Transparency International
Corruption Perception Index
2008
Transparency International-Estonia
Corruption Perception Index(CPI)
• Transparency International (international anti-corruption
organisation) has been analysing the corruption
perception since 1995.
• In Estonia corruption perception has been analysed
since 1998.
• Today, on the 23rd of September CPI of 2008 is
launched globally and simultaneously by local chapters
of Transparency International.
Corruption Perception Index(CPI)
• Estonia’s index improved by 0.1 grade and position by
one rank.
• 2008 – score 6,6, 27th position
• In comparison: 2007 – score 6,5, 28th
position
• 2008 – 180 countries
• 2007 – 180 countries
What is CPI 2008?
• Measures the degree to which
corruption is perceived to exist
among public officials and
politicians.
• Draws on 13 different polls and
surveys from 11 independent
institutions carried out among
experienced observers, such as
business people and country
analysts, including local experts.
Objectives
• Measure the level of corruption in public sector by experienced
observers, researchers (business people, academic persons,
risk analysts).
• To enhance comparative understanding of levels of corruption.
• To offer a snapshot of the views of experts who influence trade
and investment.
• To stimulate scientific research and complementary diagnostic
analysis on causes and consequences of corruption, both at
international and national level.
• To create public awareness of corruption
– and create a climate for change.
Methodology
• CPI is regularly conducted survey of surveys
• Broad definition of corruption – use of public power for private
benefits.
- Minimum of 3 surveys per country
- CPI 2008 consists of 2 previous years (-2005 3 years)
• Country scores on a scale from 10 (very clean) to 0 (very
corrupt).
• A composite index - different sampling and varying
methodologies.
What is taken into account?
• Focused on perception not hard data(difficult to access and
questionable value – is it possible to compare condemnatory judgements, cases,
publications etc.).
• Is considered:
• Bribery of civil servants;
• Drawbacks or hinders in public procurement ;
• Embezzlement of public appliances;
• Existence of anti-corruption policies and strategies and studies
concerning their functioning;
Includes as well as administrative and political corruption.
Year to year comparison
• CPI gives a hint for the business people and different analysts,
not so much focusing on the time-series trends.
• Score matters more than rank.
Sources 2008
All the sources estimate the level of corruption in public sector
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
ADB: Country Performance Assessment Ratings by the ADB
AFDB: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment by the AFDB
BTI: Bertelsmann Transformation Index (Estonia 2007)
CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment by the IDA and IBRD
EIU: Economist Intelligence Unit (Estonia 2008)
FH: Freedom House, Nations in Transit (Estonia 2008)
GI: Global Insights (formerly World Markets Research Centre) (Estonia
2008)
IMD: World Competitiveness Report of the Institute for Management
Development (Estonia 2007, 2008)
MIG: Merchant International Group (Estonia 2007)
PERC: Political and Economic Risk Consultancy, Hong Kong
WEF: Global Competitiveness Report of the World Economic Forum
(Estonia 2007)
CPI challenges
• Composite methodology can result in
misinterpretation
- Only the countries with sufficient information
are analysed
- Endeavours of the countries to fight corruption
is not measured
- inclusion of information of 2-3 years instead of
one
• Political sensitivity of CPI
- Accusation that fingers are pointed at
developing countries.
- Ignores the actions taken in the countries to
fight corruption
What is CPI good for?
• promote public debates
• Provide an incentive to conduct complementary local
diagnostics
• Create worldwide media coverage (raise awareness and draw
attention)
• Drive demand for change, as a powerful advocacy tool
• Brand-identify TI globally
CPI 2008 Ranking
Countries perceived as being least corrupt
Rank Country
1
Denmark
New Zealand
4
Score
9.3
9.3
Surveys used
6
6
Sweden
9.3
6
Singapore
9.2
9
Follow:
Finland, Switserland, Iceland, Nederlands, Australia,
Canada, Luxembourg, Austria, Hong Kong, Germany,
Norway, Ireland, United Kingdom, Belgium, Japan, USA,
Saint Lucia, Barbados, Chile, France, Uruguay, Slovenia,
Estonia
Rank
1.
1.
4.
7.
11.
12.
14.
16.
16.
18.
23.
26.
27.
28.
31.
32.
36.
45.
47.
52.
52.
55.
57.
58.
58.
70.
72.
Country
Denmark
Sweden
Finland
Nederlands
Luxembourg
Austria
Germany
Ireland
United Kingdom
Belgium
France
Slovenia
Estonia
Spain
Cyprus
Portugal
Malta
Czech Republic
Hungary
Slovakia
Latvia
Italy
Greece
Lithuania
Poland
Rumenia
Bulgaria
Index
9,3
9,3
9,0
8,9
8,3
8,1
8,1
7,7
7,7
7,3
6,9
6,7
6,6
6,5
6,4
6,1
5,8
5,2
5,1
5,0
5,0
4,8
4,7
4,6
4,6
3,8
3,6
CPI-riikide järjestus 1- 31
1
Denmark
9,3
6
0,2
18
Belgium
7,3
6
1
New Zealand
9,3
6
0,2
18
Japan
7,3
8
1
Sweden
9,3
6
0,1
18
USA
7,3
8
4
Singapore
9,2
9
0,3
5
Finland
9,0
6
0,8
21
Saint Lucia
7,1
3
5
Switzerland
9,0
6
0,4
22
Barbados
7,0
4
7
Iceland
5
0,9
23
Chile
6,9
7
7
Netherlands
8,9
6
0,5
23
France
6,9
6
9
Australia
8,7
8
0,7
23
Uruguay
6,9
5
9
Canada
8,7
6
0,5
26
Slovenia
6,7
8
11
Luxembourg
8,3
6
0,8
27
Estonia
6,6
8
12
Austria
8,1
6
0,8
12
Hong Kong
8,1
8
1,0
28
Qatar
6,5
4
14
Germany
7,9
6
0,6
28
Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines
6,5
3
14
Norway
7,9
6
0,6
16
Ireland
7,7
6
0,3
28
Spain
6,5
6
16
United Kingdom
7,7
6
0,7
31
Cyprus
6,4
3
CPI-riikide järjestus 32- 70
32
Portugal
6,1
6
52
Latvia
5,0
6
33
Dominica
6,0
3
52
Slovakia
5,0
8
33
Israel
6,0
6
54
South Africa
4,9
8
35
United Arab Emirates
5,9
5
55
Italy
4,8
6
36
Botswana
5,8
6
55
Seychelles
4,8
4
36
Malta
5,8
4
57
Greece
4,7
6
36
Puerto Rico
5,8
4
58
Lithuania
4,6
8
39
Taiwan
5,7
9
58
Poland
4,6
8
40
South Korea
5,6
9
58
Turkey
4,6
7
41
Mauritius
5,5
5
61
Namibia
4,5
6
41
Oman
5,5
5
62
Croatia
4,4
8
43
Bahrain
5,4
5
62
Samoa
4,4
3
43
Macao
5,4
4
62
Tunisia
4,4
6
45
Bhutan
5,2
5
65
Cuba
4,3
4
45
Czech Republic
5,2
8
65
Kuwait
4,3
5
47
Cape Verde
5,1
3
67
El Salvador
3,9
5
47
Costa Rica
5,1
5
67
Georgia
3,9
7
47
Hungary
5,1
8
67
Ghana
3,9
6
47
Jordan
5,1
7
70
Colombia
3,8
7
47
Malaysia
5,1
9
70
Romania
3,8
8
CPI- riikide järjestus 72- 102
72
Bulgaria
3,6
8
72
China
3,6
9
72
FYR Macedonia
3,6
72
Mexico
72
92
Algeria
3,2
6
6
92
Bosnia and
Herzegovina
3,2
7
3,6
7
92
Lesotho
3,2
5
Peru
3,6
6
92
Sri Lanka
3,2
7
72
Suriname
3,6
4
96
Benin
3,1
6
72
Swaziland
3,6
4
96
Gabon
3,1
4
72
Trinidad and Tobago
3,6
4
96
Guatemala
3,1
5
80
Brazil
3,5
7
96
Jamaica
3,1
5
80
Burkina Faso
3,5
7
96
Kiribati
3,1
3
80
Morocco
3,5
6
80
Saudi Arabia
3,5
5
96
Mali
3,1
6
80
Thailand
3,5
9
102
Bolivia
3,0
6
85
Albania
3,4
5
102
Djibouti
3,0
4
85
India
3,4
10
102
Dominican Republic
3,0
5
85
Madagascar
3,4
7
102
Lebanon
3,0
4
85
Montenegro
3,4
5
102
Mongolia
3,0
7
85
Panama
3,4
5
102
Rwanda
3,0
5
85
Senegal
3,4
7
102
Tanzania
3,0
7
85
Serbia
3,4
6
CPI-riikide järjestus 109- 145
109
Argentina
2,9
7
109
Armenia
2,9
7
109
Belize
2,9
3
109
Moldova
2,9
109
Solomon Islands
109
126
Honduras
2,6
6
126
Indonesia
2,6
10
7
126
Libya
2,6
5
2,9
3
126
Mozambique
2,6
7
Vanuatu
2,9
3
126
Uganda
2,6
7
115
Egypt
2,8
6
134
Comoros
2,5
3
115
Malawi
2,8
6
134
Nicaragua
2,5
6
115
Maldives
2,8
4
134
Pakistan
2,5
7
115
Mauritania
2,8
7
134
Ukraine
2,5
8
115
Niger
2,8
6
138
Liberia
2,4
4
115
Zambia
2,8
7
138
Paraguay
2,4
5
121
Nepal
2,7
6
121
Nigeria
2,7
7
138
Tonga
2,4
3
141
Cameroon
2,3
7
141
Iran
2,3
4
141
Philippines
2,3
9
141
Yemen
2,3
5
145
Kazakhstan
2,2
6
145
Timor-Leste
2,2
4
121
Sao Tome and Principe
2,7
3
121
Togo
2,7
6
121
Viet Nam
2,7
9
126
Eritrea
2,6
5
126
Ethiopia
2,6
7
126
Guyana
2,6
4
CPI-riikide järjestus 147-166
147
Bangladesh
2,1
7
147
Kenya
2,1
7
147
Russia
2,1
8
147
Syria
2,1
5
151
Belarus
2,0
5
151
Central African
Republic
2,0
158
Congo, Republic
1,9
6
158
Gambia
1,9
5
158
Guinea-Bissau
1,9
3
158
Sierra Leone
1,9
5
158
Venezuela
1,9
7
166
Cambodia
1,8
7
166
Kyrgyzstan
1,8
7
166
Turkmenistan
1,8
5
166
Uzbekistan
1,8
8
166
Zimbabwe
1,8
7
5
151
Côte d´Ivoire
2,0
6
151
Ecuador
2,0
5
151
Laos
2,0
6
151
Papua New Guinea
2,0
6
151
Tajikistan
2,0
8
158
Angola
1,9
6
158
Azerbaijan
1,9
8
158
Burundi
1,9
6
CPI –riikide järjestus 171- 180
171
Congo, Democratic Republic
1,7
6
171
Equatorial Guinea
1,7
4
173
Chad
1,6
6
173
Guinea
1,6
6
173
Sudan
1,6
6
176
Afghanistan
1,5
4
177
Haiti
1,4
4
178
Iraq
1,3
4
178
Myanmar
1,3
4
180
Somalia
1,0
4
CPI 2008 Ranking
Countries perceived as being most corrupt
Rank Country
177
Haiti
178
Iraq
180
Score
1.4
1.3
Surveys used
4
4
Myanmar
1.3
4
Somalia
1.0
4
Interesting:
Ranking
Country
Index
•
109 (117)
Moldova
2,9 (2,8)
•
•
•
•
67 (79)
134 (118)
147 (143 )
151 (150)
Georgia
Ukraine
Russia
Belorussia
3,9 (3,4)
2,5 (2.7)
2,1 (2,3)
2,0 (2.1)
Estonia in CPI tabel 1998 - 2007
Year
Countries
1998
85
1999
Ranking
Index
Sources
26
5,7
3
99
27
5,7
7
2000
90
27
5,7
4
2001
91
28
5,6
5
2002
102
29-30
5,6
8
2003
133
33-34
5,4
12
2004
146
31-33
6,0
12
2005
158
27
6,4
11
2006
163
24-25
6,7
8 (2a)
2007
180
28
6,5
8 (2a)
2008
180
27
6.6
8 (2a)
Possible influence on Estonia’s CPI
Positive:
• Adoption of new anti-corruption strategy for the years
2008-2012
• Active investigation of corruption by law machinery
• Raise in general corruption awareness
Negative:
• Disclosure of new corruption impeachments
• Insufficient control over local governments and public
procurement
• Insufficient supervision over party financing
Info: www.transparency.ee,
Ph 6 844 074
Contact: info@transparency.ee