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Culturing Microorganisms > Microbial Growth
Microbial Growth
• Binary Fission
• Fts Proteins and Cell Division
• MreB and Determinants of Cell Morphology
• Peptidoglycan Synthesis and Cell Division
• Generation Time
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Culturing Microorganisms > Microbial Growth
Binary Fission
• In bacterial replication, the DNA is attached to the plasma membrane at about the
midpoint of the cell.
• The origin, or starting point of bacterial replication, is close to the binding site of
the DNA to the plasma membrane.
• Replication of the bacterial DNA is bidirectional, which means it moves away from
the origin on both strands simultaneously.
• The formation of the FtsZ ring, a ring composed of repeating units of protein,
triggers the accumulation of other proteins that work together to acquire and bring
new membrane and cell wall materials to the site.
• When new cell walls are in place, due to the formation of a septum, the daughter
Binary Fission
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cells separate to form individual cells.
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Culturing Microorganisms > Microbial Growth
Fts Proteins and Cell Division
• FtsZ has been named after "Filamenting temperature-sensitive mutant Z".
• During cell division, FtsZ is the first protein to move to the division site, and is
essential for recruiting other proteins that produce a new cell wall between the
dividing cells.
• FtsZ's role in cell division is analogous to that of actin in eukaryotic cell division,
but unlike the actin-myosin ring in eukaryotes, FtsZ has no known motor protein
associated with it.
FtsZ Filaments
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Culturing Microorganisms > Microbial Growth
MreB and Determinants of Cell Morphology
• MreB proteins polymerize to form filaments that are similar to actin
microfilaments.
• MreB controls the width of rod-shaped bacteria, such as Escherichia coli.
• Bacteria that are naturally spherical do not have the gene encoding MreB.
Atomic structure of MreB, a prokaryotic structural
protein
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Culturing Microorganisms > Microbial Growth
Peptidoglycan Synthesis and Cell Division
• The sugar component of peptidoglycan consists of alternating residues of β-(1,4)
linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid.
• Peptidoglycan serves a structural role in the bacterial cell wall, giving structural
strength but not shape, and counteracting the osmotic pressure of the cytoplasm.
• Peptidoglycan is also involved in binary fission during bacterial cell reproduction.
Simplified sc hematic of a cell wall in a Grampositive bacteria
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Culturing Microorganisms > Microbial Growth
Generation Time
• The doubling time is the generation time of the bacteria.
• The measurement of an exponential bacterial growth curve can be done by cell
counting, colony counting, or determining the turbidity of bacterial cultures.
• Bacterial growth in batch culture can be modeled with four different phases: lag
phase, exponential or log phase, stationary phase, and death phase.
Bacterial Growth Curve
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Appendix
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Culturing Microorganisms
Key terms
• bacterial growth Bacterial growth is the division of one bacterium into two daughter cells in a process called binary fission.
• bacterium A single celled organism with no nucleus.
• binary fission the process whereby a cell divides asexually to produce two daughter cells
• cell division a process by which a cell divides into two cells.
• cell wall A thick, fairly rigid layer formed around individual cells of bacteria, Archaea, fungi, plants, and algae, the cell wall is
external to the cell membrane and helps the cell maintain its shape and avoid damage.
• cytoskeleton A cellular structure like a skeleton, contained within the cytoplasm.
• cytoskeleton A cellular structure like a skeleton, contained within the cytoplasm.
• doubling time The doubling time is the period of time required for a quantity to double in size or value. It is applied to population
growth, inflation, resource extraction, consumption of goods, compound interest, the volume of malignant tumours, and many
other things which tend to grow over time.
• karyokinesis (mitosis) the first portion of mitotic phase where division of the cell nucleus takes place
• lag phase the period of bacterial growth in which bacteria adapt themselves to growth conditions; the individual bacteria are
maturing and not yet able to divide
• mitotic spindle the apparatus that orchestrates the movement of DNA during mitosis
• MreB MreB is a protein found in bacteria that has been identified as a homologue of actin, as indicated by similarities in tertiary
structure and conservation of active site peptide sequence.
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Culturing Microorganisms
• peptidoglycan A polymer of glycan and peptides found in bacterial cell walls.
• peptidoglycan A polymer of glycan and peptides found in bacterial cell walls.
• segrosomes multiprotein complexes that partition chromosomes/plasmids in bacteria.
• septum a partition that separates the cells of a (septated) fungus
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Culturing Microorganisms
Peptidoglycan structure
The peptidoglycan layer in the bacterial cell wall is a crystal lattice structure formed from linear chains of two alternating amino sugars, namely Nacetylglucosamine (GlcNAc or NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc or NAM).
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Wikipedia. "File:Peptidoglycan en.svg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." Public domain
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Culturing Microorganisms
Simplified sc hematic of a cell wall in a Gram-positive bacteria
Cross-linking between amino acids in different linear amino sugar chains occurs with the help of the enzyme transpeptidase and results in a 3dimensional structure that is strong and rigid.
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Culturing Microorganisms
Bacterial Growth Curve
This chart shows the logarithmic growth of bacteria. Note the Y-axis scale is logarithmic meaning that the number represents doubling. The phases of
growth are labelled on top.
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Culturing Microorganisms
Atomic structure of MreB, a prokaryotic structural protein
Procaryotic MreB in cartoon representation. The fold of the protein is similar to its eukaryotic counterpart
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Wikipedia. "MreB." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MreB.png View on Boundless.com
Culturing Microorganisms
Binary Fission
These images show the steps of binary fission in prokaryotes.
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Culturing Microorganisms
FtsZ Filaments
The Z-ring forms from smaller subunits of FtsZ filaments. These filaments may pull on each other and tighten to divide the cell.
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Wikipedia. "FtsZ." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FtsZ View on Boundless.com
Culturing Microorganisms
Which of these is the end result of binary fission?
A) One genetically different daughter cell.
B) The creation of a mitotic spindle.
C) The creation of a cell wall, which holds two new daughter cells
together.
D) A pair of daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell.
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Culturing Microorganisms
Which of these is the end result of binary fission?
A) One genetically different daughter cell.
B) The creation of a mitotic spindle.
C) The creation of a cell wall, which holds two new daughter cells
together.
D) A pair of daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell.
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Culturing Microorganisms
It is not known if FtsZ provides the force or serves as a
_________ for other proteins.
A) marker
B) inhibitor
C) protein pump
D) protein motor
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Culturing Microorganisms
It is not known if FtsZ provides the force or serves as a
_________ for other proteins.
A) marker
B) inhibitor
C) protein pump
D) protein motor
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Culturing Microorganisms
MreB is needed for cytoskeletal elements of prokaryotes, what
protein is very similar in eukaryotes?
A) MreD
B) RodZ
C) actin
D) GFP-MreB
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Culturing Microorganisms
MreB is needed for cytoskeletal elements of prokaryotes, what
protein is very similar in eukaryotes?
A) MreD
B) RodZ
C) actin
D) GFP-MreB
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Culturing Microorganisms
The peptidoglycan cell wall must be broken down and
reassembled for cell division to occur. If a new cell wall is not
assembled the __________ pressure of the cytoplasm would not
be counteracted.
A) osmotic
B) air
C) diffusion
D) protein
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Culturing Microorganisms
The peptidoglycan cell wall must be broken down and
reassembled for cell division to occur. If a new cell wall is not
assembled the __________ pressure of the cytoplasm would not
be counteracted.
A) osmotic
B) air
C) diffusion
D) protein
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Culturing Microorganisms
Some microbes have to forage for amino acids, as such amino
acids can be growth limiting factors, thus foraging often occurs
during _____________ phase.
A) log
B) death
C) stationary
D) lag
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Culturing Microorganisms
Some microbes have to forage for amino acids, as such amino
acids can be growth limiting factors, thus foraging often occurs
during _____________ phase.
A) log
B) death
C) stationary
D) lag
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Culturing Microorganisms
Attribution
• Wikipedia. "MreB." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MreB
• Wikibooks. "Structural Biochemistry/Three Domains of Life/Bacteria." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Three_Domains_of_Life/Bacteria
• Wiktionary. "peptidoglycan." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/peptidoglycan
• Wiktionary. "cell wall." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cell+wall
• Wiktionary. "cytoskeleton." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cytoskeleton
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/septum
• Wiktionary. "cell division." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cell+division
• Wiktionary. "cytoskeleton." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cytoskeleton
• Wikipedia. "segrosomes." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/segrosomes
• Wikipedia. "FtsZ." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FtsZ
• Wikipedia. "Peptidoglycan." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptidoglycan
• Wikipedia. "MreB." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MreB
• Wiktionary. "peptidoglycan." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/peptidoglycan
• Wikipedia. "Bacterial growth." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_growth
• Wiktionary. "bacterium." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bacterium
• Wikipedia. "doubling time." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/doubling%20time
• Wikipedia. "bacterial growth." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bacterial%20growth
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Culturing Microorganisms
• Wikipedia. "Lag phase." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lag_phase
• Connexions. "Prokaryotic Cell Division." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44467/latest/
• Connexions. "Prokaryotic Cell Division." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44467/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Wiktionary. "karyokinesis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/karyokinesis
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/mitotic-spindle
• Wiktionary. "binary fission." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/binary+fission
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