Anatomy & Physiology
Introduction and Terminology
Anatomy of Terms
• Prefix
– ___________ of word
– Usually indicates #,
________, time, or status
• Root
– Essential _________ of word
• Combining Vowel
– Single vowel added to end of
word, usually to make the
word ________ to pronounce
• Combining form
– Root and combining _______
• Suffix
– ________ of word
– Usually indicates procedure,
condition, disease, or
disorder
Prefix
• Added to root of a word to modify the meaning
– Pre• _____________
• Ex. Preoperative (before an operation)
– Peri• _____________
• Ex. Perioperative (pertains to the period surrounding an operation;
either before, during or after)
– Post• _____________
• Ex. Postoperative (after operation)
Combining Vowel
• Added to make a medical term easier to pronounce
– Used when suffix begins with a ___________
• i.e. –scope (arthroscope=examines the joint)
• “O” is most common, but “I, E” is also used
– Not used when _________ begins with vowel
• i.e. –itis (gastritis=inflammation of stomach)
– __________ used when 2+ root words are joined
• Gastr/o (stomach) joined with enter/o (small intestine)
• =gastroenteritis
– NOT used between prefix and root words
Combining Forms
• Root word + combining
vowel
• Usually used to describe a
part of the _______
• Creates new words when
________ to prefixes, other
combining forms, and
suffixes
• Ex. Panleukopenia
– Pan• prefix meaning all
– Leuk/o
• Combining form meaning
white
– -penia
• A suffix meaning deficiency
or reduction in number
– Panleukopenia then means a
deficiency in all white blood
cells
Suffixes
• Attached to the end of a word part to modify
its meaning
– Ex. Combining form gastr/o means stomach
– Modifications:
• -tomy – cutting into or incision (gastronomy=incision
into the stomach)
• -stomy – surgically created opening
(gastrostomy=surgically created opening between
stomach and body surface)
• -ectomy – surgical removal or excision
(gastrectomy=surgical removal of the stomach)
Analyzing Medical Terminology
• Dissect
• Examples:
– Look at the word
structure and _______ it
into basic components
• Begin at the END
– After dividing the word:
• Define the ________
• Define the ________
• Define the ________
– If two, divide and read
left to right
– Gastroenteritis
• gastr/o –
• enter –
• itis-
– Overiohysterectomy
• ovario/o• hyster
• -ectomy
Positional Terms
• Cranial
– Towards the ________
• Caudal
– Towards the tail
• Ventral
– Belly or _________ of a
body or body part
• Dorsal
– _____________
– Front of leg
• Rostral
– Nose end of head
• Proximal
– Nearest the __________
or nearest the beginning
of a structure
• Distal
– ______________ from
mid-line or farthest from
the beginning of a
structure
More Positional Terms
• Anterior (in _______ of)
– Front of the body
– Used more in description
of organs or body parts
because front and rear
are confusing terms in
quadrupeds as their
bellies are down not in
front like in humans
• Posterior (in ______ of)
– Rear of the body
• Medial
– Towards the midline
• Lateral
– Away from the _________
– Towards the side of animal
• Superior
– Any area _______ the head
• Inferior
– Any area towards the feet
One More Positional…
• Superficial
– Near the surface
– Also called external
• ___________
– Away from the surface
– Also called internal
 Palmar

Back of the ___________
 Plantar

Back of hind limb
Anatomical Planes
Anatomical Planes
• Median Plane
– Divides the body into ________
left and right halves
• Sagittal Plane
– Parallel to median plane but
__________ divide the body
into equal parts
• Dorsal Plane
– Divides the body symmetrically
dorsally and ventrally
• Transverse Plane
– Transects any body part
__________________ to its
own long axis.
• Ex. Cinch on a saddle
• Horizontal Plane
– At right angles to both median
and transverse planes
– Divides body into dorsal and
ventral segments (not equal
parts)
• Ex. Cow walks into water up to
chest…the water surface is a
horizontal plane in relation to
the cow
Movement Terms
• Adduction
– Movement _______ the midline
• Abduction
– Movement ________ from the
midline
• Flexion
– Closure of a joint angle,
______________ of the angle
between two bones
• Ex. Contracting bicep
involves flexing your elbow
• Extension
– Straightening of a joint or an
_____________ in the angle
between two bones
• Ex. You extend your hand to shake
hands
• Hyperflexion/hyperextension
– Occurs when a joint is flexed or
extended ___________ far.
• Supination
– Act of rotating the limb or body
part so that the _________ surface
is turned upward
• Pronation
– Act of rotating the limb so that the
palmer surface is turned
_____________
• Equine (horses, ponies,
donkeys, and mules)
– Stallion
• Intact male > ____ yrs old
– Mare
• Intact ________ > 4 yrs old
– Filly
• Intact female <4 yrs old
– Gelding
• ____________________
– Ridgeling
• Cryptorchid
– Foal
• _______ equine (either sex)
– Weanling
• Young equine ______ 1 yr old
– Foaling
• Giving birth
– Herd
• _________ of equine
– Band
• Group of horses consisting of one
mature stallion, mares, and female
offspring of his mares
– Brood Mare
• Breeding __________
– Maiden mare
• Female equine ________ bred
– Barren mare (open mare)
• Intact female not bred or didn’t
_____________ previous season
– Wet mare
• Intact female that has foaled during
the current season
Classification of Animals
Domestic Animals
• Genus
– (upper case)
• Species
– (lowercase)
Animal
Horse (equine)
Species Name
Equus caballus
More Definitions….
• Anatomy
– Science that deals with the
__________ and
_____________ of all
organisms
• Physiology
– Study of integrated
___________ of the body
and the functions of all its
parts
• Systems, organs, tissues,
cells, cell components
• Gross Anatomy
– Study of ______,
________, and
__________ that are
visible with the unaided
eye
Nomenclature for Systematic Anatomy
System
Skeletal
Articular
Muscular
Digestive
Respiratory
Urinary
Reproductive
Endocrine
Nervous
Circulatory
Name of Study
Oseology
Chief Structures
Bones
Arthrology
Myology
_____________
Joints
Muscles
Gastroenterology
Otorhinolaryngology
Stomach and Intestines
Lungs and airways
_______________
Urology
Female: Gynecology
Male: Andrology
Endocrinolgy
Kidneys and bladder
Ovaries and testes
Neurology
_________________
Cardiology
___________
glands
Ductless Glands
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Heart and vessels