Modern World History
Chapter 9, Section 2
Industrialization
Urbanization
• As more people lost their
farm land they moved to
the cities for work
• By the 1800s people could
earn higher wages in
factories than on farms
• Urbanization – shift of
populations from rural
areas toward cities caused
by the growth of factories
after 1800 that led to the
growth of European and
U.S. cities
Working Conditions
Before
Industrialization
•
Short-Term
Effects
• Industry created many
new jobs
• Factories were dirty
and unsafe
• Factory bosses used
harsh discipline
• Workers worked 6 days
a week for usually
about 14 hours a day
• Work was tedious and
didn’t change with the
seasons
Long-Term
Effects
•
Social Classes
Before
Industrialization
•
Short-Term
Effects
• Factory workers were
overworked and
underpaid
• Overseers and skilled
workers rose to lower
middle class
• Factory owners and
merchants rose to
upper middle class
• Upper class resented
the upper middle class
that became more
wealthy than them
Long-Term
Effects
•
Social Classes Under Industrialization
Upper Class
• Traditionally it was wealthy landowning aristocrats
• Later joined by wealthy businessmen
Upper Middle Class
• Government employees,
•
doctors, lawyers, managers
of factories, mines and
shops, bankers
Lower Class
Lower Middle Class
Factory overseers, skilled
workers such as toolmakers,
drafters, printers
• Factory workers, miners, and other
low paid laborers
Size of Cities
Before
Industrialization
•
Short-Term
Effects
• Factories brought job
seekers to cities
• Urban areas,
doubled, tripled,
quadrupled, etc. in
size
• Many cities
specialized in certain
industries
Long-Term
Effects
•
Size of Cities
Living Conditions
Before
Industrialization
•
Short-Term
Effects
• Cities lacked sanitary or
•
building codes
• Housing was
inadequate(most families
lived in one dark, dirty
room),
• water, and social services
(education, police, fire,
etc.) were scarce
• Streets unpaved with no
sewer drains, and garbage
piled up in the streets
• Epidemics of disease
swept through the cities
Long-Term
Effects
Case Study: Manchester
• Manchester in northern England
had ready access to water
power, available labor from the
nearby countryside, and an
outlet to the sea at Liverpool
• Population grew from 45,000 in
1760 to 300,000 by 1850
• Textile factories powered by coal
blackened the skies
• Rapid, unplanned growth made
it an unhealthy place to live and
work
• Wealth flowed to the new
middle class, but only slowly to
the working class
Child Labor
• Began work in factories
as young as age 6
• Worked 6 days a week
for long hours
• Supervisors often beat
them to keep working
and awake
• Factory Act of 1819 was
to restrict working ages
and hours, but it was
not strongly enforced