"78.02.03: Harlem Renaissance: Pivotal Period in the Development of Afro-American Culture." Yale
University.Web.01Feb.2011.<http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1978/2/78.02.03.x.htm
l>.
This web site contains information about the beginnings of the Harlem renaissance. It
goes into great detail about a famous spot called the “Cotton Club”. The Cotton Club was an
exciting spot where people would come to for a good time. The people that attended the club
were well known for having loose morals.
The Cotton club was also the spot where many African American artists were discovered
such as Duke Ellington. The web site also describes this time period as a time when African
Americans were seeking equality.
"A Brief Guide to the Harlem Renaissance." Poets.org - Poetry, Poems, Bios & More. Web. 01
Feb. 2011. <http://www.poets.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/5657>.
This article talks about how the great migration of African Americans was directly linked
to the Harlem Renaissance. The rough times in the south brought many African Americans to
urban cities up north. This new change brought new opportunity economically and artistically.
Many people expressed this through their poetry. This website reveals all published poems and
poets that were in the Harlem Renaissance.
"Harlem Renaissance - Black History Milestones on Biography.com." Biography.com. Web. 01
Feb. 2011. <http://www.biography.com/blackhistory/harlem-renaissance.jsp>.
During the early 1900s, the African-American middle class began pushing a new political
agenda that advocated racial equality. The center of this movement was in New York, where
three of the largest civil rights groups established their headquarters. W.E.B. Dubois was at the
forefront of the civil rights movement. He along with others established the NAACP in the early
1900’s. This website goes into great detail about all aspects of the Harlem Renaissance.
"Harlem Renaissance (American Literature and Art) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia."
Encyclopedia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Web. 01 Feb. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/255397/Harlem-Renaissance>.
This website explains that The Harlem Renaissance was a phase of a larger New Negro
movement that had emerged in the early 20th century and in some ways ushered in the civil
rights movement of the late 1940s and early 1950s. The social foundations of this movement
included the Great Migration of African Americans from rural to urban spaces and from South to
North; dramatically rising levels of literacy; the creation of national organizations dedicated to
pressing African American civil rights, “uplifting” the race, and opening socioeconomic
opportunities; and developing race pride, including pan-African sensibilities and programs.
"The Harlem Renaissance Brought to You by John Carroll University." Harlem Renaissance.
Web. 01 Feb. 2011. <http://www.jcu.edu/harlem/index.htm>.
This website discusses the Harlem Renaissance, also known as the New Negro
Movement, was a literary, artistic, cultural, intellectual movement that began in Harlem, New
York after World War I and ended around 1935 during the Great Depression. The movement
raised significant issues affecting the lives of African Americans through various forms of
literature, art, music, drama, painting, sculpture, movies, and protests. Voices of protest and
ideological promotion of civil rights for African Americans inspired and created institutions and
leaders who served as mentors to aspiring writers.
"Harlem Renaissance." Howard University. Web. 01 Feb. 2011.
<http://www.howard.edu/library/moorland-spingarn/harlem.html>.
This website brings up the literary side of the Harlem Renaissance. It lists many genres of
literature that was written during that era including fiction, non-fiction, arts, and historic
journals. Although the website does not say what each book says, it is a good use for checking
accuracy of other sites.
"Harlem Renaissance Resources (Virtual Programs & Services, Library of Congress)." Library
ofCongressHome.Web.01Feb.2011.<http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/harlem/harlem.ht
ml>.
This website consists of 1,305 pieces of African-American sheet music dating from 1850
through 1920. The collection includes many songs from the heyday of antebellum blackface
minstrelsy in the 1850s and from the abolitionist movement of the same period. It also includes
many photos of how life was during the Harlem Renaissance.
"Online NewsHour Forum: Harlem Renaissance -- February 20, 1998." PBS: Public
Broadcasting Service. Web. 01 Feb. 2011.
<http://www.pbs.org/newshour/forum/february98/harlem_2-20.html>.
This website discusses that in 1925, the African-American philosopher Alain Locke
published "The New Negro," an anthology that contained the works of some of the writers of the
period: Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, Zora Neale Hurston. In Harlem, "Negro life is seizing
upon its first chances for group expression and self-determination," Locke wrote in the
introduction. Instead of using more direct political means, African-American artists and writers
employed culture to work for goals of civil rights and equality. And for the most part, jazz,
African-American paintings and books were absorbed into mainstream culture.
"PAL: Harlem Renaissance: A Brief Introduction." California State University Stanislaus
Home. Web.01Feb.2011.<http://www.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap9/9intro.html>.
This website gives a complete series of events in chronological order about the
Renaissance. The author also gives his opinion about the results of the era. He says “was more
than just a literary movement: it included racial consciousness, "the back to Africa" movement
led by Marcus Garvey, racial integration, the explosion of music particularly jazz, spirituals and
blues, painting, dramatic revues, and others.”