Name _______________________________ Date __________________ Period _____
DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis CST Review
Directions: Before completing the review questions, read through the key concepts and main ideas,
and underline or highlight any key vocabulary.
Key Concept: DNA structure is the same in all organisms.
Main Idea: DNA is composed of four types of nucleotides.
Main Idea: Nucleotides always par in the same way.
Key Concept: DNA replication copies the genetic information of a cell.
Main Idea: Replication copies the genetic information.
Main Idea: Proteins carry out the process of replication.
Main Idea: Replication is fast and accurate.
Key Concept: Transcription converts a gene into a single-stranded RNA
molecule.
Main Idea: RNA carries DNA’s instructions.
Main Idea: Transcription makes three types of RNA.
Main Idea: The transcription process is similar to replication.
Key Concept: Translation converts an mRNA message into a polypeptide, or
protein.
Main Idea: Amino acids are coded by mRNA base sequences.
Main Idea: Amino acids are linked to become a protein.
Key Concept: Mutations are changes in DNA that may or may not affect
phenotype.
Main Idea: Some mutations affect a single gene, while others affect an entire
chromosome.
1. In the space below, draw a nucleotide and label its three parts using words and arrows.
2. How many types of nucleotides are present in DNA? (Think about the nitrogen bases)
_________________________________________________________________________________________.
3. What parts are the same in all nucleotides?
_________________________________________________________________________________________.
4. Which parts is different in all nucleotides?
_________________________________________________________________________________________.
5. What nucleotide always pairs with T? __________
6. What nucleotide always pairs with C? __________
7. In the space below, draw a DNA double helix. Label the sugar-phosphate backbone, the
nitrogen-containing bases, and the hydrogen bonds.
8. Explain how the base pairing rules relate to Chargaff’s rules.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________.
9. What is DNA replication?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________.
10. Where does DNA replication take place in a eukaryotic cell?
_________________________________________________________________________________________.
11. When is DNA replicated during the cell cycle?
_________________________________________________________________________________________.
12. Why does DNA replication need to occur?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________.
13. If one strand of DNA had a sequence TAGGTAC, what would be the complementary DNA
strand?
_________________________________________________________________________________________.
14. Why is DNA replication called semiconservative?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________.
15. Label each of the processes represented by the arrows in the diagram below. Write
where each of these processes takes place in a eukaryotic cell in parentheses.
16. Fill in the table below to contrast DNA and RNA
DNA
RNA
Contains the sugar deoxyribose
Has the bases A, C, G, and U
Typically double-stranded
17. What is transcription?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________.
18. Summarize the three key steps of transcription.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________.
19. Write the basic function of each type of RNA in the chart below.
Type of RNA
mRNA
rRNA
Function
tRNA
20. List two ways that the processes of transcription and replication are similar.
_________________________________________________________________________________________.
_________________________________________________________________________________________.
21. List two ways that the processes of transcription and replication differ.
_________________________________________________________________________________________.
_________________________________________________________________________________________.
22. What is translation?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________.
23. What is a codon?
_________________________________________________________________________________________.
24. Would codons be found in a strand of DNA or RNA?
_________________________________________________________________________________________.
25. Complete the table below matching codons and amino acids or functions.
Codon
Amino acid or Function
AGA
UAG
Tryptophan (Trp)
GGA
26. ___________________ and ___________________ are tools that help a cell translate an mRNA
an mRNA message into a polypeptide.
27. A tRNA molecule is attached to an ___________________ at one end and has an
____________________ at the other end.
28. What is a mutation?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________.
Name _______________________________ Date __________________ Period _____
DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis Extension
I. DNA Base-Pairing Practice Problems
Directions: Using your knowledge of the base-pairing rules, create the complementary strand of DNA
given the following information. See pages 294-299 in your textbook.
***Remember A always pairs with ______, T always pairs with _____, G always pairs with _____, and C
always pairs with _____.
Example: DNA 1 : A C G T T C G A C T T A C T G G G C T T C A A G
DNA 2: T G C A A G C T G A A T G A C C C G A A G T T C
1. A G A
ACA
TAA
CTC
TTA
ACA
CTC
TAA
AGA
2. T A A
ACT
CGG
TAC
ATT
CTA
GCT
TAG
CAC
3. T A C
CGT
TTC
CTT
ATT
GAT
CGC
GCC
CCA
II. Transcription Practice Problems
Directions: Using your knowledge of the base-pairing rules, create the complementary strand of RNA
given the following information. See pages 300 -302 in your textbook.
***Remember A always pairs with ______, T always pairs with _____, G always pairs with _____, and C
always pairs with _____.
Example: DNA 1 : A C G T T C G A C T T A C T G G G C T T C A A G
RNA 1 : U G C A A G C U G A A U G A C C C G A A G U U C
4. C T G
CTT
AGT
TAT
CCA
TTG
5. A C A
GCC
CTT
CGC
TGC
CTC
6. A G T
TAC
TAA
GAA
CTT
ACT
ACT
ACT
TAG
CGA
ATT
CGA
ATC
TGT
TCA
III. Translation Practice Problems
Directions: Using your knowledge of the base-pairing rules, create the complementary strand of RNA
given the following information and then translate the RNA strand into an amino acid sequence. See pages
302- 306 in your textbook. The codon chart is located on page 303. Remember when you use the codon
chart you start on the inside and work your way to the outside.
Example: DNA 1 : A C G T T C G A C T T A C T G G G C T T C A A G
RNA 1 : U G C A A G C U G A A U G A C C C G A A G U U C
A.A. : Cysteine – Lysine – Leucine – Asparagine – Aspartic Acid – Proline – Lysine Phenlyalanine
7. A T C
AAA
CGC
CTA
ATC
CCG
TTT
CGC
ACG
8. G G A C A C
CAA
CGG
TAC
GAT
TGC
CAA
CGC
ACG GGT
TTC
TCG
GAC
GCG
9. A C G
ACG
CAC
Name _______________________________ Date __________________ Period _____
DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis CST Test Prep
Standard 4.a. Translation: mRNA, tRNA, and Proteins
1. During translation, the information in mRNA codons is used to build a prtein. What molecules carry amino
acids and have the anticoddons that match the mRNA codons?
A
rRNA
B
DNA
C
tRNA
D
Ribosomes.
2. Suppose you isolate the following nucleotide sequence in DNA: TACTAATAACAA. How many amino acids
are coded for by this DNA sequence?
A
2 amino acids
B
4 amino acids
C
6 amino acids
D
12 amino acids
Standard 4.b. Decoding mRNA and tRNA
1. Codons are a sequence of three nucleotides in an mRNA
molecule. Each codon codes for one
A
amino acid.
B
protein.
C
gene.
D
lipid.
2. A strand a mRNA contains the sequence AUGAGGUGU. Which
of the following amino acids sequences does this code for?
A
Met-Arg-Trp
B
Ile-Ser-Cys
C
Met-Arg-Cys
D
Ile-Arg-Cys
Standard 4.c. Mutations and Gene Expression
1. Suppose a gene in a plant leaf cell undergoes a mutation. In the original gene, the nucleotide sequence was
GCCTATCCA. The mutated sequence is GCCATCCA. This new sequence will most likely
A
cause the production od an incorrect protein.
B
give the plants an advantage ove the other plants in its environment.
C
be passed on to its offspring.
D
Kill the plant before the mutation is passed on to its offspring.
2. Why do some mutations not affect the amino acid sequence of a protein?
A
Many amino acids are coded for by more than one codon.
B
Many ribosomes will recognize mutations and not translate them.
C
Many cells can produce the correct proteins out of habit.
D
Many mutations are ignored during translation.
3. Suppose a strand of mRNA has the codon GCG. What is most likely to happen if a mutation occurs, and the
third base is replaced with A?
A
Ala will still be the amino acid in the protein.
B
Glu will replace Ala in the protein.
C
Met will replace Val in the protein.
D
Asp will replace Ala in the protein.
Standard 4.d. Gene Expression
1. Insulin is only made by the β-cells in the pancreas. Which statement best explains why?
A
β-cells are the only cells that exress the insulin gene.
B
β-cells attack any other cells that express the insulin gene.
C
β-cells secret proteins that stop other
cells from expressing the insulin gene.
D
β-cells have the gene to make insulin, but
no other cell has it.
2. The three cells in the diagram were taken from
the same animal. Which of the following best
describes the reason why these two cells look different.
A
The cells have different DNA that gives them special structures.
B
The cells produce different proteins that give them different structures.
C
The cells are adapted to live in different parts of the body.
D
The cells will change their structures to fit the activities they have to do.
Standard 4.e. Difference Between Proteins
1. Although there are a limited number of amino acids, many different types of proteins exist because the
A
size of a given amino acid can vary.
B
chemical composition of a given amino acid can vary.
C
sequence and number of amino acids is different.
D
same amino acid can have many different properties.
2. Human red blood cells contain a protein called hemoglobin. Hemoglobin has a specific shape that allows it
to bind to oxygen. Hemoglobin is different from other proteins because its
A
sequence of its amino acids is different.
B
amino acids in its chain are smaller than other amino acids.
C
chain has as many as 50 unique amino acids.
D
number of amino acids in its monomers differ from other proteins.
Standard 5.a. DNA, RNA, and Proteins: Structure and Function
1. Which of the following base pair sequences could be produced in DNA replication?
A
5' AGTCUT 3'
B
5' AGTCAT 3'
3' TCUGTA 5'
3' TCAGTA 5'
C
5' AGTCAT 3'
D
5' AGTCAT 3'
3' CTGACG 5'
3' UCAGUA 5'
2. The diagram shows how DNA matches up with a type of RNA. These two
molecules can match up because they both have
A
complementary bases.
B
two strands of nucleotides.
C
ribose sugar.
D
phosphate groups.
Standard 5.b. Base-Pairing Rules
1. How would the base sequence be coded on mRNA for the following DNA
segment?
ACAGTGC
A
TGTCACG
B
GUGACAU
C
UGUCACG
D
CACUGUA
2. Semi-conservative replication of DNA refers to the idea that
A
DNA molecules need to unwind before duplication begins.
B
each new DNA molecule contains two new single RNA strands.
C
the two strands of DNA molecules run in opposite directions.
D
each half of the original DNA molecule is joined with a new complementary DNA strand.
Standard 5.c. Biotechnology
1. The bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens infects plants, and a portion of its DNA is inserted into the
plant’s chromosomes. This causes the plant to produce gall cells, which manufacture amino acids that the
bacterium uses as food. This process is a natural example of
A
polyploidy.
B
genetic manipulation.
C
grafting.
D
hybridization.
2. Genetic engineering has produced goats whose milk contains proteins that can be used as medicines. This
effect was produced by
A
mixing foreign genes into the milk.
B
injecting foreign genes into the goats’ udders.
C
inserting foreign genes into fertilized goat eggs.
D
genetically modifying the nutritional needs of the goats’ offspring.