Energy with Agricultural Carbon Utilization Symposium, Georgia
Potential of carbon sequestration by
carbonizing wood residue from industrial
tree plantation as a Clean Development
Mechanism project in the Kyoto
Mechanism
Okimori,Y. Takahashi,F. Ogawa,M.
(KANSO)
Yamanaka,T. (Kansai Electric
Power)
1.
1.Effective
Effectivesequestration
sequestrationof
ofCO2
CO2in
inatmosphere
atmosphere
and
andits
itsinactivation
inactivation
CO2
CO2ininatmosphere
atmosphere
Photosynthesis by plants
Carbohydrate (Cellulose,
Hemicelluloses, Lignin)
Harvesting
Harvestingfor
fortimber,
timber,
pulp
pulpetc.
etc.
Carbonization
Carbon in a tree shall be left at 20 - 50%
Wood
Wood
charcoal
charcoal
Reduction
Reductionof
ofCO2
CO2emission
emissionand
andCarbon-sink
Carbon-sinkexpansion
expansion
are
areaapair
pairof
ofwheels
wheels
2.
2.Carbon
Carbonsequestration
sequestrationproject
projectby
byforestation
forestationand
andcharcoal
charcoaluse
use
3.
3.Charcoal
Charcoalproperties
properties(1)
(1)
General
Generalproperty
propertyof
ofcharcoal
charcoal(Fagus
(Fagustree)
tree)
Volatile 11.0%
Ash 1.6%
Carbon 87.4%
Surface area : 440 m2/g
pH 9.9
Relationship
Relationshipbetween
betweenTemperature
Temperatureand
and
Carbon
Carbonof
ofcharcoal
charcoal (Tanaka,S.
(Tanaka,S.1968)
1968)
4.
4.Charcoal
Charcoalproperties
properties(2)
(2)::Porous
Porousstructure
structure
--Habitat
Habitatfor
forSymbiotic
Symbiotic
microbe
microbe::
mycorrhizal
mycorrhizalfungi,
fungi,aa
filamentous
filamentousfungus,
fungus,
an
anactinomyces,
actinomyces,etc.
etc.
--Water
Water holding
holding capacity,
capacity,
etc.
etc.
Photo by Yamato,M.
Photo by Ogawa,M.
5.
5.Development
Developmentof
ofcharcoal
charcoaluse
use
(source
(source: :Japanese
JapaneseCharcoal
CharcoalNew-use
New-useAssociation)
Association)
Agriculture
Live stock
industries
Conditioning
of humidity
Golf course
Greening/
gardening
Cleaning bath
water
Water purification
Others
20.0%
30.6%
0.5%
1.1%
3.6%
Agriculture
4.0%
Humidity
conditioning
Animal husbandry
17.9%
22.3%
Charcoal use for non-fuel in Japan (1999)
6.
6.Location
Locationof
ofstudy
studysite
site
South
SouthSumatra
SumatraProvince
Province: :
- -110,000
110,000sq
sqkm
kmas
assame
sameas
asOhio,
Ohio,Tropical
Tropicalhumid
humid
climate
climate
2
- -Population
Population: :7.6
7.6million,
million,density
density: :70
70/km
/km2
Industries
Industries: :Mining
Miningresources
resourcesisisrich
richsuch
suchas
as
petroleum,
petroleum,coal,
coal,etc.
etc. Agriculture
Agricultureplantation
plantationsuch
suchas
as
rubber
(peasants),
oil
palm
(estate).
rubber (peasants), oil palm (estate).
Concession : 270,000 ha
Plantation area: 190,000 ha
7.
7.Requirements
Requirementsfor
forCDM
CDMproject
project
Region
Region: : Plantation
Plantationconcession
concession270,000
270,000ha,
ha,and
and
Pulp
Pulpmill
millsite
site
Boundary
Boundary
Activities
Activitiesrange
range: :
1)
1)Use
Useof
offorest
forestresidue
residue
2)
2)Use
Useof
ofwood
woodwaste
wasteininpulp
pulpmill
mill
Baseline
Baseline
1)
1)Socioeconomy
Socioeconomy: : Are
Arethere
thereany
anysimilar
similarprojects?
projects?
2)
2)GHG
GHGemission
emissionfrom
fromForest
Forestresidue
residueand
andWood
Wood
waste
wasteininpulp
pulpmill
mill
Leakage
Leakage
GHG
GHGwhich
whichwould
wouldoccur
occuroutside
outsidethe
theboundary
boundarydue
due
to
tothe
theproject
project(only
(onlynegative
negativeeffect)
effect)
Impact
Impactfor
forenvironments
environments
Monitoring
Monitoring
for
forNature
Natureand
andSocioeconomy
Socioeconomywith
withnegative
negative
and
andpositive
positivefactors
factors
Sustainability
Sustainability
8.
8.Plantation
Plantationforestry
forestryof
of Musi
MusiHutan
Hutan
Persada
Persada(MHP)
(MHP)
Start of plantation in 1991
Start of harvest in1999
Growth rotation in 8〜10 years
Mean Annual Increment : 20〜35 m3/ha
Harvest/ replantation 10,750 ha/yr
9.
9.Wood
Woodresidue
residuebiomass
biomassin
inforests
forests
Small stems and branches with D< 8cm
Avg. 56.4 t/ha x 10,750 ha/yr = 606,300 t/yr
by Hardiyanto, et al. (2000, 2001)
10.
10.Wood
Woodwaste
wastein
inPulp
Pulpmill
millof
ofTanjungenim
Tanjungenim Lestari
Lestari
Craft pulp production 450,000 t/yr
Waste = Bark, Woodloss, Chip dust
180,000 t/yr
115,000 t/yr
Power boiler
65,000 t/yr
Landfill (unused)
11.
11.Method
Methodof
ofcharcoal
charcoalmaking
making
Charcoal
Charcoalproduction
productioncan
canroughly
roughlybe
beclassified
classifiedinto
intotwo
twocategories.
categories.
1)
1)Carbonization
Carbonizationby
bythe
theauto
autothermal
thermalprocess,
process,which
whichincludes
includesmany
many
traditional
traditionaland
andsimple
simplemethods
methods(FAO
(FAO1987).
1987).
2)
2)Carbonization
Carbonizationrepresents
representsindustrial
industrialmass
massproduction
productionmethods
methods
utilizing
utilizingexternal
externalheating,
heating,which
whichrequires
requiresfossil
fossilfuel
fuel(FAO
(FAO1985).
1985).
Taking
Takinginto
intoaccount
accountapplications
applicationsinindeveloping
developingcountries,
countries,and
andthe
the
participation
participationof
ofthe
thelocal
localpeople;
people;
-->
a
low
cost,
easier
and
--> a low cost, easier andsimpler
simplermethod
methodisispreferable.
preferable.
Tin
Tindrum,
drum,Hume
Humepipe
pipeand
andBuilt-up
Built-upbrick
brickkiln
kiln: :forest
forestresidue
residue
--The
Thefurnace
furnacematerials
materialsare
areinexpensive,
inexpensive,conveniently
convenientlypurchased.
purchased.
--To
Toenable
enablethe
theparticipation
participationofoflocal
localpeople,
people,preventing
preventingfires
firesatatforest
forestsites.
sites.
Flat
Flatkiln
kiln: :Pulp
Pulpmill
mill--Bark,
Bark,woodloss,
woodloss,chip
chipdust
dust
--Often
Oftenadopted
adoptedininbarks
barksand
andwood
woodfrom
fromchip
chipmills
millsand
andsawmills
sawmillsininJapan
Japan
and
andalso
alsoininIndonesia.
Indonesia.
--Easily
Easilyoperated
operatedand
andmaintained,
maintained,But
Butcareful
carefulcontrol
controlisisrequired
requiredtotoprevent
prevent
the
outbreak
of
fire.
the outbreak of fire.
12.
12.Charcoal-making
Charcoal-makingtest
testof
ofForest
Forestresidue
residue(1)
(1)
Drum
Drummethod
method
Hume-pipe
Hume-pipemethod
method(Gorong2)
(Gorong2)
Capacity : 0.254 m3
Capacity : 5 m3
13.
13.Charcoal-making
Charcoal-makingtest
testof
ofForest
Forestresidue
residue(2)
(2)
14.
14.Charcoal-making
Charcoal-makingtest
testof
ofForest
Forestresidue
residue(3)
(3)
Nutrient in forest
50%
606,000
606,000t-dw/yr
t-dw/yr
50%
303,000
303,000t-dw/yr
t-dw/yr
X 0.80 (moisture 20%)
X 0.25 (efficiency)
60,600
60,600t-Char/yr
t-Char/yr
(48,500
(48,500t-C/yr)
t-C/yr)
15.
15.Charcoal-making
Charcoal-makingtest
testat
atPulp
Pulpmill
mill(1)
(1)
Waste
Waste==bark,
bark,woodloss,
woodloss,chip
chipdust
dust
Flat
Flatkiln
kiln
Capacity : 14 m3/kiln
16.
16.Charcoal-making
Charcoal-makingtest
testat
atthe
thePulp
Pulpmill
mill(2)
(2)
One cycle : 7 - 10 days
65,000 bdt/yr
X 0.25 (efficiency)
16,000 t-Char/yr
(13,000 t- C/yr)
17. Biomass/Carbon balance in tree plantation and pulp industry
18.
18.CO2
CO2reduction
reductionpotential
potentialby
bycarbonization
carbonizationfrom
fromwood
woodresidue/waste
residue/waste
4,000,000
Reduction
3,500,000
3,000,000
2,500,000
2,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
0
Carbon
Carbonreduction：
reduction： 62,000
62,000t-C/yr,
t-C/yr, 1.24
1.24million
milliont-C
t-Cinintotal
total
(CO2
(CO2equivalent：228,000
equivalent：228,000t-CO2/yr,
t-CO2/yr, 4.56
4.56million
milliont-CO2
t-CO2inintotal
total))
Carbon Emission (t-C)
Project
Baseline
19.
19.Cost
Costefficiency
efficiencyand
andlocal
localjob
jobopportunity
opportunityby
bythe
theproject
project
Forest
Forestresidue
residue(1)
(1)
Forest
Forestresidue
residue(2)
(2)
Wood
Woodwaste
wasteinin
pulp
pulpmill
mill
Drums：25,000
Drums：25,000units
units
Facilities,
Facilities,operation,
operation,
personnel
expenses,
personnel expenses,etc.
etc.==
3.4
3.4million
million$$
Brick
Brickkilns：4,900
kilns：4,900units
units
Facilities,
Facilities,operation,
operation,
personnel
expenses,
personnel expenses,etc.
etc.==
3.6
3.6million
million$$
Flat
Flatkilns：225
kilns：225units
units
Facilities,
Facilities,operation,
operation,
personnel
expenses,
personnel expenses,etc.
etc.==
0.56
0.56million
million$$
CO2
CO2reduction
reduction: :223,000
223,000t-CO2
t-CO2
Workers
Workers(full/part
(full/part
time)
time)2,500
2,500men
men
Workers
Workers(full/part
(full/part
time)
time)2,000
2,000men
men
Workers
Workers(full/part
(full/part
time)
time)140
140men
men
Cost
Costefficiency
efficiencyinin20
20years
years
17.1
17.1to
to17.
17.77$/t-CO2
$/t-CO2
20.
20.Charcoal
Charcoalapplication
applicationtest
test(1)
(1)on
onAcacia
Acacia (by
(byYamato)
Yamato)
To spray powder charcoal
to 2-year-old Acacia
To spray on the surface
Increase of fine roots
(12 months later)
21. Charcoal application test (2) : for crops
(by Yamato)
Long bean
Corn
22.
22.Coexistence
Coexistencewith
withlocal
localcommunity
community(1)
(1)in/near
in/nearthe
theproject
project
-Local
-LocalSumatran
Sumatranpeople
people
--Settlers
Settlersfrom
fromother
otherislands
islandsof
ofJawa,
Jawa,Bali.
Bali.
--265
265villages,
villages,13,000
13,000people
people
--Livelihood
Livelihood: : Rubber
Rubberresin
resincollection
collection
23.
23.Coexistence
Coexistencewith
withlocal
local
community
community(2)
(2) Efforts
Effortsof
of
MHP
MHP
Technical/financial
Technical/financialsupport
supportof
of
MHP
MHPto
tolocal
localpeople
peoplefor
for
encouraging
encouragingthe
thecultivation
cultivationof
of
crop
cropand
andfishery.
fishery.
Local
Localpeople's
people'sexpectation
expectationto
to
income
increase
besides
Rubber
income increase besides Rubber
resin
resincollection
collection: :
-->
-->Food
Foodproduction
productionfor
forselfselfsupport
supportand
andsale
saleininlocal
localmarket.
market.
Charcoal
Charcoalapplication
applicationfor
forraising
raising
agricultural
agriculturalproduction
production
24.
24.Proposal
Proposalof
ofintegrating
integratingcharcoal
charcoalcarbon
carboninto
intothe
thecarbon
carbonaccounting
accountingsystem
system
It is required to establish the method of accurately monitoring the carbon
sequestered in charcoal in the course of charcoal production from
biomass material to the end use of charcoal.
1.
1. Restriction
Restrictionon
onthe
thesource
sourceof
ofbiomass
biomass: : Not
Notcome
comefrom
fromnatural
naturalforest
forest
2.
Identification
of
biomass
and
2.
Identification
of
biomass
andresidue
residue/waste
/waste: : the
thechemical
chemicalcomposition
composition(heavy
(heavy
metal, a toxic substances), etc.
metal, a toxic substances), etc.
3.
3. Accurate
Accurateestimation
estimationofofthe
theinput
inputamount
amountofofbiomass
biomassinto
intothe
thecarbonization
carbonizationkiln
kiln
4.
4. Charcoal
Charcoalproduction
production
- -carbonization
carbonizationmethod:
method:mechanical
mechanicalkiln
kilnorormanual
manualhandling,
handling,external
externalheating
heatingororinternal
internalheating
heating
- -charcoal
yield,
carbon
composition,
energy
consumption
of
fossil
fuel
in
charcoal
production
charcoal yield, carbon composition, energy consumption of fossil fuel in charcoal production
5.
5. Application
Applicationmethods
methodsof
ofcharcoal
charcoalfor
fornon-fuel
non-fueluse
use
- -Soil
Soilamendment
amendment: : totoclarify
clarifythe
theuse
useofofsome
somemedia
mediaororsoil
soilsubstances
substances
- -Charcoal
compost
:
to
identify
kinds
of
livestock
compost
and
Charcoal compost : to identify kinds of livestock compost andits
itscomposition
composition
- -Method
of
application
spraying
:
to
clarify
mechanical
application
Method of application spraying : to clarify mechanical applicationorormanual
manualapplication
application
- -Water
purification
agent
:
to
clarify
the
treatment
after
use
Water purification agent : to clarify the treatment after use
6.
6. Impact
Impactand
andrisk
riskfor
forenvironment
environment
- -Prediction
Predictionofofimpact
impacton
onnatural
naturalenvironment
environmentlike
likesoil
soiland
andwater
water
- -Risk
of
fire
in
grassland
and
forest
if
charcoal
making
is
carried
Risk of fire in grassland and forest if charcoal making is carriedout
outininthe
thefield.
field.
7.
7. Monitoring
Monitoringof
ofdifferent
differentuses
usesof
ofcharcoal
charcoal
The
Theend
enduse
useofofcharcoal
charcoalshould
shouldbe
beclassified
classifiedeither
eitherinto
intonon-fuel
non-fueluse
use(soil
(soilconditioner,
conditioner,
water
purifier,
etc.)
and
fuel
use.
Some
kind
of
monitoring
system
is
required
water purifier, etc.) and fuel use. Some kind of monitoring system is requiredtotomake
makeaa
balance
balancesheet
sheetbetween
betweencharcoal
charcoalproduction
productionsites
sitesand
andmarkets.
markets.