left in the Southern Hemisphere. The wave period
of trapped waves must exceed one pendulum-day (about 17 hours at 450 N).
An infinity of trapped modes is possible. When the transition zone is made
narrow, the period of the lowest mode tends to a finite value- - the period of
the double-Kelvin waves. The periods of the higher modes tend to infinity.
Exact calculations have been carried out for two different depth profiles: a
"tank" profile and a uniform slope. A paper describing these results has been
accepted for publication in the Journal of Fluid Mechanics.
8
Reflection of Internal Waves and Tides - Longuet-Higgins
The energy of internal waves tends to be propagated along certain characteristic paths inclined at an angle to the vertical direction. The reflection
of such waves by smooth surfaces was recently discussed by Sandstrom, who
suggested that internal tides might be generated in this way. The purpose of
the present investigation is to examine the role of surface roughness in the
reflection of internal waves. Surprisingly, it turns out that quite small
scale irregularities can completely alter the reflecting properties of a
surface. The tangential scale of the roughness may be much smaller than
the wavelength of the incident or reflected waves. For tidal waves in the
ocean, roughness scales of the order of 1 m may be highly significant.
The behavior of the coefficient of transmission as a function of the angle of
incidence is at first sight quite complicated. However, the transmission
has been calculated in some simple cases; a saw-tooth roughness, a squaretopped roughness, and a E sine wave of constant or slowly varying amplitude. The effects of viscosity have been included quantitatively. Model
experiments to verify the theory have been planned. The results may have
important implication for the generation and propagation of internal tides in
the ocean.
Hydrography and Dynamics of the Alaskan Stream - Favorite, Pattullo
Work on this project has been actively resumed with the beginning of
March. Examination of the effects of sea level, wind stress curl, precipitation, and dynamic height are included.
Water Masses of Oregon Coastal Waters - Blanton, Pattullo
Dr. Blanton pursued a study pertinent to this topic as thesis research
for his doctoral degree. His thesis title and abstract follow:
The Subsurface Frontal Zone Beneath the Subtropical
Convergence in the Northeast Pacific Ocean
Abstract
Data from NORPAC 55 in the northeastern Pacific Ocean showed
that there is a subsurface oceanic frontal zone beneath the region
of the subtropical convergence. Correlations of temperature with
salinity and of temperature with oxygen demonstrated that the front
separates two distinct water masses at depths where thermosteric
anomalies vary between 125 and 70 cl/t. The front is a well-defined
feature oriented approximately east-west at about 26° N between
125° W and 1400 W. East of 125° W, the front was not well defined;
a mixture of the two water masses filled the nearshore area from
Point Conception, California, to Punta Eugenia, Baja, California.
9
The oxygen minimum zone has been enriched with oxygen
along the northern boundary of the frontal zone. This enrichment
has been taken as evidence of vertical mixing. Vertical mixing
was further corroborated by the distribution of salinity. On isentropic surfaces, cells of low salinity coincided with the region of
low oxygen just north of the frontal zone nearshore. The vertical
mixing was most strongly indicated nearshore in the vicinity of
Point Conception.
It is suggested that the source of intermediate-depth water
along the west coast of the U. S. below about 300 meters is
partly within the frontal zone. East of 125° W it is postulated
that eastward flow in the frontal zone carries water into the
coastal region. Evidence of this flow was given. by geostrophic
flow on the 100-cl/t surface.
The subsurface northward flow along the coast of Baja
California was examined and compared with the subsurface flow
north of Point Conception. The computations suggest that the
poleward flow along Baja California is shallower and that the
transport is smaller than the flow north of Point Conception.
An attempt is made to estimate the magnitude of the transports
carried by various parts of the system. The contributions from
the front and from the coastal flow along Baja California are
approximately 2. 5 and 0. 6 sverdrups respectively. These flows
combine to make the total subsurface northward transport
approximately 3. 1 sverdrups north of Point Conception..
Mean Sea Level Studies - Pattullo, Burdwell, Pittock
The ESSA tide recorder has operated well during the period; regular
processing of data has been carried out by ESSA and records have been
provided to various researchers both at the Corvallis campus and at
Newport. Mr. Burdwell of the Weather Bureau has assumed responsibility for the station and has begun preliminary work on prediction of bar
and sea level conditions at the coast. Dr. Pattullo is examining the
frequency distributions of sea level at the coast.
Antarctic Intermediate Water in'the South Pacific - Johnson, Pattullo
The distribution and transport of Antarctic Intermediate Water in the
South Pacific is being investigated by using the three-point vertical mixing
model with horizontal advection. Temperature-salinity diagrams of
selected South Pacific stations are being drawn to aid in determining the
appropriate values of temperature and salinity of each of the three water
types used in the mixing of the water column. With the selection of the
three types, the ' equivalent thickness' or total amount of AAIW in the
column will be determined. The sum of each station's amount of AAIW,
when averaged over its area of influence, will allow distribution contours
to be drawn and the total static volume of AAIW in the South Pacific to be
estimated.
10
Preliminary results from 50 widely spaced stations indicate the core
of the AAIW varies in depth from approximately 1000 m near the formation
zone at the Antarctic Convergence (or Polar Front) to 400 m at 100 South
latitude, whil5 maintaining a very nearly uniform density of 1.031 to
1. 029 gm/cm . This excludes boundary regions of less than 1200 m depth
and the inner island areas north of Australia.
Contours of geopotential anomalies will be drawn on this density
surface and geostrophic velocities will be computed of the AAIW. This
procedure will be repeated on density surfaces above and below the core
to density values corresponding to values at 30% Antarctic Intermediate
Water. The generated velocity profiles will then be integrated over depth
to give a quantitative measure of AAIW transport.
Direct Measurement of Currents -- An Interpretation of Coast and
Geodetic Survey Measurements Made in Long Island Sound - Swanson, Pattullo
During the summers 1966 and 1967, 170 current stations were occupied
in Long Island and Block Island Sounds by the Coast and Geodetic Survey.
Times of observations ranged from 4 days, using Roberts current meters,
to 15 and 30 days, using Geodyne current meters. Since the survey was
primarily for navigational purposes, most efforts were concentrated on
obtaining surface current measurements. All meters were suspended from
surface floats with the surface meter generally located at a depth of 15 feet.
Currents in Long Island Sound are predominantly tidal in nature with a
pronounced semi-diurnal period. It is our attempt in this study to examine
the current in a. portion of Long Island Sound as it exists after the tidal effects
have been eliminated. A north-south section of three stations located
approximately on longitude 72° 341W was selected primarily because simultaneous Geodyne observations were collected for a period of 15 days. The
M2 component of the tidal current will be filtered from the data, and a
spectral analysis will be performed on the residual. The data will then be
examined for possible correlation with permanent, inertial, and wind-driven
currents. We also anticipate at this point that we will run cross-spectra
between the three sets of data.
The raw data are presently being examined and adjusted for errors
prior to filtering. The most difficult problem has been adjusting the data
near slack water caused by the relatively slow motion of the current and the
supporting surface float of the current meter. These uncorrected data points
would most assuredly give erroneous results in the spectral analysis if not
properly adjusted.
Physical Oceanography of Shelf Waters
Cutchin, Bogert
Pattullo, Smith, Mooers, Pillsbury,
The physical oceanography of the shelf waters and, in particular, the
flow regime, frontal structure, and temperature inversions are being
studied by direct measurement. Recording current meters and thermographs
are moored on the continental shelf. A data report on the August-September
1966 experiment is nearly ready for publication (Mooers, Bogert, Pattullo,
11
Smith). Two papers are in preparation on the dynamic structure of a frontal
zone in a coastal upwelling region: one reporting on the direct current
measurements and comparing 'float' and 'flow' techniques (Collins et al. ) and
the other giving a dynamical interpretation (Mooers, et al,) of the
measurements.
A continuing seminar in coastal oceanography has been conducted to
disseminate information to new students and staff on the physics of the
problem, the mathematics of the analysis, the principles of the computer
programs, and the assundried operations of the project. Currently, an
intensive effort is being made to document and refine the existing computer
programs we have found useful. We are also forming, in cooperation with
THEMIS computer center personnel, a control program in order to "drive"
our various programs in a set of three functional systems rather than
"piecemealwise, " as at present. An objective is to be able to use remote
consoles and flexible inputs and outputs. We expect to produce a loose leaf
notebook with program documentation and system operating instructions; it
should be ready for issue late this summer.
This spring the emphasis will be on obtaining long time series (greater
than 100 days) of currents and temperatures at a site on the continental
shelf. With theses measurements we can investigate the response of the
coastal regime to longer period atmospheric systems. We anticipate that
the measurement program will be extended offshore to enable study of the
dynamics of the water above the continental slope.
Upwelling Along the Oregon Coast - Smith, Pattullo
Upwelling along the Oregon coast is being studied by using the hydrographic data and data obtained from the moored instrument arrays.
A review paper, with emphasis on the physical process of upwelling
has been completed and accepted for publication (Smith, In Press).
Work in the summer of 1967 with Dr. Beardsley and his hydrological
optics group has shown the usefulness of optical measurements in helping
to clarify the hydrographic structure of the coastal water. A paper on this
study is in preparation (Smith, Beardsley, Pak, and Tucker). A study of
the optical properties on the coastal upwelling region is planned this
summer.
Internal Tide - Upwelling Interaction Study - Mooers, Smith
Progress has been made on the theoretical analysis of the internal
tide-upwelling interaction problem. Simple linear models have been developed
for the coastal region and presented at the 49th Annual AGU meeting. When
Mr. Mooers' thesis work is complete, there will be a comparison of theoretical predictions and spectral analyses relevant to the problem of. dynamic
instability of the coastal upwelling frontal zone. The statistical work places
emphasis on the spectral analyses in the spectral band containing the
inertial and semi-diurnal frequencies and on the cross-spectral analyses of
records at various depths and offshore positions in this same spectral band.
12
Upwelling Along the Southeast Arabian Coast - Smith, Bottero
A paper concerned with an analysis of the horizontal and the vertical
components of the field of motion along the southeast Arabian coast during
the southwest monsoon was given in the Symposium on the Currents of the
Indian Ocean in Relation to the Monsoons at the IAPSO/IUGG meetings in
Berne, Switzerland, September, 1967. This analysis was based on the
assumption that the horizontal motion is composed of a geostrophic flow
prescribed by the slope of the sea surface and the density distribution and
of an Ekman flow in the surface layer. This assumption is similar to
that used by Wyrtki2 in his study of the Peru Current. Further analysis
and refinements are proceeding and will be part of Mr. Bottero's M.S.
thesis. Direct current measurements and Swallow float measurements
from RRS DISCOVERY Cruise I have been obtained from Dr. J. Swallow,
NIO, and comparison will be made with the flow based on the geostrophic
and wind measurement from the cruise.
Upwelling in the Region of the Costa Rica Dome - Smith
Dr. Smith participated as the physical oceanographer on the third
leg of PONCHO Cruise (University of Washington cruise aboard R/V T. G.
THOMPSON) in February 1968. Dr. F. A. Richards (University of
Washington) was the chief scientist. The upwelling region of the Costa
Rica Dome was studied; four sections' along 90 N were made. Analyses
performed on board confirmed the existence of upwelling in the Dome region
and showed interesting time variability. More detailed analyses of the
physical oceanography will be made in cooperation with Dr. Richards'
study of the chemical properties of 'rising waters.'
Upwelling in Yaquina Bay - Smith, Bourke
The temperature and salinity data for Yaquina Bay, compiled since
1960, are being studied by Mr. Bourke (NDEA fellow) as part of his M. S.
thesis to determine to what extent the bay data are indicative of the coastal
upwelling. Since the Yaquina Bay stations have been sampled frequently
over a long period, we feel we can obtain reliable statistics. Data from
coastal stations and data of winds from the Newport USCG Station are also
being used. An equation to predict upwelling as a function of the wind is
being developed. Dr. F. L. Ramsey of the Statistics Department, Oregon
State University, is giving extensive guidance.
2Wyrtki, 1963. Bulletin S. I..O. 8: 313-346.
13
Long Period Shelf Waves and Sea Level - Smith, Mooers
A paper indicating the existence of continental shelf waves off Oregon
has been published (Mooers and Smith, 1968). These very low-frequency
waves, with amplitudes of centimeters and wavelengths of megameters,
progress parallel to the coast in one direction only, like Kelvin waves.
Waves were detected by using statistical time series techniques on sea
level data collected from stations along the Oregon coast. Arrangements
are being made to obtain records from San Francisco and from Vancouver
Island, in order to lengthen the array used to detect the continental shelf
waves. Future work will be undertaken in co-operation with Dr. L. A.
Mysak of the University of British Columbia.
Ice Cover of the Greenland Sea - Skov, Smith
Dr. Skov completed his Ph. D. thesis on the Ice Cover of the Greenland
Sea: An Evaluation of Oceanographical and Meteorological Causes for
Year-toYear Variations. From an analysis of all known data, he concluded
that "the fluctuations of ocean currents entering and leaving the Greenland
Sea and of water movements within the Greenland Sea. remain as the
apparent determinant of year-to-year variations of ice cover.
Theoretical Studies - Beardsley, Zaneveld
The numerical model of light transmission in natural hydrosals developed
for the Naval Ordnance Test Station, Pasadena, was completed, and we now
have both the mechanism for predicting visibility (modulation transfer
function) and light penetration and several sets of tables applicable to conditions commonly found in seawater. The results of this study are contained
in the final report "The Modulation Transfer Function of Seawater, " Ref.
67-28, and three papers based on this work have been prepared and submitted for publication. The details of the modulation transfer calculations
also were presented orally by Mr. Zaneveld at the spring meeting of the
Optical Society of America (Washington, D. C. , March 1968).
Empirical Studies of the Inherent Optical Properties - Beardsley, Carder,
Hodgson, Tucker
Comparative light scattering measurements on various water samples
have been made in situ and in the laboratory by Mr. Tucker. Laboratory
measurements made promptly after the sample was taken showed little
change in shape from the in situ determinations. The results of this
program also include some measurements of light scattering within the deep
scattering layer and will be contained in Mr. Tucker's doctoral dissertation.
A summary of this work will be presented at the Spring meeting of the A. G. U.
The abstract is below:
14
This paper presents the results of in situ measurements of
absolute, and in some instances relative, volume scattering
functions for light made during the past 2 1/2 years at the
U. S. Navy Electronics Laboratory (NEL) in San Diego,
California, with a modified version of the underwater light
scattering meter designed by Tyler and Austin. In situ data
are given for depths ranging from the surface to 1000 meters
as a number of stations in coastal waters off San Diego. In
addition, a comparison is made between in situ measurements
taken with the NEL scattering meter and other m easurements
taken in the laboratory with a Brice-Phoenix scatterometer on
water samples from the in situ location. Mie scattering
functions are used to interpret the observed results.
The in situ polarimeter has been completed by Mr. Hodgson and' a few
preliminary determinations of the polarization of back scattered light
completed.
Optical Surveys - Beardsley, Carder, Pak
Optical measurements were continued on the Newport line through
monthly hydrographic cruises. A data summary covering the last two
years of survey results is now in preparation.
The preliminary results of the Columbia River plume determination,
through optical measurements, has shown a positive relation with the
results of chemical analysis. These results will be used as a basis for
further sampling in the plume, which is being carried out by Mr. Pak
as part of his Ph. D. research.
Some preliminary measurements of the light scattering properties of
near-bottom water have been obtained and are being studied for possible
connections with the super adiabatic thermal gradients occasionally observed in the bottom few meters of water over the Oregon continental
shelf.
A preliminary cruise has shown positive relations between upwelling
and optical properties. Further data are being accumulated for the
application of scattering to the study of upwelling by the development of
optical tracing techniques and by the determination of the composition of
scatterers from the different water masses involved. This research is
being incorporated into a doctoral dissertation by Mr. Carder. A paper
on the preliminary results is in preparation by Smith, Beardsley, Pak,
and Tucker.
Boundary Kinematics - Beardsley, Earle, Plank
Preparation for determination of the details of orbital flow beneath
wind waves in deep water are almost complete. Measurements, to be
made this summer, will be used to study transports within the upper ocean,
and we hope to relate this work to the studies of Dr. Pond's air-sea group.
15
The PDP-8/S computer has been interfaced with the A/D converter,
multiplexer, and digital tape recorder, and two testing and debugging
cruises have been completed. With some attention to the ship's power
system, the data logging equipment performs as planned. Mr. Plank and
Mr. Pawley have developed software to handle data acquisition and
preprocessing on the 8/S system, and time-series analysis on the Oregon
State campus CDC 3300 computer.
A 40-foot long, 3/4-foot diameter aluminum wave staff has been built
and tested at sea. Flotation is provided by plastic foam, and electronic
instrument packages are housed inside the staff. Instrumentation to
measure wave heights and pressures has been developed and used to
obtain data. A hot thermistor, constant temperature, mean velocity
sensor has been built but has not been used at sea. Circuitry.is now being
built for the simultaneous measurement of three wave heights at different
points around the staff and of wave pressure at two depths. With these
data wave height, slope, and pressure statistics can be found. Interface
electronics has been built to condition all analog signals before recording
through the PDP-8/S multiplexer.
A set of wave orbital velocity probes based on a drag sensing
cylinder has been designed and the mechanical construction is complete.
Electronics now on order will be used to convert drag into frequency, and
the output will be sent by cable from the two axis seams mounted on the
wave staff to the 8/S system on the ship.
Air-Sea Interaction - Pond, Gorner, Mesecar, Phelps, Slayman
Preparation for preliminary measurements just off the coast at
Newport, Oregon, are being continued. We plan to make measurements
of the turbulent fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, and water vapor, of
the gradients of wind, speed, temperature, and humidity, of the waves,
of the wind direction and of the tilts and rotation of the instrument tower.
A catamaran raft capable of supporting two tons has been constructed.
It will be used for laying the anchors for the instrument tower and for
installing the sea cable. The signals will be transmitted to the Marine
Science Center by cable. The land part of the cable will be installed by
the end of May and the sea part will be installed along with the instrument
tower in August.
tape recorder.
The signals will be recorded on our analog magnetic
The instrument tower is now under construction. Preliminary tests
will be made in Yaquina Bay in May and then offshore in July before the
instrumented tower is put to sea. The electronics for driving the cable,
control circuits, and power supplies are designed and under construction.
Other circuits are being designed and tested. Most of the major components are now on hand or on order.
16
Instrumentation - Mesecar
A thermoprobe has been designed and constructed to measure temperatures near the ocean bottom interface. Measurement of water temperatures
were made at eight positions above and below the ocean bottom interface.
The temperature measurements extended 2 meters below the interface and
3. 3 meters above.
An electronically controlled towed biological sampler has been designed
and tested. The unit has seven nets electronically controlled from the
surface. Depth and flow of water through the net are also monitorable at
the surface.
ship.
Work is also progressing on the installation of a computer aboard the
Hydrography of Oregon Waters - Wyatt, Pattullo, Still, Barstow, Gilbert
Monthly hydrographic cruises were continued off Oregon with particular
emphasis placed on the Newport line. Stations from 5 to 165 miles west of
Newport were monitored to determine the salinity, temperature, oxygen,
and phosphate content of the seawater. Cruise dates and samples taken are
summarized in Table II.
Table II. Samples taken at 5, 15, 25, 35, 45, 65, 85, 105,
125, 145 and 165 miles west of Newport.
Cruise Dates
1967
Nansen
Casts
10 - 13 April
7 - 13 May
2 - 6 June
5 - 15 July
T
S
°c
%o
0.,
PO
Drift
GEK
BT
Casts
Bottles Turns
11
X
X
X
X
-
-
55
49
X
X
X
X
-
-
70
17
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
22
12
-
12
X
X
X
X
-
-
71
16 - 19 October
22
X
X
X
9
68
12
X
X
168
18 - 22 November
X
X
168
17
95
2 - 5 January
12
X
X' X
X
180
7
46
20 - 23 February
9 - 11 March
12
X
X
X
X
168
-
53
13
X
X
X
X
168
-
19
29 -
31 August
X
20
Mr. Gilbert's responsibility is to preserve and make available
physical data collected by the department, to ensure that data reports
are collated and issued, and to assist in processing data for such reports
as necessary (with first priority on hydrographic data). During this
reporting period four data reports have been issued.
TOTEM and R /V YAQUINA
19
GEOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
Continental Margin Studies
Bottom Currents and Sediment Movement on the Continental Shelf - Kulm,
Neudeck
A detailed study of the microtopography (features observed visually
on the sea floor with a scale range between 50 m and 1 mm) of portions of
the continental shelf is currently underway. An EG and G stereo camera
system provides the necessary information for this investigation.
More than 40 camera stations, including a number in stereo, have
been occupied on the continental shelf between Newport, Oregon, and
the Oregon-California border. Sediment samples have been taken along
with the photographs at a number of these stations to aid in the interpretation of the photographs.
A cursory examination of several hundred feet of black and white
35 mm film shows that the following features occur on the shelf: (1)
sand and silty sand current ripples; (2) gravel and shell accumulations;
(3) mounds, burrows, trails, tracks, etc. , created by benthic organisms;
(4) rocky areas with a thin veneer or pocket accumulations of unconsolidated sediments; and (5) current swept rock outcrops with well-developed
bedding and fractures. There is extreme turbidity in many of the shelf
photographs. We are attempting to determine if there is a correlation
between the regions of turbid waters and water depth and bottom sediment
type.
Evidence of bottom currents and sediment movement (i. e. current
ripples, etc.) on the continental shelf and slope off Oregon is seen in
many of the bottom photographs taken in these areas.
Current ripples were encountered in a number of bottom photographs
taken midway between Yaquina Head and Yaquina Bay off central Oregon
(44° 38. 9' N, 124° 05. 4' W) in-water depths of 20 m. The well-developed
current ripples are aligned in an approximately north-south direction,
which indicates that the current was from the west or the east. Since the
photographs were taken in the summer when the sea and the swell directions
have a strong westerly component (2700), we would infer that the current
was from the west to east or towards the shore. Many of the photographs
display sharp-crested, high amplitude ripples with wavelengths on the
order of 30 cms. The physical characteristics of the ripples suggest a
bottom current of fairly high velocity.
The deepest current ripples discovered to date are located in 125 m
of water off Newport, Oregon (44° 44. Of N, 124° 25. 8' W). The ripples
also strike in a north-south direction, indicating a westerly or easterly
20
current and have an average wavelength of 10 cms. The ripples are
composed of fine sand and are frequently reworked by benthic organisms.
Although these ripples were photographed in February and the ones
described above in August and September, they still all have approximately
the same orientation.
Evidence of much deeper bottom currents is seen in photographs
taken in the axis of a small submarine canyon on the upper continental
slope off southern Oregon (950 m). The camera station is located midway between Cape Blanco and the Rogue River (44° 35. 8' N and 124°
51. 9' W). Sea pens, which have their hold fast buried in the sediments,
are bending downcanyon in response to the fairly strong bottom current.
It would appear that the current is from the northeast, flowing in a southwesterly direction.
Direct current measurements have been made recently on the continental shelf and slope by the physical oceanography group at Oregon
State University. The current measurements were made with two devices:
(1) a current drogue (Stevenson, 1966)3, and (2) a current sensor array
consisting of current meters and thermographs moored to the bottom
(Collins, 1968).4 An attempt is being made to correlate the bottom
observations with the current data. Stevenson's (1966) current drogue
studies in similar water depths off central Oregon show that the mean
current speed decreased from 14 cm/sec at 10 m (5 fathoms) to 4 cm/sec
at 1000 m. No speeds greater than 18 cm/sec were observed below 50 m.
He also concluded that the average current direction had a southward
component at all depths. Stevenson's current data seem to corroborate
the current directions observed in bottom photographs off southern Oregon
on the upper continental slope.
Stratigraphy of Continental Shelf - Fowler, McKeel
Box cores of continental shelf sediments from Coos Bay to the
Rogue River along the southern Oregon coast have yielded stratigraphic
information that reflects marked environmental changes in the comparatively recent geologic past. When the distribution of benthic foraminiferal
faunas from bottom to top in the cores is compared with their distribution
from shallow to deeper water in the modern environment, a striking
similarity is noticed. The fauna in the lowest samples is dominated by
foraminifers indicative of water depths much less than those at the
collection sites. Foraminifers from the sediment surface generally are
indicative of existing water depths. In addition to the changes in species
composition, other faunal trends, such as in the distribution of agglutinated
Stevenson, M. R. 1966. Subsurface currents off the Oregon coast.
Ph. D. Thesis, Oregon State University, 150 p.
1968. Description of measurements of current velocity
aid temperature over the Oregon continental shelf, July 1965 February 1966. Ph. D. Thesis, Oregon State University, 154 p.
4Collins, C. A.
21
benthic foraminifers, corroborate the indicated environmental changes.
There may or may not be corresponding changes in the non-biogenic
components of the sediment. The faunal trends reflect an increase in
water depth through the depositional history of the core. The rate of
increase was probably rapid at the outset and then diminished.
The paleo-depth trends in the cores require a lower stand of sea
level possibly related to the last glacial advance of the Pleistocene.
Certain foraminiferal species such as Elphidium oregonense now live
in the Northeast Pacific only north of the Oregon coast. Their presence
in the cores suggests a climate colder than the present in the area and
possibly also related to a Pleistocene glacial advance. A marked increase
in the abundance of planktonic foraminifers with depth in the cores also
suggests glacial conditions.
Foraminiferal Ecology - Fowler, Stensland, Gunther, Martsolf, McKeel
Work is continuing on the general survey of benthic foraminiferal
distribution and ecology over the Oregon Continental Margin. Traverses
off the Columbia River, Tillamook Head, Nehalem Bay, Netarts Bay,
Cascade Head, Siletz Bay, Siltcoos Lake, Umpqua River, Hauser, Cape
Arago, Cape Blanco, and Brookings have been completed. The remaining
six traverses are being processed. A computer program has been
developed to facilitate handling of data.
Paralic Foraminifera - Fowler, Manske, Margules
A thesis covering the areal and seasonal distribution of foraminifera
in Yaquina Bay has been completed. A laboratory program is being
developed that will test the control which certain environmental parameters
exert on foraminifera in paralic areas.
Deep-Sea Studies
Astoria Fan - Byrne, Nelson
A doctoral dissertation on the "Marine Geology of Astoria Deep-Sea
Fan" has been completed. The abstract from this dissertation is given
below:
Astoria Fan lies on the continental rise off Northern Oregon and
has its apex near the mouth of Astoria Canyon. The fan has an asymmetrical shape, evidently because the structurally controlled Cascadia
deep-sea channel borders it and because the fan valleys have migrated
southward ("left") during the fan construction. A few narrow, deep
channels occur on the steep upper fan (gradient 41:100) and these divide
into many depositional distributaries on the flatter middle and lower fan
(gradient 1:400 to > 1: 1000). The olive gray postglacial clay, which is
22
characterized by radiolarian fauna, is one meter thick in interchannel
regions and more than five meters thick in main channels. Underlying
the postglacial clay is a late glacial gray silty clay that contains numerous
gravel, sand, and silt interbeds (coarse layers), and that has a dominant
fauna of planktonic foraminifera.
Hemipelagic fan deposits are characterized by high clay and faunal
content, and are dominant in the postglacial section. Coarse layers
deposited by density currents are distinguished by dominance of Columbia
River detrital minerals and displaced benthic foraminifera, moderate
sorting, grading of size and composition, and typical turbidite sequence
of sedimentary structures. The "tail" deposits from density currents
are characterized by clayey-silt size and by a coarse fraction of platy
constituents (mica and plant fragments). Density-current deposition
predominates in the Late -Pleistocene sediments.
Fan ash layers are correlated with continental deposits from the
cataclysmic eruption of Mt. Mazama 6, 600 B. P. by position in the stratigraphic column, refractive index, and radiocarbon dating. Textural and
compositional gradation, Columbia River mineral suites, and upper slope
fauna within the tuffaceous layers indicate that ash was spread throughout
the fan by density currents.
Thickness and distribution of the tuffaceous layers and coarse layers
reveal that transportation and deposition of the main, coarsest portion
of density currents are restricted to fan valleys and distributaries;
fine, sorted "tail" debris spreads beyond even the deepest channels
(,> 100 fathoms) and builds upper fan interchannel regions. High coarse
layer: shale ratios throughout the main fan valleys and the middle and
lower fan result from this density-current deposition.
Because of density-current processes, proximal regions of the fan
can be identified by the low coarse layer: shale ratios in interchannel
regions, by poorly sorted, massive, and gravelly coarse layers, and by
-a stratigraphy of coarse beds with sharp upper contacts, irregular
thickness, and poorly developed clay partings. Away from the proximal
regions, coarse layers progressively: (1) decrease in skewness, and
content of clay, platy constituents, and heavy minerals, (2) increase in
content of detrital minerals; (3) have better sorting and development of
sedimentary structures. Hemipelagic deposits grade out from the continental.terrace and Columbia River plume, which is the source of clay;
they contain more clay and planktonic remains, but less terrigenous
debris toward the open ocean.
The aforementioned data of Astoria Fan provide criteria for a fan
model that helps in identifying fan deposits of the geological record, and
that permits speculation on the history of Astoria Fan. In the Pleistocene,
deep channels were eroded in the upper fan into older clays with "ice
rafted (?)" pebbles. Coarse density-current debris was funneled through
the channels to depositional distributaries of the middle and lower fan.
With shift of the shoreline to the east, which is shown by change to finer
23
texture and greater planktonic composition, of the postglacial hemipelagic
sediments, and with rise of sea level, density-current activity slackened.
In the postglacial period influx of Mazama ash provided material for the
last large density currents on the fan; it also may have contributed to
rapid filling of fan valleys which is indicated by the following sedimentation
rates calculated from faunal reversal and Mazama ash horizons:
Postglacial
Pleistocene
Channel
25 cm /10 yrs
?
Interchannel
8 cm/ 103 years
40 cm/10 3 years
Based on observed sedimentation rates, present sediment loads of the
Columbia River, and seismic thickness of unconsolidated fan sediments,
it appears that the fan was built mainly during the Pleistocene.
Postglacial and Late Pleistocene Sedimentation in the Abyssal
Environments off Oregon-Washington - Kulm, Duncan
Postglacial and late Pleistocene sedimentation in abyssal environments off Oregon-Washington is controlled by submarine physiography,
eustatic sea level fluctuations, and continental paleoclimatic conditions.
The late Pleistocene marine sedimentation rate is approximately six
times higher than that of the postglacial.
Four heavy mineral provinces (A, B, C, and D) are distinguished
in these environments. Province A characterizes the Blanco Fracture
Zone - Gorda Ridge transition area; the textural and the mineralogical
compositions of the deposits suggest local submarine volcanism.
Province B is restricted to the late Pleistocene sediments of Vancouver
Valley and of western Cascadia Abyssal Plain; probable sediment sources
occur in northwestern Washington, Vancouver Island, and British
Columbia. Province C (postglacial and late Pleistocene deposits) occurs
in southeastern. Cascadia Basin and in Cascadia Channel. Sediments in
this province are derived from the Columbia River drainage basin.
The clay mineralogy of the sediments off Oregon-Washington has
been studied in some detail and in the third dimension. Variations in the
clay or mineral percentage compositions for the postglacial sediments
can be. interpreted primarily as a function of distance from the mouth of
the Columbia River. From the River, which acts as a point source,
there is a gradational clay or mineral facies radiating outward from
the River into the abyssal environments. The percentage of montmorillonite
generally decreases with increasing distance from the Columbia River,
while the percentage of chlorite and illite decrease. Three clay mineral
facies can be defined in this area. Clays from Astoria Canyon, upper
and middle Astoria Fan, and Willapa Channel constitute Facies 1 which
has the highest montmorillonite content (chlorite 27%, illite 22%, montmorillonite 51%). The sediments from lower Astoria Fan belong to
Facies. 2 which is characterized by intermediate amounts of montmorillonite
(chlorite 30%, illite 29%, and montmorillonite 41%). Facies 3 characterizes
24
the sediments farther away from the Columbia River and includes the
deposits in the areas of eastern and western Cascadia Abyssal Plain,
Blanco Valley, Blanco Fracture Zone, and Gorda Ridge. The montmorillonite content of Facies 3 is low and the chlorite content is high
(chlorite 40%, illite 28%, and montmorillonite 32%).
The radiating facies trend as described above is interrupted by the
postglacial sediments in Cascadia Channel. Cascadia Channel traverses
Cascadia Abyssal Plain and contains sediments typical of Facies 1.
Since the clay mineralogy of Facies 1 is characteristic of the Columbia
River drainage and since Cascadia Channel has its head near the continental slope off the Columbia River, it is clear that Cascadia Channel
has received its sediments from the Columbia River. These sediments
subsequently have been transported across Cascadia Abyssal Plain
and out onto Tufts Abyssal Plain to the west. The montmorillonite-rich
sediments generally remain within the confines of the channel as the
material flows along its course as turbidity currents.
In contrast to the systematic lateral variations in the clay-mineral
composition of the postglacial deposits, no facies pattern is evident in
the late Pleistocene clay-mineral distribution. However, there are
significant variations in the peak-area characteristics for chlorite,
illite, and montmorillonite in the typical late Pleistocene sediments as
compared to the postglacial deposits. The late Pleistocene deposits
are characterized by more illite and less chlorite and montmorillonite
(chlorite 29%, illite 42%, montmorillonite 29%). Marine diagenesis is
not believed to be the cause for the difference in clay mineralogy between
the late Pleistocene and postglacial deposits, because there is an abrupt
change in clay mineralogy at the late Pleistocene-postglacial boundary.
in all piston cores collected. The stratigraphic change in clay mineral
composition might be due to the relative contribution of the sediment
from different rock sources within. the water shed of the Columbia River
as a result of severe glaciation during the late Pleistocene. Due to the
intense erosion by late Pleistocene glaciers, the Rocky Mountains probably
produced more .sediment rock in illite and chlorite in a finely ground state
than is presently being produced in the same area. Partly metamorphesed
sedimentary rocks of Precambrian to Cenozoic ages crop out over large
areas of the Rocky Mountains. It has been noted by other workers that
montmorillonite tends to disappear in sedimentary rocks older than
Mesozoic, and either chlorite or illite are more abundant.
The organic carbon content of more than 75 sediment samples from
Cascadia Abyssal Plain has been determined and the values range from
0 to nearly 3 percent. The sediments of the Blanco Fracture Zone
troughs and western Cascadia Abyssal Plain have the lowest organic
carbon values. Somewhat higher values are found on the eastern Cascadia
Abyssal Plain and in Blanco Valley. The highest organic carbon values
occur in the postglacial sediments of both Astoria Canyon and Cascadia
Channel.
25
There is no regional trend in the organic carbon content of the late
Pleistocene sediments and they consistently have low organic carbon
values which average about 0. 5%. These values are generally from
two to five times less than those of the postglacial sediments in the
same environments. The significant increase in organic carbon content
in the postglacial deposits is believed to be due to the marked reduction
in the rates of sedimentation of terrigenous components. Assuming
that the organic contribution was similar to the present day output, the
larger influx of continental terrigenous material during the late Pleistocene would have been sufficient to dilute or mask organic carbon content
in these sediments and thus account for the stratigraphic change noted.
Deep-Sea Faunal Stratigraphy - Fowler, Duncan
Detailed analyses of approximately 3000 samples from 100 piston
cores from deep-sea areas off Oregon have indicated the boundary
between glacial and postglacial sediments. This boundary is marked
most clearly by a change from a dominance of radiolarians with respect
to planktonic foraminifers in postglacial deposits to a dominance of
planktonic foramin ifers in glacial deposits. The sharpness of the boundary
is largely dependent upon the rates of sedimentation in the several areas
examined. Eight radiocarbon dates have placed the boundary at approximately 12, 500 years B. P. , or at the last retreat of Pleistocene continental
glaciers. In addition to the faunal change, the boundary is often marked
by a sediment color change, by an increase in the number and thickness
of sand layers below the boundary, and by trends in other physical
parameters.
In the cores that have been analyzed in detail, there are indications
of a significant increase in the relative abundance of radiolarians at
three other intervals. None of these are anywhere near the magnitude
of the surface interval. Radiocarbon dates indicate that the oldest
sediments in these cores are on the order of 35, 000 to 40, 000 years
B. P. These other three intervals, therefore, reflect small scale
variations within the last interglacial stage.
Examinations of other planktonic foraminiferal trends such as species
composition and coiling direction so far have produced somewhat less
distinctive results than those mentioned above. There is significant
corroboration, however. Encouraging prospects have developed since
the collection of a piston core more than 11 meters long from the west
side of Juan de Fuca Ridge. The core contains multicolored foraminiferal
ooze and lutite throughout. Preliminary analyses indicate radiolarian/
planktonic foraminiferan trends similar to those from other cores.
In addition, there is an interval near the bottom of the core with 90%
radiolarians. Perhaps of more importance, there is associated with
this interval a striking change in the coiling direction of Globigerina
pachyderma. All indications are that this core goes back much farther
in tie than the others, perhaps to the Sangamon Interglacial Stage.
26
Studies of benthic foraminifers in deep-sediments are also important,
notably with respect to the origin and mode of emplacement of displaced
sediments.
Recent investigations of the axial valley on Gorda Rise have
pointed out the usefulness of this type of information. Semi-consolidated
sandy coarse-grained siltstone dredged from several hundred meters up
the west wall of the axial valley, contain a benthic foraminiferal fauna
with approximately 80% displaced shallow water species. The predominance of Elphidium spp., Buccella fri ida, and Buliminella elegantissima
indicates a shelf origin for the terrigenous clastics. In addition, the
particular configuration and distribution of the sediment bodies suggest
that they originated as turbidites in the valley floor. They subsequently
were carried outward, uplifted, and tilted along with their underlying
blocks as the sea floor spread away from the central 2 or 3 km of the
valley floor.
27
GEOPHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
Electrical Conductivity of Lava and Exploration of Geothermal Anomalies
with Electrical Methods - Bodvarsson, Mathews
Field measurements on the electrical conductivity of lava from
Mount Etna in Sicily were carried out in October 1967. A set of reliable
data was obtained and the results are now being analyzed and evaluated.
Physics and Geochemistry of Thermal Areas - Bodvarsson
The studies of the physical and the chemical processes in geothermal
areas were continued with special emphasis on heat sources and phase
relations. Field data are being obtained from a number of thermal areas.
Theoretical Geophysics and Direct Interpretation Methods - Bodvarsson
A number of problems in theoretical geophysics is being investigated
with special emphasis on electromagnetic and thermal processes. The
general studies on direct interpretation methods are being continued.
Direct Interpretation of Potential Field Measurements with Special
Emphasis on Marine Magnetic Fields - Bodvarsson, Emilia
Direct interpretation methods are being applied to marine geophysical
data gathered from the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. The magnetization
of the source rock is being computed directly on the basis of the field data.
The object of this research is to derive practical methods of solving the
convolution integral equation for the magnetization. The linear programming method-of optimization with respect to different approximation norms
has been adapted to this problem. Effects on the problem of the choice of
different norms are being investigated as are the sensitivities of the
calculated magnetizations to variations in geometric input parameters.
Temperature Microstructure and Eddy Transport in the Ocean Floor
,Boundary Layer - Bodvarsson, Korgen
Research is progressing in the deep-sea bottom boundary layer off
Oregon. Temperature microstructure is studied in both sediments and
in bottom waters. Thermal conductivity and heat flow investigations
are being continued. Eddy transport coefficients are estimated by using
temperature structure and heat flow data.
Temperature microstructure studies now use a new calibration procedure involving quartz thermometry and a revised computer program.
A water sampling system and trip mechanism has been developed to
facilitate optical examination of samples taken at three known distances.
28
from the sea floor. A current probe has been developed which records
current velocities at two known positions above the sea floor.
Parameters being measured not only reveal local conditions in the
bottom boundary layer but also should show relations between these
parameters and the boundary layer thickness over which superadiabatic
temperature gradients are observed.
Paleomagnetic Studies - Heinrichs, McKnight
An additional 63 lava flows were sampled for paleomagnetic studies
in order to determine accurate values for the magnitude and period of
short term variations (r,,K 106 years) of the geomagnetic field during
Recent, Pliocene, and Miocene times in the Pacific Northwest. The
measurement and the reduction of the data from these flows are continuing.
An improved spinner magnetometer and demagnetization unit have
been constructed. A slow-speed fluxgate spinner magnetometer has
been designed and components ordered. This instrument will be used
for magnetic studies of deep-sea cores.
Land Gravity - Heinrichs
The final analysis of a regional gravity survey of Oregon is still
being completed. Unanticipated delays in the preparation of the manu
script have extended the publication date.
A joint gravity investigation of the Silver Peak, Nevada, volcanic
center was initiated with Dr. P. Robinson (Geology Dept. , Oregon State
University). A total of 731 gravity stations with a grid spacing of 2 to 5
miles were established. These results are being studied to determine the
deep structure of this complex volcanic center.
Marine Magnetics - Heinrichs
A detailed magnetic survey of the axial valley of Gorda Ridge is
being completed. The integration of these results with geologic dredge
samples and "deep-tow" measurements (Scripps) is being made. Preliminary results indicate a complex axial region with strong evidence
for large vertical movements.
Reduction of magnetic and gravity measurements across the Aleutian
Ridge and Trench near Adak, Alaska, have been completed. The magnetic data reveal a strong east-west trend of structures south of the ridge
but absent north of the ridge which suggests that the Aleutian Ridge is
the boundary of two different magnetic provinces.
29
Earthquake Seismology - Gallagher, French, Johnson, Pietrafesa
The World-Wide Seismic Station at Corvallis, Oregon, and the
satellite station at Klamath Falls, Oregon, have been operated continuously during this period.
Approximately ten crustal models representing the region in northwestern North America have been used to calculate angles of incidence
at various interfaces for rays leaving a seismic source in a spherical
earth. Mathematical equations have been developed to compare energies
of various P and S seismic arrivals which vary due to refraction and
geometrical spreading.
The angle of incidence for P waves at the earth's surface has been
calculated by using amplitudes from more than twenty earthquakes. A
statistical analysis of these angles has shown qualitative features of the
earth's structure. A similar study is underway for the S wave.
P wave amplitudes at the seismic source have been corrected for
the effects of crustal interfaces, geometrical spreading, and instrument
response and will be applied to determine fault-plane solutions.
Mathematical seismic models consisting of (a) source radiation
patterns for various fault orientations, (b) average crustal parameters
for the Pacific Northwest states, and (c) the theoretical and numerical
amplitude results of the previous, report period have been used to construct
the head wave portion of synthetic seismograms. The change in character
of these synthetic seismograms with azimuth is similar to the change
observed on the records of actual seismograms in the Pn epicentral
distance range fare earthquakes in the Pacific Northwest states. The
similarity allows for the identification of observed second arrivals as
various reflected and convected waves which have traveled most of the
distance from source to station as a dilitational head wave along the
Mohorovicic discontinuity. The amplitude results show that the relative
energies of the reflected and the converted waves change with azimuth,
and hence, the first large amplitude second arrival is not necessarily
the same phase at different azimuths. This can account for the scatter
in arrival times and inconsistencies in the direction of first motion of the
second arrival as reported when it was. considered to be the same wave
at all azimuths.
Marine Gravity - Banks, Couch, Gemperle
Five crust and subcrustal cross sections across the continental
margins of Washington and British Columbia have been constructed by
using free-air gravity anomaly and seismic refraction data as constraints.
These sections indicate a relatively thin crust beneath the continental shelf
and coast ranges of Washington and British Columbia. Crustal deformation
is noted in the vicinity of the continental shelves of Washington and Vancouver
Island. A large negative free-air anomaly west of northern Vancouver
Island suggests the existence of a graben-like structure completely filled
30
with light sediments. An elongated gravity anomaly on the continental
shelf of Washington is interpreted as either severe folding or faulting
of the lower crustal layers.
A crust and subcrustal cross section across the Aleutian Arc and
Ridge has been constructed by using free-air gravity anomaly and
seismic refraction data. The postulated section features a heavy
material in the upper mantle beneath the trench, lighter material
beneath the ridge, and a large vertical offset in the crust-mantle boundary
between the trench and the ridge.
Bouguer and isostatic maps of 104 selected stations have been prepared from gravity measurements along the Inside Passage of Alaska
and British Columbia. These maps indicate that isostatic anomaly
values tend to decrease along the fjords of Alaska and British Columbia
towards the continental interior.
Analyses of gravity and other geophysical data are continuing in an
effort to learn more of the nature of crust and subcrustal structures in
the Northeast Pacific Ocean, particularly in the transition region between
continent and ocean.
Marine Magnetics - Couch
Magnetic anomaly maps have been prepared for areas west of
northern Vancouver Island and Graham Island. These maps extend the
previous magnetic surveys of Scripps Institution of Oceanography.
Analysis of these magnetic data is continuing, particularly as it contributes to an understanding of the crustal structures suggested by gravity
and seismic measurements.
Tectonics - Couch
A study of isostatic and temporal gravity variations in the Puget
This study suggests the existence of
changes in gravity occurring over long periods of time. Elevation changes
noted from leveling data spanning 50 years indicate an areal pattern of
change strikingly similar to the temporal gravity pattern of the same region.
Sound region has been completed.
31
CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
Improvement of Shipboard Technique - Park, Ball, Bradford," Cissell,
Gordon, Hager
Nutrients: Concurrent determinations of silicate and phosphate by
a Technicon Autoanalyzer were tested at sea during a January 1968 cruise.
Mr. Gordon and Mr. Hager have constructed an inexpensive sample
changer for sea-going purposes.
We have also performed a comparison test of phosphate determination
by the Autoanalyzer and by a Beckman DU spectrophotometer. Our
results indicate that the Autoanalyzer method consistently gives lower
phosphate concentration, by several percent, than the Beckman DU
method. Our data agreed with the recent comparison test of Dr. Neil
Andersen of the U. S. Naval Oceanographic Office.
Cations: Mr. Bradford has developed a technique for measuring the
calcium content of sea and brackish water with a calcium sensitive
electrode. The method is an application of a standard additions scheme
and gives results for calcium with laboratory precision of 3% relative
standard deviation. The estimated precision at sea is 5% relative
standard deviation. Correlations of electrode and atomic absorption
analyses indicate the method is quite accurate. An M. S. thesis has
been written on the work. Further research is planned in an attempt to
improve precision by increasing the sensitivity of the readout device,
providing temperature control, and studying electrode selectivity to other
cations.
Carbon Dioxide: An efficient rotary disc air-sea equilibrator was
built by Mr. Gordon and Mr. Ball. It will be tested at sea during an
April (1968) cruise of the USC & GSS SURVEYOR in the Subarctic Boundary
region of the Central North Pacific Ocean.
Columbia River Plume - Gordon, Ball, Bradford, Catalfomo, Cissell,
Park, Hager
The chemical features of the winter Columbia River Plume from the
river mouth to Cape Alava, Washington, were studed from January 28 to
February 3, 1968, aboard R/V YAQUINA. We occupied 28 stations. The
chemical parameters monitored are salinity, oxygen, phosphate, silicate,
nitrate, pH, alkalinity, and total C02-
During the entire cruise we operated a Technicon Autoanalyzer continuously, analyzing discrete samples, and doing continuous surface
analysis of silicate and phosphate as time permitted. The instrument
performed dependably, even during the worst weather.
32
Subarctic Boundary in the Pacific - Park, Ball, Cissell, Gordon, Hager,
Pirson, Barstow
In cooperation with ESSA's Pacific Oceanographic Research Laboratory,
we have been preparing for an oceanographic cruise aboard USC & GSS
SURVEYOR.
The cruise will occupy a series of stations across the
Subarctic Boundary between 35°
April 1968.
-
45° N and 160° - 180° W during
In addition to the boundary study, we plan to determine the depths
of silicate maximum and total CO2 maximum in the North Central
Pacific Ocean.
Columbia River Estuary Study - Park, Forster, Haertel, Catalfomo
A monthly sampling program at several stations continues. Salinity,
oxygen, pH, alkalinity, total CO2, and nutrients (phosphate, silicate,
nitrate) are being monitored to characterize the estuary relative to radioecological studies and a continuation of studies of the chemical inputs of
the river into the Northeastern. Pacific.
Carbonic and Boric Acids - Pytkowicz, Culberson
Additional experiments were .made to determine the effect of salinity
on the pressure coefficients of the apparent dissociation constants of
carbonic and boric acids and on the in situ pH at depth. The M.S. thesis
of Mr. Culberson has been written and a paper has been submitted for
publication (Culberson and Pytkowicz, submitted).
Sulfate Complexes - Pytkowicz, Kester, Gates
Short range interactions between sodium and sulfate ions, in aqueous
solutions of ionic strength 0. 3 to 1. 0, were studied at 25' C and one
atmosphere. A modified expression of Harned's rule was derived from
the ion association model. This expression provides a better description
of the behavior of the sodium chloride activity coefficient in NaCl-Na2SO4
solutions than that provided by the usual equation of Harned which is
obtainable from Guggenheim's equation. Values of the stoichiometric
association constant, which did not change with composition at fixed
ionic strength, follow the relation K* = 2. 73 - 2. 58 I + 2. 28 x I2.
The effective ionic strength is represented by I. The value of K* is
2. 02 ± 0. 03 for the range of salinities normally encountered in the oceans.
The extent of formation of NaSO4 ion pairs was determined in our
solutions. A paper on our study has been submitted for publication
(Pytkowicz, and Kester, submitted).
T he
extent of formation of MgSO4 ion pairs is being studied potentio-
metrically and from solubility data.
33
Calcium Carbonate - Pytkowicz, Fowler, Hawley
The results obtained in Liege, Belgium, on the solubility of aragonitic oolites in seawater at high pressures (Pytkowicz, Disteche, and
Disteche, 1967) and those with calcitic foraminifera at 22° C (Pytkowicz
and Fowler, 1967) have been published. Measurements at high pressures
and low temperatures are being carried on.
Calcium Phosphate - Pytkowicz, Kester, Gates
Our results on the dissociation of phosphoric acid in seawater,
published earlier, were used to study the difference between a region
where phosphorites are found and one where they are absent, and to
revise existing data on the solubility of calcium phosphate (Pytkowicz
and Kester, 1967).
Southern Ocean - Pytkowicz
0
An analysis of the water masses and their properties at 160 W in
the Southern Ocean, resulting from the participation by Dr. Pytkowicz
in a cruise of the USNS ELTANIN, is in press (Pytkowicz, 1968).
35
RADIOCHEMISTRY AND RADIOECOLOGY
Estuary Plankton Study - Haertel, Osterberg
The objectives of this study are to characterize and interpret the
interrelations between nutrients, plankton, and radionuclides.
Plankton and water samples are collected monthly at 4 to 6 permanent stations in the Columbia River estuary. Analysis of water
samples includes temperature, salinity, 02, NO3, PO43, silicate, pH,
alkalinity, and total carbon dioxide. Analysis of plankton samples
includes species present, abundance, and radioactivity of both zooplankton
and phytoplankton.
Oxygen levels are lowest in the salt water entering the estuary at
all seasons. The salt wedge entering the estuary is high in nitrates and
phosphates during the summer months and is probably the major source
of these nutrients to the estuary water at this time. The river water is
the main source of silicate to the estuary during the entire year and is
also the major source of nitrate during the winter months.
The main zooplankton blooms of the estuary are composed of the
brackish water copepod Eurytemora hirundoides which occur in late
April, late July, and late fall. The major phytoplankton blooms are
composed of the fresh water diatoms Fragilaria cratanensis, Melosira
sp. , and Asteironella pormasa. During the one year studied, t ey
reached peak a undance in ate May and again in late July.
Lead-210 in Marine Organisms - Beasley, Forster
During the past year a number of marine organisms have been
analyzed for the naturally occurring isotopes 21Pb and 210Po. To
date, some 350 samples have been processed and counted with an
additional 300 specimens in the analysis stage. The samples analyzed
include copepods, heteropods, medusae, salps, cephalopods, euphausiids,
several species of fish and a number of common foodstuffs cierived from
the marine environment. The purpose of the research is to characterize
the levels of these isotopes in the organisms listed above in order to
better define the natural radiation environment of the organisms and to
assess the feasibility of using these isotopes as radioecological tracers.
Specific Activity Studies of 65Zn on Various Soft Body Parts of Mytilus
Californian - Larsen, Forster
Samples of the large Pacific coast mussel, Mytilus californias, were
collected from four locations along the Oregon coast, one from the
Washington coast, and one from the California coast. The following
soft body parts were considered for study: gills, reproductive organs,
foot, abductor muscle, viscera, and mantle.
36
Dissolution was accomplished by means of wet ashing with concen-
trated nitric acid. Four aliquotes of each sample were transferred into
8 dram polyethylene vials and counted in a 5 x 5-inch NaI(T 1) well
detector for 65Zn. Samples are ready for analysis of stable zinc by
using both neutron activation and atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
Results obtained by the two methods will be compared.
Radioanalysis - Larsen, Forster
Present radioanalysis of samples collected from the marine environ-
ment is accomplished by gamma ray spectrometry. Three 5 x 5-inch
NaI(T 1) well detectors, each coupled to a Nuclear Data 512 multichannel
analyzer, are used for gamma ray detection. Depending upon the level
of activity present within the sample, counting time generally ranges
from 40 to 800 minutes with the mode being 100 minutes. Some laboratory
studies, such as uptake experiments, may require only a few minutes
of counting time.
Quality control is maintained by daily checking of each counting unit.
A 10-minute background count is made in addition to counting a K-40
standard, and these counting data are compared to previously determined
values.
Constant temperature is maintained in order to avoid any
"analyzer drift" associated with temperature fluctuations. Positive pressure is also maintained within the counting room to aid in reducing the
amount of blown-in material. A dust filter on the blowing system also
aids in removing fine particles from the air. Use of secondary precision
standards which include an overall accuracy (36 + $) of + 2% is, being
introduced in order to achieve greater accuracy.
Non-Radioactive Water Mass Tracers - Hanson, Forster
Preliminary investigations concerned with the use of non-radioactive
water mass tracers to be detected by neutron activation analysis are
currently being carried out in the laboratories of Battelle Memorial
Institute at the USAEC's Hanford Reservation. The research is part of
Mr. Hanson's Ph. D. program as a USAEC postgraduate fellow at the
Richland Center for Graduate Study.
Laboratory experiments in progress are designed to indicate the
environmental stability of ten elements (Sc, Co, Cr, Rb, Sb, Hg, In,
Eu, Tb, and Dy) chosen for preliminary investigation as water mass
tracers. These ten elements were chosen on the basis of chemical
nature, amenability to activation analysis, environmental background,
cost, toxicity, and previous use as water tracers in varied. situations.
The elements are being tested as the simple chloride salts and as
chelates. Small scale field trials are planned, with the element(s) and
the chemical form(s) found most conservative in the laboratory experiments.
We hope that the use of activation analysis of stable chemical water
mass tracers will provide a sensitive tool for following fluvial, ground,
37
estuarine, and possibly marine waters. Such a technique would eliminate
the radiological hazard of radioactive tracers and the photodegradation
of dyes.
The Effects of 60Co Gamma Irradiation on the Reproductive Performance
of the Brine Shrimp Artemia - Ho ton, Forster
The brine shrimp Artemia was used as an experimental organism
to study the effects of Co gamma irradiation on the reproductive performance of an animal population.
All component parameters of total reproductive performance were
shown to be affected by irradiation. However, the number of broods
per pair was shown to be the factor most. effected by doses of 1200 rads
or less.
Sterility was produced by a dose of 2100 rads in Artemia irradiated
at the most sensitive stages, while at less sensitive stages a dose of
3000 rads was necessary.
Elemental Extraction from Marine Waters - Guthrie, Ozawa, Forster
Previous experience in this laboratory has shown that dissolved zinc
can be concentrated and extracted from seawater by chelating with
D. E. D. T. C. in the organic solvent M. I. B. K. More recent work has
shown that this technique can also be used in estuarine waters of intermediate salinities. Preliminary results from other experiments indicate
that zinc, chromium, cobalt, and manganese present in parts per billion
can also be coprecipitated by small amounts of Fe(OH)3 without carrier
ions. The precipitate can be collected by filtering then dissolving in HC1
for analysis by atomic absorption spectrophotometry to obtain concentration
of the stable elements. Determination of radionuclide concentration by
gamma ray spectrophotometry allows computation of specific activity
in the water. Such measurements have deep significance for radioecological studies.
Relative Specific Activity Changes with 65Zn Accumulation from Food
and Water, in Rockfish of the Genus Sebastodes - Nievaard, Forster, Renfro
Laboratory studies of the uptake of 65Zn by fishes were continued.
The major objective of these studies is to better understand the relative
importance of the two major pathways of this radionuclide: direct
absorption from water and assimilation from food. Groups of juvenile
rockfish were treated in three ways:
1.
Group A was fed radioactive food and was maintained in non-
radioactive seawater.
38
2. Group B was kept in radioactive seawater and was fed nonradioactive food.
3.
Group C was exposed to both radioactive food and seawater.
At the end of eight days 65Zn specific activities (in microcuries
Zn per gram total Zn) in the two groups fed radioactive food were
roughly equal. The fish exposed to radioactive seawater only (Group B)
had bb5Zn specific activities eight times less than the others. The
tentative conclusion is that radioactive food is the most important source
of 65Zn to a marine fish.
Radiozinc Uptake in Pacific Coast Asteroids - Vermeere, Forster,
Renfro
Columbia River water has been traced in the o eanic environment
by physical and chemical means. Frederick (1966) demonstrated that
51Cr from the Hanford Reactors may be used as an indicator of the plume
movement. He hypothesized that a biological organism can also be
used to monitor the directional flow of the plume.
The theoretically ideal biological tracer must be sessile or nonmigratory in habitat, in sufficient abundance for periodic collection,
easily collected, have a wide geographic distribution, and be an indicator
of the radionuclides that are present. The common Pacific coast ochre
starfish (Prisaster ochraceus) is an ideal animal for biological tracing.
This animal's natural enemies are primarily man and seagulls.
Measurements have demonstrated the presence of 65Zn 320 kilometers
to the north and the south of the river mouth. Concentration values north
of the mouth are highest in the winter samples and those to the south are
highest in the summer samples. Stable element data of the Zn are being
determined to establish specific activity values. Data have also shown
a strong latitudinal relationship to time of starfish ovulation.
Distribution of 51Cr, 65Zn, and 54Mn in the Tissues of Cancer magister
Dana, the Dungeness Crab - Tennant, Forster, and Renfro
A master's thesis study was conducted with Cancer magister as
an experimental animal. The purpose of the study was to determine
the amounts of total and radioactive chromium, zinc, and manganese
accumulated by the different tissues of the crab. Emphasis was put on
determining causes for the elemental distribution found. The Dungeness
crab is considered a delicacy and was chosen as a study specimen because
of its commercial importance.
5Frederick, L. C. 1966. Disperson of the Columbia River plume based
on radioactivity measurements. Ph. D. Thesis, Oregon State University,
134 p.
39
The tissues studied included the exoskeleton, setae (hair), mouth
parts, stomach, hepatopancreas, gills, muscle, soft shell, and endophragmal skeleton. Total element concentrations were determined by
using atomic absorption -spectrophotometry, and gamma activity was
measured in a multichannel gamma ray spectrometer (NaI(T 1) well
crystal).
Results and discussion are summarized below:
(1) Zinc-65 and 51Cr accounted for. most of the radioactivity in the
crabs; the 54Mn contribution was small.
(2) Manganese-54 was concentrated in the calcareous external
tissues, and like 51Cr, especially in (or on) the setae. Surface absorption probably plays a major role in the accumulation of both 54Mn and
51Cr.
(3) Evidence also indicates that 51Cr is metabolically utilized
since high concentrations were found in the gills and the hepatopancreas.
Zinc-65 is strikingly associated with soft tissues, especially
muscle. In view of enzyme studies by others, it appears that the
accumulation of 65Zn may be due to its indispensable role in enzyme
(4)
metabolism.
(5) Specific activities suggest that external tissues have a more
rapid turnover rate of the radionuclides than internal tissues. The
radionuclides associated with the external tissues are probably surface
absorbed and therefore would be readily exchangeable with new radio-,
nuclides from the environment; consequently radio-decay would not
effectually deplete the radioactivity in these tissues as might be the case
with lignand-bound internal radionuclides.
(6) It is indicated by this study that the three radionuclides are
found in the tissues in greatest concentrations during periods of high
river discharge when sediment scouring occurs.
Radionuclide Transfer through Food Webs - Renfro, Phelps, Guthrie
The radioecology of 65Zn in a small ecosystem in the Columbia
River estuary-has been studied since early 1966. In the summer of
1966 the Hanf9rd nuclear reactors were shut down for 45 days. With
the supply of oSZn to the area drastically reduced, the radioactivity in
the biota also declined. The 65Zn specific activities of various "organisms
declined at rates at least. partially dependent on trophic level of the
species. Results obtained during the summer of 1967 allow comparison
with the previous results.
.
40
Columbia River Estuary Fishes - Renfro, Guthrie, Phelps
Systematic collections of fishes and crustaceans have been made at
several places in the Columbia Rivery Estuary since 1964. The abundance
and seasonal distribution of several species were correlated with concurrent environmental measurements. Also, radioanalyses of tissues
and stomach content studies were made to relate radioactivity to trophic
level of each animal.
Recently we have completed elemental analyses of some species by
using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Determination of the activity
of a radionuclide as well as the concentration of the total (radioactive plus,
stable) element in a sample allows computation of their ratio. This
ratio, termed specific activity, is usually reported as microcuries radionuclide per gram of element. It is a measure of the fraction of atoms in
an organism which are radioactive, and it furnishes considerable information about relative rates of turnover of the element by the various
species. For example, the 65Zn specific activities of juvenile starry
flounders was found to fluctuate seasonally, reaching highest levels during
late summer and declining thereafter. Such information provides increased insight into the transfer of radioactive materials through marine
ecosystems.
Radioecology of Marine Animals - Pearcy, Eagle, Lorz, Smiles,
Forster
Radioanalysis of marine organisms has been continued during the
report period. Thirty-two (32) samples of benthic fishes were processed and submitted for radionuclide and total element analysis.
In addition, stomach analysis of benthic fishes, with respect to both
species content-and radionuclide content, has been initiated. Predatorprey relationships, concerning nuclide transfer, are being studied.
The study dealing with separate tissue analysis is near completion.
Forty-two (42) samples of body parts, organs, and whole animals have
been analyzed for both radionuclide and total element concentration.
Also during the period 50 samples of pelagic animals and 5 tuna livers
were processed and analyzed.
The conducting cable system utilizing a multiple plankton sampler
is now in working order.
Radioecology of Benthic Animals - Carey, McCauley, Paul, Stander,
Heeter, Larsen, Forster
During this report period 186 samples, representing 23 species
from 17 stations and various sediment from 10 stations off Oregon,
have been analyzed for gamma-emitting radionuclides. Animals were
also analyzed for total zinc for computation of specific activi ties for
radiozinc. Work has started on computerization of the radioecological
41
data for more thorough analysis of the effect of species, season, depth,
distance, and sediment type on the distribution and the concentration of
radionuclides in the benthic environment. Bottom photography and a
quantitative beam trawl have been used to better assess the distribution
and the abundance of the large epifauna, the animals most often used
for the radioecological studies. Otter trawl samples have been collected
on seasonally standard stations on both the Newport and the Tillamook
Head lines and at three stations on the 200-meter contour between
Tillamook Head and Newport.
43
BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
Ecology of Oceanic Animals - Pearcy, Eagle, Lorz, Smiles
The depth distribution study of oceanic animals has been continued
during the report period. In addition to midwater trawls and meter net
collections, a new double meter net has been used successfully in
vertical sampling. The conducting cable system of open-closing nets
is now in the working stage and will be used extensively in the future.
Sampling for the period has included the following:
1.
21 midwater trawls
2.
75 vertical meter nets
3.
16 double meter nets (vertical)
4.
19 oblique meter nets.
Biomass analysis and species composition data from the above samples
are being compiled. A growth study of Euphausia pacifica is in progress.
Assimilation of Organic Matter by Marine Second Trophic Level Grazers
Small, O'Connors, Menzies
To date, tests on a technique for measuring percent assimilation of
phytoplankton food organisms by marine copepods show the technique to
be feasible. Presently, development of a gas chromatographic method
for measuring ingested food carbon is underway. In addition, methods
for determination of percent assimilation by copepods will be compared.
Comparisons will be made among gravimetric, calorific, and 14C and
32p labelling techniques, employing various food concentrations for the
grazing animals, and possibly different food types.
Carbon and Nitrogen Budgets in and out of Upwelling Areas - Small, Park,
Ramberg, Cissell
We are initiating a study of carbon and nitrogen budgets in the water
and lower biotic trophic levels in upwelling and non-upwelling areas off
Oregon. To date our efforts have been directed towards developing
methods and making several collections in Oregon coastal waters before
upwelling begins.
Metabolism of Zinc-65 by Euphausiids - Small, Fowler
The major portion of this period has been spent in analyzing and
reducing data gathered prior to 1 October 1967, and organizing it into a
44
Ph.D. thesis. One final set of experiments is presently under way. In
these experiments individual euphausiids receive single feedings of
Artemia nauplii tagged with tracer amounts of 65Zn. The retention of
6bZn is then measured with time using gamma ray spectrometry, in
order to obtain estimates of biological half-time and the percent of 65Zn
assimilated by euphausiids. Another group of euphausiids is being fed
multiple doses of 65Zn-labelled Artemia for one week. The group is
then divided in half, one half receiving non-labelled Artemia during retention, the other half receiving no food. The effects on biological half-time
due to feeding are being sought.
Phytoplankton Ecology
Curl, Small
We are continuing our efforts toward measuring and predicting marine
primary production in Oregon coastal waters. Three papers will be submitted shortly (see Progress Report 20). Our current efforts have been
directed toward comparison of in situ measurements of the same patch of
phytoplankton by following a dr gue.
Storage Products of Marine Phytoplankton - Curl, Marmelstein
An investigation into the effects of certain environmental parameters
on the storage products of marine phytoplankton is being continued. The
hypothesis that sudden alterations of light and nutrient conditions is reflected in a change in storage product concentrations is being tested, using
the neritic diatom Skeletonema costatum. To date analytical techniques
for isolating and quantifying soluble and insoluble carbohydrates, amino
acids, proteins, and fats have been worked out. Experimental manipulations are now being initiated. These researches will give us an insight
into how marine phytoplankton respond physiologically to ecological
changes. By inference the effect of the above parameters on the intermediary metabolism of S. costatum should become evident.
Ecosystem Simulation - Curl, Iverson
Techniques of computer simulation of 'ecological systems in the ocean
are being explored. If such techniques appear feasible at this time, we
should,be able to study the effects of simulated natural perturbations on
the systems in question.
Physiological Ecology of Cryophilic Algae
Curl, Sutton
In the past three months such progress has been made in the culturing
of cryophilic algae that it is now possible to grow them in amounts sufficient
to perform biochemical and physiological experiments on them. Experiments are now underway to determine the effects of changes in various
environmental factors on the physiology and biochemistry of selected
cryophiles.
45
Benthic Ecology - Carey, Alspach, Hancock, Hufford, Bertrand
During this report period 57 otter trawl, 54 bottom water (Fjarlie bottle),
2 Bouma box-corer, 2 anchor-box dredge, and 1 multiple corer samples were
obtained on 3 cruises off central and northern Oregon. Two sequences of
bottom photographs were also obtained.
Laboratory analyses of the samples and identification of the animals
continue. A project on the taxonomy of polychaete worms is nearing
completion. Papers on the combination grab-water bottle samples and on
abyssal animal sediment interrelationships (joint study with the geology
group) have been submitted for publication. Papers on the general ecology
of epifauna off Oregon, asteroid food sources, and sedimentary organic
carbon are in preparation.
Reproduction of an Abyssal Sea Cucumber - Hufford, Carey
A master's thesis on aspects of holothurian biology has been completed.
Reproductive activity and related phenomena of the deep-sea cucumber
Paelopatides sp. were fol owg. d from October 1966 to October 1967 utilizing
Bona vo
gonad index ( ry weigF
o anima x 100), histological preparations, and
classification of egg diameters, Samples were collected seasonally.
Paelopatides sp., a bottom-dweller feeding on surface sediment, is found
to spawn continuously with maximal activity occurring in the spring. Temperature, salinity, and sedimentary organic carbon were observed seasonally in
the bottom environment, but no direct correlations could be found in 122
animals dissected, and it is hypothesized that Paelopatides sp. shows some
form of sex reversal.
Deep-Sea Boring Molluscs - Tipper, McCauley
A total of 10 arrays of sample materials which had been successfully
recovered following exposure to deep-sea biodeterioration were subjected
to detailed laboratory analysis over the past year. Biological attack by
marine boring molluscs was found on all sample arrays deployed at a
depth of 200 meters or greater.
Xylophaga washingtona, a wood-boring pholad, was the principal destructive agent with respect to wooden sample materials exposed at depths of 200,
500, and 1000 meters. The teredinid borer Bankia setacea was found in low
numbers on wooden test materials exposed at 200 meters. This is the deepest known record of active settling and boring by a member of this family
of boring molluscs.
The degree of X. washingtona attack on various wood types was related
directly to the densty of the su strate, with low density wood such as cedar
showing much higher levels of destruction than correspondingly exposed
panels of higher density woods such as oak. This was reflected in both the
degree of borer penetration and the overall degree of settling.
46
In general, xylophagan borer attack increases with increasing length of
exposures and decreases with increasing depth of exposure. Initial settling
and attack appears to start in close proximity to the sea-sediment interface
and to progress upwards with increasing exposure time.
Data derived from this research have been compiled and presented in
a doctoral dissertation entitled "Ecological Aspects of Two Marine Woodboring Molluscs from the Continental Terrace off Oregon."
These data will also be submitted for publication. The first paper is
now in preparation.
Checklist of Benthic Invertebrate Epifauna - McCauley, Carey, Alspach
A preliminary checklist of the animals living on the surface of the sea
floor is being compiled. More than 500 species of invertebrates from 283
otter trawl collections have been identified; many other spcies still remain
unidentified. The checklist will include the bathymetric range and the
frequency of occurrence of each species. This checklist will be included
in a volume dealing with the ecology and the radioecology of the Columbia
River and adjacent Pacific Ocean.
Deep-Sea Fish Trematodes - McCauley, Pequegnat, Smoker
Five new species and a new subspecies of digenetic trematode parasites
from deep-sea fishes (800 to 2860 meters) off Oregon are placed in the genus
Lepidapedon: L. antimorae from Antimora rostrata; Lam filiformis from.
Chalinura filifera; L. cascadensis, L. yaquina, and L oregonensis from
C. filifera and C. serrula; and L. luteum abyssensis from C. filifera and
C. serrula, Hemir-nacrurus acrolepis, and Nematonurus longifilis. All new
species have excretory bladders which reach only to the posterior edge of
the posterior testis. Descriptions of these new taxa are in press and type
specimens have been deposited in the U. S. National Museum.
Two new species of Dinosoma have also been described from macrourid
fish hosts from depths of 1000 to 2086 off the continental slope off Oregon.
These two species are closely related and differ from previously described
species in several important morphological respects. Descriptions of these
two species have been submitted for publication.
New species of the digenetic genus Gonocerca and the monogenetic genus
Diclidophora are now being described.
The study(of the effect of environmental temperature on the evolution of
the length of the excretory bladder of marine fish trematodes is continuing
and a literature review supports the belief that species from cool waters
(below 10-15° C) have short excretory bladders while those from warmer waters
have much longer bladders. A physiological explanation for this phenomenon
has not yet been found.
47
Zooplankton Studies - Frolander, McCormick, Flynn
The zooplankton populations, representing the basic marine food chain
members, have been studied in coastal Oregon waters since 1959 as part of
a continuing study on zooplankton ecology. An important part of the work
has been the identification of the invertebrate species, for which keys are
lacking for the local areas. Quantitative samplers and half-meter nets have
been used to sample populations systematically, in order to determine the
cycles of abundance between neritic and oceanic species in relation to
season, water mass, coastal upwelling, and vertical distribution. Intensive
short-term space surveys are being made during both winter and summer to
determine variations related to circulation and tidal effects.
A system has been devised wherein all plankton species are number
coded for counting purposes, and together with the raw field data (flow
meter records, sampler calibration factor, etc. ) are placed on computer
cards at a minimum of cost and time. Raw data are printed out as the
number of each species per cubic meter ready for plotting. Similarly,
salinity and temperature values have been coded to derive sigma-T values.
A detailed pictorial key of all common zooplankton members is in
preparation. In addition, a series of drawings of less common forms present
in local coastal waters is being completed.
Marine. Microbiology - Morita
Leakage of cellular materials (protein, amino acids, DNA, RNA, malic
dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) results when cells of
Vibrio marinus MP-1 are exposed to temperatures above its maximal growth
temperature (20 C). Leakage occurs most readily when cells obtained from
the log growth phase are employed. Death of the cells due to an exposure to
moderate temperatures (20 to 300 C) occurs before leakage of the cellular
materials result.
Cell-free extracts of Vibrio marinus MP-1 as well as the mesophilic
bacterium, E.. coli, were prepared, and ammonium sulfate fractions were
prepared. These fractions were subjected to various temperatures. In
the psychrophile, it was found that precipitation of proteins occurs in the
40 to 60% ammonium sulfate fraction at temperatures (ca. 2 to 3 C) below
the organisms maximal temperature for growth. In fractions prepared
from E. coli, it was found that protein denaturation occurred in all fractions
at temperatures below the maximum temperature for growth of E. coli.
The denaturation of cellular proteins below the maximal growth temperatures
for both organisms indicates that when temperatures close to the organism's
maximal temperature for growth are reached, intracellular proteins are
denatured and therefore become biologically inactive.
48
Pycnogonida of the Antarctic Regions - Hedgpeth, McCain
Since returning from the Antarctic, the pycnogonid collections from
previous expeditions and from the trip to McMurdo Sound have been organized
and are now being processed. Mr. William Stout has been added to the project as chief technical assistant. A study of the world wide species of the
interesting deep-sea genus Pantopipetta is almost completed. Species in the
collection were collected on R/V ELTANIN and R/V VEMA cruises. This
genus appears to be the deep-sea analogue of the predominantly Antarctic
genus Austrodecus. One of the species in the collection was collected by
the R/V YAQUINA off the Oregon coast; it-was previously unknown to science.
The literature survey has been completed and the synonymy on a world
wide scale has.been brought up to date.
Ecology of Inshore Marine Invertebrates - Hedgpeth, Gonor, Barnes, Caplan,
butler, Lough
Studies of inshore temperature, gonad development, and spawning in the
intertidal chiton Tonicella lineata during the last six months indicate that
while increase in gonad size proceeded at a steady rate during this period
with no apparent relation to temperature, spawning coincided with a period
of marked inshore sea temperature fluctuations. Figure 1 illustrates this
correlation.
Recruitment, growth and migration of intertidal invertebrates is under
study now that methods for permanent marking, tagging, and measurement
have been established. Populations of two species of chitons, one from the
higher and one from the lower intertidal horizon, are under study at Yaquina
Head, Cape Arago, and Boiler Bay.
A population biology study of Callinassa californiensis on the Yaquina
Bay sand flats was started in the summer of 1967 an continued during the
last six months. A caisson technique for obtaining quantitative population
samples was developed and is now in use. Two types of population census
sampling patterns have produced data indicating that the size distribution
of the population is not uniform over the flats. Smaller, younger individuals
are restricted to more peripheral, lower tidal horizons than the large adults.
The basis for this discontinuous distribution of sizes is being investigated,
reproduction in the population is being followed and the distribution of newly
settled young is being followed.
Botula falcata, the date mussel inhabits burrows in soft rock intertidally
Bay and the open oceanic shore and also subtidally
on the inside of
offshore. Gonad samples taken monthly for the past seven months from two
populations within Yaquina Bay indicate that this animal is a summer breeder
whose reproductive period is synchronous at the two study locations.
During the month of March, J. W. Hedgpeth was visiting staff member
aboard R/V TE VEGA on a cruise to the Galapagos, and made studies of
intertidal zonation on various islands. From this work it will be possible to
compare conditions at the 'Equator and 45° N. A report on this study is now
in process.
12
12
10
II
8
10
6
9
4
8
2
7
OCT 1-NOV
/967
I
DEC
I
JAN
FEB
MAR
/968
APR
MAY
0
51
DEGREES COMPLETED
Degrees will be granted in June 1968.
ALBIN, Arthur G. Ph. D. Physical Oceanography
Thesis Title: The Analysis and Recommended Design of a
High-Resolution Digital Data Acquisition System
for the In Situ Measurement of Various Physical
and Chemical Parameters of Seawater.
Major Professor: Stephen J. Neshyba
BLANTON, Jackson O. Ph.D. Physical Oceanography
Thesis Title: The Subsurface Frontal Zone Beneath the Subtropical Convergence in the Northeast Pacific.
Major Professor: June G. Pattullo
CULBERSON, Charles H. M. S. Chemical Oceanography
Thesis Title: Pressure Dependence of the Apparent Dissociation
Constants of Carbonic and Boric Acids in Seawater.
Major Professor: Ricardo M. Pytkowicz
HUFFORD, Gary L. M. S. Biological Oceanography
Thesis Title: Some Aspects of the Biology of the Deep-Sea
Holothuroid Paelopatides sp.
Major Professor: Andrew G. Carey, Jr.
Richard L. M. S. Biological Oceanography
Thesis Title: The Action Spectrum of Photosynthesis of the
Marine Diatom Skeletonema costatum (Greville)
IVERSON,
Cleve.
Major Professor: Herbert C. Curl, Jr.
JENNINGS, C. David Ph. D. Radioecology
Thesis Title: Iron-55 in Pacific Ocean Organisms.
Major Professor: Charles L. Osterberg, William O. Forster
Ph.D.. Geophysical Oceanography
Thesis Title: Transmission and Attenuation of the Primary
Seismic Wave, A = 100 to 600 km.
LONG,. Leland T.
Major Professor: Joseph W. Berg, Jr.
Ph. D. Biological Oceanography
Thesis Title: Distribution of Recent Foraminifera in Relation to
Estuarine Hydrography, Yaquina Bay, Oregon.
MANSKE, Douglas C.
Major Professor: Herbert F. Frolander
5z
NELSON, C. Hans Ph.D. Geological Oceanography
Thesis Title: Marine Geology of Astoria Deep-Sea Fan.
Major Professor: John V. Byrne
SHIH, Keh-gong
Ph. D. Geophysical Oceanography
Thesis Title: On the Interpretation and Reduction of Ocean
Bottom Temperature and Heat Flow Data.
Major Professor: Gunnar Bodvarsson
SKORPEN, Allan J.
M. S. Geophysical Oceanography
Thesis Title: Magnetic Profiles Across the Aleutian Trench
and Ridge.
Major Professor: Donald F. Heinrichs
SKOV, Niels A. Ph. D. Physical Oceanography
Thesis Title: The Ice Cover of the Greenland Sea: An Evaluation
of Oceanographic and Meteorological Causes for
Year to Year Variations.
Major Professor: Robert L. Smith
THIRUVATHUKAL, John V. Ph. D. Geophysical Oceanography
Thesis Title: Regional Gravity of Oregon.
Major Professor: Donald F.' Heinrichs
TREMBLY, Lynn D. Ph. D. Geophysical Oceanography
Thesis Title: Seismic Source Characteristics From Explosion
Generated P Waves.
Major Professor: Joseph W. Berg, Jr.
53
FACILITIES
Marine Science Center
During the past year more than 175, 000 visitors have enjoyed the
aquarium and the scientific panels located in the Public Section of the
Marine Science Center. Some 10, 000 school children in organized
groups have been guided through the facilities.
Research Vessels
R/V CAYUSE
Designed specifically for oceanographic research, the R/V CAYUSE
is equipped for all types of marine research. She is designed for
research in the area of the continental shelf and slope off the Pacific
Northwest coast, and she fills the gap between the 180-foot deep sea
vessel Yaquina and the 33-foot coastal water vessel PAIUTE. From
home port in Newport, the CAYUSE will sail on cruises ranging from
1 to 14 days. Much of her schedule calls for servicing oceanographic
and meteorological buoys in the offshore buoy program.
The CAYUSE has a hydrographic winch with over a mile of 3/16inch wire rope and a deep-sea winch with 3/8-inch wire designed for
obtaining samples with dredges, trawls, nets, coring tubes, and water
samplers down to depths of approximately 4: miles. The main boom has
a capacity of 3 tons for work with the deep-sea winch. An auxiliary
boom has a 1-1 /2 ton capacity and is used to handle supplies and
scientific equipment.
There are quarters for seven crew members and for seven scientists,
plus a wet laboratory for hydrographic work, a dry laboratory, and an
electronic laboratory. The vessel will be commissioned on 30 April 1968.
R/V PAIUTE
The R/V PAIUTE, our 33-foot coastal day boat, has been used
extensively to aid the R/V YAQUINA in stationing the Department's
instrument buoy TOTEM. Much of her time was also spent as a diving
platform for offshore SCUBA diving operations.
R/V YAQUINA
During the past six months, our 180.-foot Research Vessel YAQUINA
has traversed 9, 435 miles of Pacific water off the West Coast in 107 days
at sea. A time-at-sea chart and track lines 'of individual cruises are
found in Figures 1 to 3 . The YAQUINA has traveled 88, 135 miles at sea
since her commission in September 1964. During her 852 total days at sea,
she has allowed scientists to carry out all types of marine research.,
54
TIME AT SEA
1967
OCT
NOV
2
1968
DEC
JAN
Geophysics
3
3
4
Geology
5
9
Physical
4
6
8
j
9J
Nekton
4
Geology
4
10
Nekton
2
II
12,
Z
13
2
14
1L
16
0
0
Nekton
15
5
17
Hydra
18
4
U)
0
Benthos
8
OCK
19
20
21
Geophysics
2
Physical
Physical
5
5
Physical
4
22
23
24
25
Physical
26
3
27
28
Benthos
Geophysics
3
7
AYI
9
Nekton
3
AY I
29
Chemistry
30
Physical
3
311
24
Geology
19
Figure 1.
24
2
19
Time at sea- R/V YAQUINA,
October 1967 - March 1968.
21
55
41'
,..
44.
a
Figure 2.
Cruise tracks of R/V YAQUINA, October - November 1967.
56
40
OREGON
I
MARCH
U.
iaY
11111111
GRaoKIRroe
``
I.......... `ÌI..........,i......... .. I.........
1968
LAE
44.
43.
.42°
Figure 3.
Cruise tracks of R/V YAQUINA, January - March 1968.
one.
-- CALL
57
STAFF
Dr. Wayne V. Burt, Associate Dean of Research for oceanographic
programs, returned in February from a five-month sabbatical leave.
He spent much of his time at Scripps Institution of Oceanography working
with the physical oceanography group.
Dr. John V. Byrne has been named Chairman of the Department of
Oceanography. He holds an A. B. degree from Hamilton College, an
M. A. from Columbia University, and a Ph. D. from the University of
Southern California.
Dr. Byrne was associated with Humble Oil and Refining Company
before coming to Oregon State as an Associate Professor in 1960. In
December 1967 he completed a 15-month appointment as Program
Director for Oceanography at the National Science Foundation in
Washington, D. C.
Mr. Gerald Burdwell, a meteorologist from the Environmental
Science Services Administration, has been assigned to the new Marine
Weather Forecasting Service at the Marine Science Center, Newport,
Oregon.
Mr. Burdwell comes to the Department from the U. S. Weather
Bureau Station at Amarillo, Texas. He has a bachelor's degree in
geology from Baylor University and is a graduate in meteorology from
the U. S. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California. Mr.' Burdwell
will be forecasting sea conditions off the Oregon coast as they pertain
to our research vessel operations.
Dr. Herbert C. Curl, Jr.. is currently a visiting professor in the
Department of Botany, University of Hawaii. Dr. Curl will return to
the OSU campus in June.
Dr. Peter Dehlinger, who joined the Department of Oceanography
as a Professor in 1962, has accepted a position as Director of Marine
Sciences Institute at the University of Connecticut. He is now on leave of
absence serving as Head of the Geophysics Group, Ocean Science and
Technology, Office of Naval Research, Washington, D. C.
Dr. Joel W. Hedgpeth was a visiting staff member aboard the R/V
TE VEGA on a cruise to the Galapagos Islands in March.
Dr. Charles L. Osterberg is currently serving as Marine Biologist
for the Environmental Sciences Division of Biology and Medicine, Atomic
Energy Commission, Washington, D. C. He will return to the Department
in the spring of 1969.
58
Dr. Kilho Park returned in December 1967 from a 4-month sabbatical leave spent at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
Dr. William G. Pearcy is spending a 9-month sabbatical leave at
the Fisheries Oceanographic Center, La Jolla, California. He will
return to the campus in June.
Dr. Ricardo M. Pytkowicz Is participating in research on the physical
chemistry of seawater with Professor L. G. Sillen, Department of Inorganic
Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. He will also
present a lecture at the University of Goteborg, Sweden.
Dr. Robert L. Smith was a visiting investigator aboard the
R/V THOMAS G. THOMPSON on the third leg of the University of
Washington PONCHO cruise off Central America, from 6-28 February.
VISITING STAFF
Dr. Ronald P. Kenney, University College, Townsville, Queensland,
Australia, was a Research Associate working with Dr. Joel= W. Hedgpeth,
Yaquina Marine Biology Laboratory, from June to December 1967.
Dr. Zygmunt Kowalik, from Gdansk, Poland, received a Ford
Foundation award to spend an academic year in the Department. He has
been working with Dr. Neshyba. Dr. Kowalik is the Leader of the Hydrodynamical Laboratory at the Marine Station, Polish Academy of Sciences.
He will be returning to Poland in June.
IN MEMORIUM
Dr. David Tilles, who joined our faculty in June 1967 as an Associate
Professor, was involved in a fatal accident at the beach in March. Before
joining the staff at Oregon State, Dr. Tilles was a physicist with the Smithsonian
Astrophysical Observatory.
59
VISITING SCIENTISTS
October
Dr. James J. O'Brien, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado. "The
response of the ocean to a hurricane. "
Dr. Athelstan F. Spilhaus, President, Franklin
Institute of Science, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Mr. Kevin M. Barry, Data Processing Branch Manager,
Geotech, Garland, Texas. "Summation and stacking
for rapid firing marine energy sources. "
November
Dr. Lawrence A. Mysak, University of British Columbia,
Canada. "Very low frequency waves in a rotating
stratified channel of variable depth. "
December
Mr. Edward R. Baylor, Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. "Surface
plankton abundance and Langmuir circulation in
the ocean. "
Dr. Nicholas P. Fofonoff, Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. "Direct
measurement of ocean currents. "
Mr. C. F. Willett, General Dynamics, Electric Boat
Division.
January
Mr. Arthur G. Alexiou, Director, Institutional Grants
Program, Office of Sea Grant Programs, National
Science Foundation (Sea Grant Site Visit).
Mr.. John B. Glude, Deputy Regional Director, Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries, Seattle, Washington
(Sea Grant Site Visit).
Dr. Joseph E. Henderson, Applied Physics Laboratory,
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
(Sea Grant Site Visit).
Dr. Hugh J. McLellan, Head, Oceanography Section,
National Science Foundation (Sea Grant Site Visit).
Professor Robert H. Roy, Dean, College of Engineering,
Johns Hopkins University (Sea Grant Site Visit).
60
January
Dr. M. P. Wennekens, Office of Naval Research,
San Francisco, California. "Ocean engineering, "
"Hydroacoustics. "
Dr. Peter Dehlinger, Head of the Geophysics Group,
Division of Ocean Science and Technology, Office
of Naval Research. "Continental and oceanic
structure from the Oregon coast westward across
the Juan de Fuca Ridge, " and "Marine geology
and geophysics in'the ONR: the basic oceanographic
research program. "
Dr. George deVries Klein, Department of Geology,
University of Pennsylvania. "Intertidal zone
sedimentation: Ancient and Recent. if
Dr. Thomas R. LaFehr, Geophysical Associates International Company. "Gravity and magnetics in
the explosion industry. "
Mr. H. Sieck, Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier,
Inc., Houston, Texas. "Continuous seismic profiling. "
February
Dr. K. H. Waters, Supervising Research Geophysicist
for the Continental Oil Company. "The possibilities
of using shear waves in seismic exploration. "
Dr. R. B. Rice, Physics and Mathematics Department,
Marathon Oil, Littleton, Colorado. "Comments
on the present status of seismic data processing. "
March
Dr. W. Jason Morgan, Department of Geological and
Geophysical Sciences, Princeton University.
"Rises, trenches, great faults, and crustal blocks.. "
Dr. Clifford H. Mortimer, Director, Great Lakes Study
Center, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee,
Wisconsin.
61
VISITING SCIENTISTS ABOARD R/V YAQUINA
October
Dr. Wolfgang Smith, Mathematics Department, Oregon
State University. Cruise 6710-B, Geophysics,
Bodvars son.
November
Dr. Zygmunt Kowalik, Leader of the Hydrodynamical
Laboratory, Polish Academy of Sciences. Cruise
6711-E, Physical, Neshyba.
January
Mr. R. Jay Murray, Computer Center, Oregon State
University. Cruise 6801-D, Physical, Beardsley.
D. Bagger
C. Bentz
D. Boland
J. Butcher
P. Dix
P. Eggan
R. -Headland
R. Hickland
R. Jorgensen
S.
Kiemle
M.
K.
R.
J.
E.
Knowlton
B. Okano
Larsen
Ludwick
A. Rolfe
MacQuade
C. Seddon
Meyer
N. Smothers
A. Rousch
Oregon State University Academic Year Institute Group.
Cruise 6801-E, 1st day.
E. Baker
E. Down
R. Emsick
G. Flanders
A. Hughes
B. Klawitter
J. Krout
G. McClendon
J. -Sandness
R. Myers
M. Premaratine
H.
Tatum
G. Tinker
F., Willing
E. Lawrence
J. Robertson
J. Gross
G. Makela
J. Rustan
Oregon State University Academic Year Institute Group.
Cruise 6801-E, 2nd day.
February
Captain J. S. Elsbree, Marine Superintendent, Clatsop
Community College, Astoria, Oregon. Cruise 6802-C,
Physical, Neshyba.
March
Dr. K. Deffeyes,' Department of Geology, Princeton
University. Cruise 6803-D, Geology.
Dr. J. Morgan, Department of Geology, Princeton
University. Cruise 6803-D, Geology.
62
PUBLICATIONS
Bales, W. E. See Emilia, Berg, and Bales. 1968.
Bales, W. E. See Emilia, Berg, and Bales. 1968. (In Press)
Beardsley, G. F. , Jr. 1967. The polarization of submarine daylight at
near-asymptotic depths. (Abstr.) Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union
48(1): 136.
Beardsley, G. F. , Jr. 1968. Mueller scattering matrix of seawater.
J. Opt. Soc. Amer. (In Press)
Berg, J. W., Jr. See Emilia, Berg,
Berg, J. W., Jr.
and Bales.
1968.
See Emilia', Berg, and Bales. 1968.
Berg, J. W., Jr. See Hutt and Berg.
1968.
Bowman, T. E. and J. C. McCain. 1967. Distribution of the planktonic
shrimp, Lucifer, in the western North Atlantic. Bull. Mar. Sci.
17(3): 660-671.
Burt, W. V. and S. A. Kulm. 1968. Oceanography. In Encyclopedia
of Marine Resources. (In Press)
Burt, W. V., See Mesecar and Burt.
1967.
Burt, W. V. See Pattullo, Burt, and Kulm.
1968.
(In Press)
Burt, W. V. See Quinn and Burt. 1967.
Burt, W. V. See Quinn and Burt. 1968.
Burt, W. V. See Quinn and Burt. 1968.
Byrne, J. V.
1966. Effect of the East Pacific Rise on the geomorphology
of the continental margin off Oregon. (Abstr.) Geol. Soc. Amer.
An. Meet., p. 33-34.
Carey, A. G., Jr.
1968. Zinc-65 in echinoderms and sediments in the
marine environment off Oregon. Proc. Sec. Nat. Radioecol. Symp.
(In Press)
Collins, C. A. 1967. Currents on the Oregon continental shelf. (Abstr. )
Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 48(1): 130.
63
1965. The significance of variations in
photosynthetic carbon assimilation numbers in the marine environment. Trans. Ocean Sci. and Ocean Eng. Conf. I: 299.
Curl, H. C. and L. F. Small.
Curl, H. C., Jr. See Glooschenko and Curl.
1968.
Curl, H. C. , Jr. See Hardy and Curl. 1968. (In Press)
Curl, H. C., Jr. See Hardy and Curl.
1968.
Curl, H. C., Jr. See Small and Curl.
1968.
Curl, H. C., Jr. See Frolander and Curl.
(In Press)
1968.
Connors, D. N. and P. K. Weyl. 1968. The partial equivalent conductances of salts in seawater and the density/ conductance relationship.
Limnol. Oceanogr. 13(1): 39-50.
Dehlinger, P. 1968. Earthquakes (General). Encyclopedia of Earth
Sciences.
(In Press)
Dehlinger, P. 1968. Earthquake intensity, magnitude, and energy.
Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences. (In Press)
Measurement of gravity.
Sciences. (In Press)
Dehlinger, P.
1968.
Encyclopedia of Earth
Dehlinger, P. See Shor, Dehlinger, Kirk, and French. 1968. (In Press)
Emilia, D. A., J.
W. Berg, Jr. and W. E. Bales. 1968. Oceanic
extension of coastal volcanics: Northwestern Oregon. Ore Bin
30(2): 21-29.
Emilia, D. A., J. W. Berg, Jr., and W. E. Bales.
1968. Magnetic
anomalies off the coast of the Northwest coast of the United States..
Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. (In Press)
Fowler, G. A., A. A. Hunger, and D. C. Manske. 1966. Foraminiferal
trends in marginal marine environments. (Abstr.) Geol. Soc.
Amer. An. Meet., p. 72.
Fowler, G. A. See Pytkowicz and Fowler. 1967.
Fowler, S. and L. F. Small.
1967. Moulting of Euphausia pacifica as a
possible mechanism for transport of zinc-65 in the sea. Int. J.
Oceanol. Limnol. 1(4): 237-245.
64
Fowler, S. W., L. F. Small, and J. M. Dean. 1968. Metabolism of
zinc-65 in euphausiids. In V. Schultz and A. W. Klement, (Ed.)
Radioecology, Second Nat. Sympos. Reinhold Publ. Co., New
York. (In Press)
Frolander, H. F.
1968.
Statistical variation in zooplankton numbers
from subsampling with a stempel pipette. J. Water !Pollution
Control Federation. (In Press)
Frolander, H. F. and H. C. Curl, Jr.
1968.
Plankton.
of Biological Sciences, Second Edition. (In Press)
Gilbert, W. E., W. M. Pawley, and K. Park.
1967.
Encyclopedia
Carpenter's oxygen
solubility table and nomograph for seawater as a function of temperature and salinity. J. Oceanogr. Soc. Japan 23(5): 252-255.
Glooschenko, W. A. and H. Curl, Jr. 1968. The influence of nutrients
on assimilation ratios in natural marine phytoplankton communities.
Limnol. Oceanogr. (In Press)
Haertel, L. and C. L. Osterberg.
1967.
estuary. Ecology 48(3): 459-472.
Ecology of Columbia River
Hanus, F. J. and R. Y. Morita. '1968. Significance of the temperature
characteristic of growth. J. Bacteriol. 95: 736-737.
Hardy, J. T. and H. C. Curl, Jr.
1968. Red snow caused by a new
species of Trachelomonas. J. Phycology. (In Press)
Hardy, J. T. and H. C. Curl, Jr.
1968. Physiology of Chromulina
chionophila stein, an obligate cryophilic alga. J. Phycology.
(In Press)
Hedgpeth, J. W. and W. G. Fry. 1968. Pycnogonida of the Antarctic.
Part I. NZ Oceanogr. Institute Series on Ross Sea. (In Press)
Hedgpeth, J. W. 1968. A Jurassic pycnogonid. Geol. Soc. Am. Ann.
Meet. (In Press)
Heinrichs, D. F. 1967. Paleomagnetism of the Plio-Pleistocene Louse
town Formation, Virginia City, Nevada. J. Geophys. Res.
72(12): 3277-3294.
Heinrichs, D. F. and L. Pietrafesa.
January 27, 1968.
1968. The Portland earthquake of
Ore Bin 30(2): 37-40.
65
Thermal and electrical conductivities of sandstone rocks and ocean sediments. Geophysics.
Hutt, J. and J. W. Berg, Jr.
1968.
(In Press)
Kulm, L. D.
1967.
Offshore mining in the Pacific Northwest, P. III
353 - III 365. In The Pacific Northwest Economic Growth in a
Quality Environment. Vol. II: Research Papers and Statistics.
Compiled by Pacific Power and Light Company.
Kulm, L. D. and G. B. Griggs. 1966. 'Sedimentation in Cascadia DeepSea Channel. (Abstr.) Geol. Soc. Amer. An. Meet., p. 116.
Longuet- Higgins, M. S.
1967.
On the wave-induced difference in mean
sea level between two sides of a submerged breakwater. J. Mar.
Res. 25: 148-153.
Longuet-Higgins, M. S. 1967. On the trapping of wave energy around
islands. J. Fl. Mech. 29: 781-823.
Longuet-Higgins, M. S. and A. E. Gill.
between planetary waves.
1967. Resonant interactions
Proc. Roy. Soc. London, A, 299: 120-140.
On the trapping of waves along a discontinuity in depth in a rotating ocean. J. Fl. Mech. 31: 417-434.
Longuet-Higgins, M. S.
1968.
Longuet- Higgins, M. S. 1968. The eigenfunctions of Laplace's tidal
equations over a sphere. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, A,
262(1132): 511-607.
Longuet-Higgins, M. S.
1968. Double Kelvin waves with continuous
depth profiles. J. Fl. Mech. 31: 417.
Longuet-Higgins, M. S., G. S. Pond, and R. L. Smith.
waves recorded over Seine Bank. Deep-Sea Res.
1968.
(In Press)
Marmelstein, A. D., P. W. Morgan, and W. E. Pequegnat.
Photoperiodism in Thalassia testudinum.
(In Press)
Long
1968.
Botanical Gazette.
1967. Paracaprella barnardi, a new species of caprellid
(crustacea; amphipoda) from the west coast of Panama. Proc.
Biolog. Soc. Washington 80: 219-222.
McCain, J. C.
McCain, J. C. See Bowman and McCain.
1967.
McCauley, J. E. See McCormick, Laurs, and McCauley.
1967.
66
McCauley, J. E. 1968. Six new species of Lepidapedon Stafford, 1904
(Trematoda: Lepocreadiidae) from deep-sea fishes. J. Parisitol.
(In Press)
McCormick, M., M. Laurs, and J. E. McCauley. 1967. A hydroid
epizoic on myctophid fishes. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada. 24(9):
1985-1989.
Mesecar, R. S. and W. V. Burt. 1967. Review of the oceanographic
curricula and research programs at Oregon State University.
Proc.
1967 Pac. Comm. Oceanogr. Conf. Session B, No. 4.
Mooers, C. N. K. and R. L. Smith. 1967. Continental shelf waves off
Oregon. (Abstr.) Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 48(1): 140.
Mooers, C. N. K. and R. L. Smith. 1967. Dynamical structure in an
upwelling frontal zone. (Abstr.) Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union
48(1): 125-126.
Mooers, C. N. K. and R. L. Smith.
Oregon.
J. Geophys.
Res.
1968. Continental shelf waves off
73(2): 549-557.
Morita, R. Y. 1968. Hydrostatic pressure effects on marine bacteria.
Oceanog. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. (In Press)
Morita, R. Y. 1968. Contributor in "Unsolved Problems in Marine
Microbiology" 4th Conf. Mar. Biol., New York Acad. Sci. (In Press)
Morita, R. Y. -1968. The basic nature of marine psychrophilic bacteria.
Bull. Misaki Mar. Biol. Inst., Kyoto Univ. (In Press)
Morita, R. Y. See Hanus and Morita.
Morita, R. Y. See Stanley and Morita.
1968.
1968.
Neal, V. T. 1968. Oceanography for teachers, a unique summer program. Science Teacher 35(2): 37.
Nelson, C. H. 1967. Sediments of Crater Lake, Oregon. Geol. Soc.
Amer. Bull. 78(7): 832-848.
Neshyba, S. J. 1967. Comparison of minimum detectable light levels
and the level of stimulated marine bioluminescence in ocean waters,
p. 428-438. In Proc. 4th U. S. Navy Symposium on Military
Oceanography, v.
1.
Osterberg, C. L. See Haertel and Osterberg.
1967.
67
Osterberg, C. See Renfro and Osterberg. 1968.
Panshin, D. A.
1968. Sounds through the ocean--how they travel in the
North Pacific.
Pacific Search 2(5): Insert 67-27.
Park, K. 1967. Review of Equilibrium Concepts in Natural Water
Systems. W. Stumm (chairman) and R. F. Gould (ed. ). 1967,
344 p., Advances in Chemistry, Ser. 67. Am. Chem. Soc.,
Washington, D. C. Limnol. Oceanogr.
12(4): 726-727.
Park, K. 1967. A chemical investigation of the Subarctic Boundary near
170°W. (Abstr.) Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 48(1): 130.
Park, K. 1967. Oxygen-pH relationship in the ocean. (Abstr.) Geol.
Soc. Amer. An. Meet., p. 171-172.
Park, K. See Gilbert, Pawley and Park.
Park, K.
1967.
Alkalinity and pH off the coast of Oregon. Deep-Sea
(In Press)
1968.
Res.
Parkin, D. W. and D. Tilles. 1968. Influx measurements of extraterrestrial material. Science 159(3818): 936-946.
Pattullo, J. G. and M. R. Stevenson.
the Oregon coast.
Subsurface currents off
(Abstr.) Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 48(1):
1967.
130.
Pattullo, J. G. ; W. V. Burt, and S. A. Kulm.
tent off Oregon: its variations and their
Limnol. (In Press)
1968. Oceanic heat concauses. Intern. J. Oceanol.
Pearcy, W.
G. and L. F. Small. 1968. Effects of pressure on the respiration of vertically migrating crustaceans. J. Fish. Res. Bd.
Canada. (In Press)
Pond; G. S. 1967. Report on Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Academy
of Sciences, USSR. Special Report No. 1, Department of Oceanography, Oregon State University, Ref. 67-27, 28 pp.
Pond, S. 1967. The influence of buoy motion on measurements of wind
stress and wind speed. Izvestia, Acad. Sci. USSR, Physics of
Atmospheres and Oceans, 3: 1305-1311.
Pond, S. 1968. Some effects of buoy motion on measurements of wind
speed and stress. J. Geophys. Res. 73(2): 507-512.
68
Pond, S.
1968.
The Meteorological Institute of the University of Hamburg.
Bull. Amer. Meteorol.
Pond, S.
Soc.
(In Press)
See Longuet-Higgins, Pond, and Smith.
1968.
Pytkowicz, R. M., A. Disteche, and S. Disteche. 1967. Calcium carbonate solubility in seawater at in situ pressures. Earth and
Planetary Science Letters 2(1967): 432-434.
Pytkowicz, R. M. and G. A. Fowler.
in seawater at high
1967.
Solubility of foraminifera
pressures. Geochem. J.
1: 169-182.
Pytkowicz, R. M. and D. R. Kester. 1967. Relative calcium phosphate
saturation in two regions of the North Pacific Ocean. Limnol.
Oceanogr. 12: 714-718.
Pytkowicz, R. M. 1968. Water masses and their properties at 160°W
in the Southern Ocean. J. Oceanogr. Soc. Japan 24: 21-31.
Pytkowicz, R. M. 1968. The carbon dioxide-carbonate system at high
pressures in the oceans. In Oceanography and Marine Biology.
(In Press)
Quinn, W. H. and W. V. Burt.
1967.
Weather and solar radiation recep-
tion in the Equatorial Trough. J. Applied Meteorol. 6(6): 988-993.
Quinn, W. H. and W. V. Burt. 1968. Computation of incoming solar
radiation over the Equatorial Pacific. J. Applied Meteorol.
(In Press)
Quinn, W. H. and W. V. Burt. 1968. Incoming solar radiation over the
tropical Pacific. Nature 217(5124): 149-150.
Renfro, W. and C. Osterberg. 1968. Radiozinc decline in starry flounders
after temporary shutdown of Hanford reactors. Nuclear energy in
man's environment: past, present, and future problems. Proc.
Sec. Nat. Radioecol. Symp. (In Press)
Shor, G. G., Jr., P. Dehlinger, H. K. Kirk, and W. S. French.
1968.
Seismic refraction studies off Oregon and northern California.
J. Geophys. Res. (In Press)
Small, L. F.
1968. Experimental studies on the transfer of 65Zn in
high concentration by euphausiids. J. Experimental Mar. Biol.
and Ecol. (In Press)
69
1968. Photosynthesis. In R. W. Fairbridge, (ed. )
Encyclopedia of Geochemistry and Mineralogy. Reinhold Publ.
Co., New York. (In Press)
Small, L. F.
Small, L. F. and H. C. Curl, Jr.
1968.
Small, L. F. See Curl and Small.
1965.
The relative contribution of
particulate chlorophyll and river tripton to the extinction coefficient
of light off Oregon. Limnol. Oceanogr. (In Press)
Small, L. F. See Fowler and Small.
1967.
Small, L. F. See Fowler, Small, and Dean.
Small, L. F. See Pearcy and Small.
Smith, R. L.
1966.
(In Press)
Upwelling along the Oregon coast. (Abstr.) The
Challenger Society Ann. Rept.
Smith, R. L.
1968.
1968. (In Press)
3(XVIII): 43.
Upwelling. In Oceanography and Marine Biology
Annual Review. (In Press)
1968.
Smith, R. L. See Mooers and Smith.
1967.
Smith, R. L. See Mooers and Smith. 1967.
Smith, R. L. See Longuet-Higgins, Pond, and Smith. 1968. (In Press)
Smith, R. L. See Mooers and Smith.
1968.
Stanley, S. O. and R. Y. Morita. 1968. Salinity effects on the maximum growth temperature of some bacteria isolated from marine
environment. J. Bacteriol. 95: 169-173.
Tilles, D. See Parkin and Tilles. 1968.
Weyl,' P. K. 1968. The role of the oceans in climatic change: A theory
of the Ice Age. Meteorological Monographs. (In Press)
Weyl, P. K. See Duedall and Weyl. 1967.
Weyl, P. K. See Connors and Weyl. 1968.
70
Data Report No. 25, Surface temperature and salinity observations at
Pacific Northwest shore stations for 1965 and 1966. Wyatt, B. and
W. Gilbert. 1967. Department of Oceanography, Oregon State
University, Ref. 67-8, 28 p.
Data Report No. 26, Measurements of subsurface currents off the Oregon
coast made by tracking of parachute drogues. Wyatt, B. , M. R.
Stevenson, W. E. Gilbert, and J. G. Pattullo. 1967. Department
of Oceanography, Oregon State University, Ref. 67-20, 47 p.
Data Report No. 27, Hydrographic data from Oregon waters, 1965.
Wyatt, B. , R. Still, D. Barstow, and W.V. Gilbert. 1967. Department
of Oceanography, Oregon State University, Ref. 67-28, 56 p.
Data Report No. 28, Surface temperatures and salinity observations at Pacific
Northwest shore stations for 1967. Gilbert, W. and B. Wyatt. 1968.
Department of Oceanography, Oregon State University, Ref. 68-1,
21 p.
71
PAPERS SUBMITTED
Beardsley, G. F. , Jr. The polarization of submarine daylight at
near-asymptotic depths.
Beardsley, G. F., Jr. Modulation transfer function of natural hydrosols (Abstr. ).
Bodvarsson, G. Thermal activity, Geyser, Solfatara and Fumarole.
Bostrom, R. C. , R. W. Couch, N. H. Rasmussen, and M. Sherif.
Level changes and the predictability of seismicity in the Puget
Sound area.
Couch, R. W. Temporal gravity anomalies and elevation changes in
the Puget Sound Region of Washington.
Cross, F. A., S. V5 Fowler, _J. M. Dean, and L. F. Small. The
distribution of Zn in tissues of two small marine crustaceans.
Cross, F. A., J. M.Dean, and C. L. Osterberg. The effect of temper-
ature, sediment, and feeding upon the behavior of four radionuclides
in a marine benthic amphipod.
Culberson, C. H. and R. M. Pytkowicz. Effect'of pressure on carbonic
acid, boric acid, and the pH of seawater.
Dehlinger, P., R. W. Couch and M. Gemperle. Continental and oceanic
structure from the Oregon coast westward across the Juan de Fuca
Ridge.
Frederick, L. , N. H. Cutshall, and C. L. Osterberg. Radioactivity
in seawater: a method of analysis.
Frolander, H. F. Oceanographic identification of Yaquina Bay, Oregon.
Glooschenko, W. A. and H. C. Curl, Jr. Induction of synchrony in
algal cultures.
Griggs, G. B., L. D. Kulm, and A. G. Carey, Jr. Deep-sea sedimentation and sediment-fauna interaction.
Hedgpeth, J. W. A new species of deep-sea (Gammaridea) belonging
to the genus Runanga.
Jennings, C. D. and C. Osterberg. Sediment radioactivity in the Columbia River estuary.
Johnson, R. E. Regression model of wave forces on
ocean
outfalls.
Kenny, R. P. The ecology of the limpet genus Acmaea on the Oregon
coast.
72
Kenny, R. P. Temperature-heart rate relationships of intertidal
limpets of the genus Acmaea.
Kester, D. R. and R. M. Pytkowicz. Oxygen saturation in the surface
waters in the No rtheast Pacific Ocean.
Kujala, N. F., I. L. Larsen, and C. L. Osterberg. Radioisotope
measurements in Pacific salmon.
Langridge, P., R. D. Haight, and R. Y. Morita. Use of heat for
obtaining malic dehydrogenase from cells of Vibrio marinus.
Long, L. T. and J. W. Berg, Jr. Transmission and attenuation of the
primary seismic wave, 100 to 600 km.
Mooers, C. N. K. The Gerstner wave's Fourier decomposition and
related statistics and Kapteyn series identities.
Morita, R. Y. Pressure- -Bacteria, Fungi and Blue Green Algae,
Chapter 5. 1. In O. Kinne (ed. ), Marine Biology -- Environmental
Factors (A treatise).
Morita, R. Y. Cultivation of Microorganisms. Section D. Part 13.
Application of hydrostatic pressure to microbial cultures. In
J. R. Ribbons and W. D. Norris (eds.). Methods in Micro
biology. Academic Press.
Morita, R. Y. and L. J. Albright. Moderate temperature effects'on
protein, ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis by Vibrio
marinus an obligately psychrophilic marine bacterium.
Neal, V. T. Flushing of river-borne pollution from the Columbia
estuary.
Nelson, C. H.
,
L. D. Kulm, P. R. Carlson, and J. R. Duncan. Mazama
Recognition, distribution, and geologic significance in the
Northeastern Pacific Ocean.
ash:
Nishikawa, A. H. , R. Y. Morita, and R. R. Becker. Effects of the
solvent medium on polyvalyl-RNase aggregation.
Park, K. Seawater pH: Vertical distribution.
Pearcy, W. G. and C. L. Osterberg. Radioecology of albacore, Thunnus
alalunga, from the west coast of North America.
Pond, S. Air-sea interaction studies by the Department of Meteorology,
Imperial College, London.
Pond, S. Microscale phenomena in the ocean and the atmospheric
boundary layer.
Pytkowicz, R. M. and D. R. Kester. Short range interactions between
sodium and sulfate ions in aqueous solutions of ionic strengths 0. 3
to 1.0 at 25° C.
73
Trembly, L. D. and J. W. Berg, Jr. Seismic source characteristics
from explosion-generated P waves.
Weimer, M. S. and R. Y. Morita. Effect of hydrostatic pressure and
temperature on.gelatinase produced by an obligately psychrophilic
marine vibrio.
74
PAPERS PRESENTED AT SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS
Beardsley, G. F., Jr. and J. R. V. Zaneveld. Modulation transfer
function of natural hydrosols. Optical Society of America. Washington, D. C. March 1968.
Beasley, T. Lead-210 in marine organisms. Pacific Northwest Oceanographers. Seattle, Washington. February 1968.
Byrne, J. V. Sea floor spreading on the continental margin off Oregon.
Geological Society of America. Washington, D. C. October 1967.
Carey, A. G. Food sources of asteroids off Oregon. Pacific Northwest
Oceanographers. Seattle, Washington. February 1968.
Collins, C. A., C. N. K. Mooers, R. L. Smith and J. G. Pattullo.
Coastal physical oceanography off Oregon. American Geophysical
Union, Pacific Northwest Region. Moscow, Idaho. October 1967.
Couch, R. W. Gravity studies off the coasts of Washington and British
Columbia. University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. January
1968.
Curl, H. C., Jr. 'Problems in measuring marine primary production.
Duke
University, Durham, North Carolina. February 1968.
Curl, H. C., Jr. Snow algae and other cryophilic organisms. Duke
University Marine Laboratory, Beaufort, North Carolina. February
1968.
Curl, H. C., Jr. Cryobiont physiology. University of Hawaii,
Honolulu,
Hawaii, March 1968.
Dehlinger, P., R. W. Couch, and M. Gemperle. Continental and oceanic
structure from the Oregon coast westward across the Juan de Fuca
Ridge. International Associations of Volcanology and of Seismology
and Physics of the Earth's Interior: Symposium on Continental
Margins. Zurich, Switzerland. September 1967.
Denner, W. W. Simplified computation of geostrophic surface currents
over large ocean areas. Pacific Northwest Oceanographers Conference. Seattle, Washington. February 1968.
Emilia, D. A. (a) Magnetic anomalies off the northwest coast of the
United States. (b) Comparison of direct and indirect methods of
interpretation of magnetic anomalies. University of Washington,
Seattle, Washington. January 1968.
75
Emilia, D. A. Part I: Magnetic anomalies off the northwest coast of the
United States. Part II: A method for the direct interpretation of
magnetic anomalies. Instituto de Geofisica, Universidad Nacional
Autonoma de Mexico. Mexico City, Mexico. March 1968.
Hanson, P. The response of radionuclide levels in the Columbia estuary
during a pause in the operation of the Hanford reactors. Pacific
Northwest Oceanographers. Seattle, Washington. February 1968.
Heinrichs, D. F. Geophysical data from the Gorda Ridge. University of
Washington, Seattle, Washington. January 1968.
Jennings, D. Iron-55 in marine organisms (presented in absentia by
Dr. W. O. Forster). Pacific Northwest Oceanographers Conference.
Seattle, Washington. February 1968.
Kulm, L. D. Survey for heavy metals off the Oregon coast. Surveying
and Mapping Conference III. Corvallis, Oregon. March 1968.
Longuet- Higgins, M. S.. Double Kelvin waves.
San Diego, California. October 1967.
University of California.
Longuet-Higgins, M. S. Double Kelvin waves. Part I: Elementary.
Part II: Advanced. Institute of Geophysics, UCLA. Los Angeles,
California. February 1968.
Longuet-Higgins, M.S. Eight seminar lectures on: Waves in rotating
iState University.
fluids. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute. Fonda.
Tallahassee, Florida. February-March 1968.
Mackay, A. J. Continuous seismic profile investigation of the shelf
off southern Oregon. University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
January 1968.
McCauley, J. E. Influence of temperature on the length of the excretory
bladder of trematodes. Pacific Northwest Oceanographers. Seattle,
Washington.
February 1968.
Mesecar, R. S. and W. V. Burt. Review of the oceanographic curricula
and research programs at Oregon State University. Pacific Command
Oceanographers Conference. Hawaii. October 1967.
Neal, V. T. Flushing of river-borne pollution from the Columbia estuary.
Pacific Northwest Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting.
Yakima, Washington. October 1967.
Park, K. Impact of biomass activities on the chemical composition of seawater.. Adelphi University, Garden City, New York. October 1967.
76
Park, K. Gas-nutrient relationship in the North Pacific Ocean. Lamont
Geological Observatory, Columbia University. October 1967.
Park, K. Biological and geochemical effects on the pH in the ocean.
Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Nova Scotia, Canada. October
1967.
Park, K. Gas chromatography in marine research. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. November 1967.
Park, K. Seawater pH; Vertical distribution. Geological Society of
America. New Orleans, Louisiana. November 1967.
Park, K. Chemical synoptics off the coast of Oregon.
Oceanography Symposium.
D. C. March 1968.
Chemical
Office of Naval Research. Washingtcn,
Pattullo, J. G. Marine resources of Oregon. American Society for
Oceanography. Los Angeles, California. October 1967.
Pytkowicz, R. M. Physical chemistry of seawater (read in absentia by
Dr. John Lyman). Symposium on Chemical Oceanography. Naval
Research Laboratory. Washington, D. C. March 1968.
Pytkowicz, R. M. Carbon-dioxide system in the oceans. Chemistry
Department, University of Gotenborg. Gotenborg, Sweden. March
1968.
Renfro, W. Raditiecological studies in the Columbia River estuary. Pacific
Northwest Oceanographers. ' Seattle, Washington. February 1968.
Tennant, D. Distribution of 65Zn, 54Mn, and 51Cr in the tissues of the
Dungeness crab. Pacific Northwest Oceanographers. Seattle,
Washington. February 1968.
Tipper, R. The ecology of deep-sea borer Xylophaga. Pacific Northwest
Oceanographers. Seattle, Washington.
February 1968.
Tilles, D. Future plans for studies of extraterrestrial material in pelagic
sediments. Pacific Northwest Oceanographers. Seattle, Washington.
February 1968.
Young, D. A. Project TOTEM. American Geophysical Union, Pacific
Northwest Region. Moscow, Idaho. October 1967.
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