Faculty Orientation Program
Subject: Urbanization & Sustainable Development
Contributors:
Prof. Kedar Rijal
Deepak Chhetry
Ramesh Raj Pant
July 9, 2015
Course Nature
 Course Title: Urbanization and Sustainable Development
 Course No: Env. 405
 Lecture hrs: 150
 Nature of the Course: Theory (Optional)
 Full Marks: 100
 Year: IV
 Pass Marks: 35
Objectives
 General Objective:
 To enhance the knowledge on urbanization & sustainable development
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in prospect of national and international issues
Specific Objectives:
To provide an overview of urbanization, urban growth and pattern
To familiarize the students with socio-cultural and environmental
problems of urbanization
To highlight the concept of sustainable cities, strategies for sustainable
urbanization, urban management initiatives
To explain briefly the concept, challenges & approaches of sustainable
development
To acquaint with the status of sustainable development in Nepalese
context
To understand national & international initiatives of environmental
sustainability
Unit 1:
Introduction to Urbanization (15 hrs)
 Concept & characteristics of urbanization (2 hrs)
 Trend, process & pattern of urbanization (3 hrs)
 Urban growth & urbanization in developed & developing countries
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(4 hrs)
Influencing factors & patterns of urban growth (4 hrs)
 Urbanization in Nepal (2 hrs)
End : student will be familiar with the concept and recent pattern of
urbanization at local as well as global level
Books:
Rodney R. (1994). White Urban Environmental Management: Environmental
Change and Urban Design. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester
Cunningham, W.P & Cunningham, M.A. (2004). Principles of Environmental
Science: Inquiry and Applications, Second Edition. Boston: Mc Grow Hill.
Dynamics of Urbanization in Nepal: The Role and Response of Local Government :
Kamal Devkota
Unit 2:
Urban Environmental Concerns (30 hrs)
 Introduction to urban environment & environmental concerns (2 hrs)
 Concept of urban ecology (2 hr)
 Economic and ecological components of urbanization (4 hrs)
 Concept of Urbanization, Socio-cultural & environment impacts (2 hrs)
1. Urban infrastructures (2 hrs)
2. Water supply (2 hrs)
3. Solid waste (2 hrs)
4. Sanitation and drainage (3 hrs)
5. Traffic congestion (1 hr)
6. Air & noise pollution (4 hrs)
7. Urban land use change and patterns (3 hrs)
8. Urban poverty (1 hr)
9. Slum areas (1 hr)
10. Socio-economic crimes (1 hr)
Contd…
End: student will be familiar with the major
environmental concern of urban areas
Books:
 ADB and ICIMOD, 2006.Environmental Assessment of
Nepal: Emerging Issues and Challenges. ADB and
ICIMOD, Kathmandu
 Kaushik C.P. & Kaushik M. (2006). Perspective in
Environmental Studies: New Age International Pvt. Ltd.
 Urban Growth and Spatial Transition, an initial
assessment-Nepal. April 2012
Unit 3:
Sustainable Cities & Urban Management Initiatives (30 hrs)
Concept on sustainable cities (1 hr)
 Sustainable urbanization (1 hr)
 Concept of inclusive urban development (1 hr)
 Strategies for sustainable urbanization (2 hrs)
 Green infrastructure (1 hr)
 Zoning and land pooling (2 hrs)
 Carrying capacity ( 1 hr)
 Bioregionalism ( 4 hrs):
(BIOGEOGRAPHIC: geology, geography, biology
 RESOURCE USE: agriculture, resource management, technology
 SOCIAL: culture, social system, politics, economics
 PHILOSOPHICAL: conceptions of nature, spiritual awareness)
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Contd…
 Initiatives: Eco-cities, energy and water efficient cities (2 hrs)
 National: Nepal initiatives & urban governance (2 hrs)
 Urban planning (2 hrs)
 Policies and institutions (2 hrs)
 Laws relating to land acquisition (1 hrs)
 Urban perspective plan (2 hrs)
 Global: Global initiatives of urban planning & policy (2 hrs)
 Development control of zoning regulations (2 hrs)
 Global urban plan preparations ( 2 hrs)
 Additional Reference: Dynamics of Urbanization in
Nepal; Kamal Devkota
Contd…
End: student will be familiar with the major initiatives of global
communities to make their cities livable
Books:
 Strategic Plan: For Green City, Initiative 2012-2016
 Sustainable Development Agenda : FOR NEPAL, NPC
 Rees, W. and M. Wackernagel (eds.) 1994. “Ecological
footprints and appropriated carrying capacity: measuring the
natural requirements of the human economy”, in Increasing in
Natural Capital: the Ecological Economics Approach to
Sustainability, Washington: Island Press.
 Resources 1996–97. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press.
 Rodney R. White Urban Environmental Management:
Environmental Change and Urban Design: John Wiley & Sons,
Chichester, 1994.
Unit 4:
Sustainable Development (35 hrs)
 Concept of sustainable development (1 hr)
 Evolution of sustainable development ( 1 hr)
 Importance, scope & key indicators ( 1 hr)
 Issues & approaches of sustainable development: Environmental issues
& sustainable development ( 2 hrs)
 An overview of local, regional & global environmental issues (3 hrs)
 Natural resources & sustainable livelihoods ( 1 hr)
 Application of sustainability principles for solving environmental
problems ( 2 hrs)
Contd…
 Economics of Sustainable Development (1 hr)
 Concept of resource economics ( 1 hr)
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Economic growth & development ( 1 hr)
Resources in classical & neoclassical economics ( 2 hrs)
Ecology & economy nexus in reference to environmental sustainability
(2 hrs)
Environmental limits of economic growth (1 hr)
Communal properties & tragedy of commons ( 2 hrs)
Economic valuation of ecological services (direct market, travel cost &
contingent methods)( 3 hrs)
Cost benefit analyst (1 hr)
Contd…
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Origin and development of green economy (1 hr)
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Green business ( 1 hr)
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Green design &design for environment ( 1 hr)
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Human Development Approaches: Pillars of human development ( 1 hr)
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Vulnerability dimensions of human development (1 hr)
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Equity, Social justice , Empowerment
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Resource & knowledge based human development ( 1 hr)
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Ecological footprints ( 1 hr)
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Equally weighted indices (living planet index & environmental sustainability index)
(2 hrs)
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Integrated sustainable development index (1 hr)
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Unequally weighted indices: Environmental pressure indices, well-being of nations (2
hrs)
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Eco-efficiency (1 hr)
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Tools for sustainable management of resources (2 hrs)
End: student will be familiar with the concept , importance, scope and
practices of sustainable development
Books:
 Lekhak, H.D. and Lekhak, B. (2009). Natural Resources Conservation and
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Sustainable Development in Nepal. Kshitiz Publications, Kathmandu
Brundtland, G.H. (1987). Our Common Future. World Commission on
Environment and Development. Oxford University Press, Delhi India.
Dahal, M. K. & Dahal, D. R. (1998). Environment and Sustainable
Development. Issues in Nepalese Perspective. Nepal Foundation for Advanced
Studies (NEFAS), Kathmandu.
Elliott, J.A. (1994). An Introduction to Sustainable Development: The
Developing World. Routlege , London.
Field B. C. (2001). An Introduction of Natural Resources Economics. McGraw
Hill, Boston.
Furtado, D.R and T. Belt (2000). Economic Development and Sustainability. The
Word Bank, Washington, DC.
Unit 5: Sustainable Development in Nepal (20 hrs)
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Practices & sustainable development planning in Nepal (2 hrs)
Prospects & problems for sustainable development (2 hrs)
Sustainable development in rural & urban areas ( 2 hrs)
Planned development & developmental activities in Nepal (2 hrs)
Emerging priorities for sustainable development (2 hrs)
Eco-villages
Eco-city development
Environmental design & sustainable community (2 hrs)
Integrated ecosystem management & livelihood (2 hrs)
Integrated urban management (1 hr)
Institutional & capacity building (2hrs)
Media & sustainable development (1 hr)
Education for sustainable development (ESD) (1 hr)
Leading change for sustainability (1 hr)
Contd…
End: student will be familiar with approaches, practices and scope
of the the sustainable development in Nepalese context
Books:
 Lekhak, H.D. and Lekhak, B. (2009). Natural Resources
Conservation and Sustainable Development in Nepal. Kshitiz
Publications, Kathmandu
 Dahal, M. K. & Dahal, D. R. (1998). Environment and
Sustainable Development. Issues in Nepalese Perspective. Nepal
Foundation for Advanced Studies (NEFAS), Kathmandu.
 ADB and ICIMOD (2006). Environmental Assessment of Nepal:
Emerging Issues and Challenges. ADB and ICIMOD,
Kathmandu
 Sustainable Development Agenda : FOR NEPAL, NPC
Unit 6:
Policy Framework on Environmental Sustainability (20 hrs)
 Concept of development paradigms & shift to sustainable development
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& policy regulations (2 hrs)
Resource policy & ladder of sustainable development (2hrs)
Global Initiatives towards environmental sustainability ( 6 hrs)
Evolution
International environmental policies, plans, strategies &
commitments
National Initiatives towards environmental sustainability (6 hrs)
Environmental policies, plans & strategies & their effectiveness in
Nepalese context
International & national environmental institutions & their role &
responsibilities
Environmental ethics, sustainable-earth worldviews (2 hr )
Role of human beings in sustaining the earth (2 hr)
End: student will be familiar with the shifting of development paradigms, national and
international policies , plans and institutions related to sustainable development
Books:
 Agenda 21
 Loca Self Government Act, 1999
 Dynamics of Urbanization in Nepal: The Role and Response of Local Government
 Strategic Plan: For Green City, Initiative 2012-2016
 Sustainable Development Agenda : FOR NEPAL, NPC
 National Conservation Strategy, 1998
 Sustainable Development Agenda for Nepal (SDAN), 2003
 National Strategy for Risk Management, 2009
 National Planning agenda, 2010
 GoN endorsed NAPA documents, 2010
 Mountain Initiative (MI), 2010
 Climate Change Policy, 2011
 GoN endorsed the LAPA framework , 2011
 Environmental Protection Act 1997
 Environmental Protection Regulation , 1997
References
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ADB and ICIMOD, 2006. Environmental Assessment of Nepal: Emerging Issues and Challenges.
ADB and ICIMOD, Kathmandu
Brundtland, G.H. (1987). Our Common Future. World Commission on Environment and
Development. Oxford University Press, Delhi India.
Dahal, M. K. & Dahal, D. R. (1998). Environment and Sustainable Development. Issues in Nepalese
Perspective. Nepal Foundation for Advanced Studies (NEFAS), Kathmandu.
Elliott, J.A. (1994). An Introduction to Sustainable Development: The Developing World. Routlege ,
London.
Field B. C. (2001). An Introduction of Natural Resources Economics. McGraw Hill, Boston.
Furtado, D.R and T. Belt (2000). Economic Development and Sustainability. The Word Bank,
Washington, DC.
Joshi, A. R., Shrestha, S.L & Joshi, K. (2003). Environmental Management and Sustainable
Development at the Cross Road. Ankus, Kathmandu Nepal.
Joshi, Jibgar (2009). Regional Strategies for Sustainable Development in Nepal, Lajmina Joshi,
Kathmandu.
Mitlin, Diana and Satterthwaite D. (1994). “Cities and Sustainable Development”, background paper,
Global Forum ’94, Manchester.
Miller, Jr. G. T. (2003), Living in the Environment, Wadsworth Publication.
Price, Charles and Tsouros A., eds. (1996). Our Cities, Our Future: Policies and Action Plans for
Health and Sustainable Development. Healthy Cities Project Office, Copenhagen.
Rodney R. (1994). White Urban Environmental Management: Environmental Change and Urban
Design. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
Question Setting & Marks Allocation
S.N.
Name of Unit
1
Introduction to Urbanization
15
10
5+5
Head or tail
2 Short Questions
2
Urban Environmental Concerns
30
20
10+10
Head, body & tail
2 long questions
3
Sustainable Cities &
Management Initiatives
Urban 30
20
10+10
Head, body & tail
2 long questions
4
Sustainable Development
35
23.33
10+10
Head, body & tail
2 long questions
5
Sustainable Development in Nepal 20
13.33
5+5+5
Head or tail
3 short questions
6
Policy Framework on
Environmental Sustainability
20
13.33
5+5 +5
Head or tail
3 short questions
150
100%
100
8*5= 40 SQ
6*10=60 LQ
20% or from
contemporary
issues
Total
Lecture Hrs
Weightage
Marks
Allocation
Remarks
Thank You!
Annex: Reference Reading
 Dynamics of Urbanization in Nepal: The Role and
Response of Local Government
 Strategic Plan: For Green City, Initiative 2012-2016
 Sustainable Development Agenda : FOR NEPAL,
NPC
Contd…
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ADB and ICIMOD, 2006.Environmental Assessment of Nepal: Emerging Issues and
Challenges. ADB and ICIMOD, Kathmandu
Baumgatrner, R. & Hogger R. (2004). (Ed.). In Search Of Sustainable Livelihood System.
New Delhi: Sage Publications.
Brundtland, G.H. (1987). Our Common Future. World Commission on Environment and
Development. Delhi India: Oxford University Press.
Carney, D. (1999). (Ed.). Sustainable Livelihood. London: DFID.
Chaudhary, R.P. (1998). Biodiversity in Nepal: Status and Conservation. Bangkok: Tec.
Press.
Cunningham, W.P & Cunningham, M.A. (2004). Principles of Environmental Science:
Inquiry and Applications, Second Edition. Boston: Mc Grow Hill.
Dahal, M. K. & Dahal, D. R. (1998). Environment and Sustainable Development. Issues
in Nepalese Perspective. Kathmandu: Nepal Foundation for Advanced Studies (NEFAS).
Elliott, J.A. (1994). An Introduction to Sustainable Development: The Developing World.
London: Routlege.
Field B. C. (2001). An Introduction of Natural Resources Economics. Boston: McGraw
Hill.
Contd…
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Furtado, D.R and T. Belt (2000). Economic Development and Sustainability. Washington, DC:
The Word Bank.
Ghimire, K.B & Pimbert, M.P. (Eds.) (1997). Social Change and Conservation: Environmental
Politics and Impacts of National Parks and Protected Areas. London: Earthscan.
Joshi, A. R., Shrestha, S.L & Joshi, K. (2003). Environmental Management and Sustainable
Development at the Cross Road. Kathmandu Nepal: Ankus.
Joshi, Jibgar (1999). Housing and Urban Development in Nepal, Kathmandu: Lajmina Joshi
Joshi, Jibgar (2008). Planning Approaches in Nepal, Kathmandu: Lajmina Joshi.
Joshi, Jibgar (2009). Regional Strategies for Sustainable Development in Nepal, Kathmandu:
Lajmina Joshi.
Joshi, Lajmina. 2001. “Understanding Development from Human and Ecological Perspectives:
The management of bio-regional resources in Jha, P. K., and others, eds., Environment and
Agriculture: Biodiversity, agriculture, and pollution in South Asia. Kathmandu: Ecological
Society (ECOS), Nepal.
Kaushik C.P. & Kaushik M. (2006). Perspective in Environmental Studies: New Age
International Pvt. Ltd.
Lekhak, H.D. and Lekhak, B., 2009. Natural Resources Conservation and Sustainable
Development in Nepal. Kshitiz Publications, Kathmandu.
Contd…
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
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

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


Mitlin, Diana and David Satterthwaite. “Cities and Sustainable Development”,
background paper, Global Forum ’94, Manchester, 1994.
Price, Charles and A. Tsouros., eds. 1996. Our Cities, Our Future: Policies and Action
Plans for Health and Sustainable Development. Copenhagen: Healthy Cities Project
Office.
Rees, W. and M. Wackernagel (eds.) 1994. “Ecological footprints and appropriated
carrying capacity: measuring the natural requirements of the human economy”, in
Increasing in Natural Capital: the Ecological Economics Approach to Sustainability,
Washington: Island Press.
Resources 1996–97. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rodney R. White Urban Environmental Management: Environmental Change and Urban
Design: John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 1994.
UNCHS. The Habitat Agenda 1996 (Sustainable human settlements development in an
urbanizing world).
UNEP. Agenda 21: Chapter 7. 1992.
World Bank. 1996. Livable Cities for the 21st Century. Washington D. C.: The World
Bank, .2012. Urban Growth and Spatial Transition, an initial assessment-Nepal. April
2012
World Resources Institute. 1996. The Urban Environment: A Special Reprint from World