FAMOUS
PSYCHOLOGISTS
TO KNOW &
Advanced Placement
Psychology- Ms Fenton
• Founder of
•
Behaviorism
Little Albert study
• UCS
• NS
• CR
UCR
CS
• Classical
•
Conditioning of fear
Discrimination &
Generalization of
fears
John Watson
• Founder of
•
Behaviorism
Little Albert study
• UCS
• NS
• CR
UCR
CS
• Classical
•
Conditioning of fear
Discrimination &
Generalization of
fears
• Bobo Doll
• Observational /
•
•
•
•
Social Learning
Modeling
Social-Cognitive
Perspective of
personality
Reciprocal
Determinism
Self-efficacy
Albert Bandura
• Bobo Doll
• Observational /
•
•
•
•
Social Learning
Modeling
Social-Cognitive
Perspective of
personality
Reciprocal
Determinism
Self-efficacy
• Cognitive Therapist
• Rational Emotive
Therapy (RET and
REBT)
• Alter client’s
irrational thinking
to reduce
maladaptive
behavior &
emotions
• ABC
Activating Event
Beliefs About Event
Consequences
Albert Ellis
• Cognitive Therapist
• Rational Emotive
Therapy (RET and
REBT)
• Alter client’s
irrational thinking
to reduce
maladaptive
behavior &
emotions
• ABC
Activating Event
Beliefs About Event
Consequences
• Stanford Prison Study
• Social roles and behavior
• Power of the Situation
• “New research - altruism
Phillip Zimbardo
• Stanford Prison Study
• Social roles and behavior
• Power of the Situation
• “New research - altruism
• Humanist
• Hierarchy of
•
•
Needs
Lower level
needs
dominate
higher level
needs
Goal - be selfactualized
Abraham Maslow
• Humanist
• Hierarchy of
•
•
Needs
Lower level
needs
dominate
higher level
needs
Goal - be selfactualized
•
•
•
•
•
Humanist
•
•
Non directive therapy
Focus on healthy individuals
Personal growth
Self-concept
Congruence vs. Incongruent selfconcept
A.G.E.
Acceptance – unconditional positive regard
Genuineness
Empathy -
•
•
Client or Person Centered Therapy
Active listening
Carl Rogers
•
•
•
•
•
Humanist
•
•
Non directive therapy
Focus on healthy individuals
Personal growth
Self-concept
Congruence vs. Incongruent selfconcept
A.G.E.
Acceptance – unconditional positive regard
Genuineness
Empathy -
•
•
Client or Person Centered Therapy
Active listening
• Cognitive Dissonance:
•
•
inconsistency among beliefs or
behaviors causes tension.
Usually leads people to
change beliefs to fit their
actual behavior
Experiment – knob turning $1
vs. $20
Leon Festinger
• Cognitive Dissonance:
•
•
inconsistency among beliefs or
behaviors causes tension.
Usually leads people to
change beliefs to fit their
actual behavior
Experiment – knob turning $1
vs. $20
• Psychoanalysis
• 3 Part Personality:
Id, Ego, Superego
• Psychosexual Stages of
Development (Only Awesome Patriots Learn Guitar)
• Fixations
• Defense Mechanisms
• Manifest & Latent Content
• Free Association
• Dream Analysis
• Illness – caused by unresolved unconscious
conflicts often from childhood
Sigmund Freud
• Psychoanalysis
• 3 Part Personality:
Id, Ego, Superego
• Psychosexual Stages of
Development (Only Awesome Patriots Learn Guitar)
• Fixations
• Defense Mechanisms
• Manifest & Latent Content
• Free Association
• Dream Analysis
• Illness – caused by unresolved unconscious
conflicts often from childhood
• Classical conditioning
• UCS elicits a UCR
 Dogs
• Salivation to meat powder & tuning fork
• UCS, UCR, CS, CR
• Acquisition, Extinction, Generalization,
Discrimination,
Ivan Pavlov
• Classical conditioning
• UCS elicits a UCR
 Dogs
• Salivation to meat powder & tuning fork
• UCS, UCR, CS, CR
• Acquisition, Extinction, Generalization,
Discrimination,
•
•
•
•
•
•
Schema (Assimilation v. Accommodation)
Discontinuity (Stages) Cognitive
Development
Sensorimotor (no object permanence)
Preoperational (CANT conserve, egocentric,
pre-logical, animism)
Concrete Operational
(can conserve)
Formal Operational
(abstract thought)
Jean Piaget
•
•
•
•
•
•
Schema (Assimilation v. Accommodation)
Discontinuity (Stages) Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor (no object permanence)
Preoperational (CANT conserve), egocentric,
pre-logical, animism)
Concrete Operational
(can conserve)
Formal Operational
(abstract thought)
Piaget v. Vygotsky on
Cognitive Development
 Moral
•
•
•
Development
Preconventional
morality
Conventional
morality
Postconventional
morality
Lawrence Kohlberg
 Moral
•
•
•
Development
Preconventional
morality
Conventional
morality
Postconventional
morality
• Well known
•
•
Depression
Inventory
Challenge
Irrational
Beliefs
Negative
Cognitive Triad
Aaron Beck
• Well known
Depression
Inventory
• Challenge
Irrational
Beliefs
• Negative
Cognitive
Triad
 Conformity
 Under certain conditions,
people will agree with the
group’s (conform) judgment,
even when it is clearly
incorrect.
 70% of participants in
experimental group went
along with the incorrect
reponse at some point
 Line study
Solomon Asch
 Conformity
 Under certain conditions,
people will agree with the
group’s (conform) judgment,
even when it is clearly
incorrect.
 70% of participants in
experimental group went
along with the incorrect
reponse at some point
 Line study
 Sociocultural theory
 Scaffolding
 Zone of proximal
development
 Continuity theory of
development
 Acquisition on new
knowledge
dependent on
previous knowledge
Lev Vygotsky
 Sociocultural theory
 Scaffolding
 Zone of proximal
development
 Continuity theory of
development
 Acquisition on new
knowledge
dependent on
previous knowledge
• Collective
•
•
•
•
unconscious
Archetypes
Anima and Animus
Introversion v
Extroversion
NeoFreudian
Carl Jung
• Collective
•
•
•
•
unconscious
Archetypes
Anima and Animus
Introversion v
Extroversion
NeoFreudian
• Obedience to authority
• Shocks
• 65% of teachers went all the
•
•
way
PRESSENCE OF
SOMEONE ELSE WHO
DISOBEYS increases
disobedience
Know factors that increase
obedience:
Stanley Milgram
• Obedience to authority
• Shocks
• 65% of teachers went all the
•
•
way
PRESSENCE OF
SOMEONE ELSE WHO
DISOBEYS increases
disobedience
Know factors that increase
obedience:
• Neo-Freudian
• Individual
psychology
• Striving for
Superiority
• Inferiority complex
• Sibling rivalry
• Birth order
Alfred Adler
• Neo-Freudian
• Individual
psychology
• Striving for
Superiority
• Inferiority complex
• Sibling rivalry
• Birth order
• Early studies in
•
•
•
•
•
•
Memory
did research with
himself as sole
subject
Nonsense syllables
Learning Curve
Forgetting Curve
Overlearning
Spacing Effect
Hermann Ebbinghaus
• Early studies in
•
•
•
•
•
•
Memory
did research with
himself as sole
subject
Nonsense syllables
Learning Curve
Forgetting Curve
Overlearning
Spacing Effect
• Confabulation or
•
•
•
False Memory
Challenges
eyewitness
testimony
Reconstructive
Nature of Memory
Misinformation
Effect
Elizabeth Loftus
• Confabulation or
•
•
•
False Memory
Challenges
eyewitness
testimony
Reconstructive
Nature of Memory
Misinformation
Effect
• g factor= general
•
•
•
ability
S factor = specific
abilities
Mental talents
highly correlated
Early advocate of
“More than one
type of
Intelligence”
Charles Spearman
• g factor= general
•
•
•
ability
S factor = specific
abilities
Mental talents
highly correlated
Early advocate of
“More than one
type of
Intelligence”
 Nobel Prize winner
in medicine for work
with split brain
patients
 Split patient’s
corpus collosum
 Tried to help
patients with
epilepsy
 Lateralization of
function
Roger Sperry
 Nobel Prize winner
in medicine for work
with split brain
patients
 Split patient’s
corpus collosum
 Tried to help
patients with
epilepsy
 Lateralization of
function
 Studied under
Roger Sperry
 continued
research on split
brain patients
 Work on
lateralization of
function
 Interested in how
the hemispheres
communicate
Michael Gazzaniga
 Studied under
Roger Sperry
 continued
research on split
brain patients
 Work on
lateralization of
function
 Interested in how
the hemispheres
communicate
• Neo-Freudian
• Basic Anxiety
• Womb Envy
 Healthy
Personality =
combo of
 Moving Toward
 Moving Against
 Moving Away
Karen Horney (horn-eye)
• Neo-Freudian
• Basic Anxiety
• Womb Envy
 Healthy
Personality =
combo of
 Moving Toward
 Moving Against
 Moving Away
• Revised Simon Binet
•
•
•
IQ test for American
children
Revision known as
the STANFORDBINET
longitudinal study of
gifted kids
Participants in this
study known as
Termites
Lewis Terman
• Revised Simon Binet
•
•
•
IQ test for American
children
Revision known as
STANFORD-BINET
longitudinal study of
gifted kids
Participants in this
study known as
Termites
• Denied PhD from
•
•
•
Harvard due to
gender
Opened an early
psychological labs in
U.S.
Paired-associate
technique to study
memory
1st first female
president of APA
Mary Whiton Calkins
• Denied PhD from
•
•
•
Harvard due to
gender
Opened an early
psychological labs in
U.S.
Paired-associate
technique to study
memory
1st first female
president of APA
• 1st woman
awarded PhD
• Significant
research in
animal
behavior
Margaret Floy Washburn
• 1st woman
awarded PhD
• Significant
research in
animal
behavior
• Activist for care of
•
•
mentally ill
individuals living in
poverty
Successfully
lobbied state
legislature to
create mental
asylums
Ms. Fenton’s
Favorite
Psychologist
Dorthea Dix
• Activist for care of
•
•
mentally ill
individuals living in
poverty
Successfully
lobbied state
legislature to
create mental
asylums
Ms. Fenton’s
Favorite
Psychologist
• Cardinal Traits
• Central Traits
• Secondary
Traits
 Trait
PERSONALITY
theorist – 4500
traits
Gordon Allport
• Cardinal Traits
• Central Traits
• Secondary
Traits
 Trait
PERSONALITY
theorist – 4500
traits
• Trait Theorist
• Factor Analysis to
•
reduce # of traits
16PF or 16 Personal
Factor Test
• Fluid v. Crystallized
Intelligence
Raymond Cattell
• Trait Theorist
• Factor Analysis to
•
reduce # of traits
16PF or 16 Personal
Factor Test
• Fluid v. Crystallized
Intelligence
 General Adaptation
Syndrome (GAS):
Body’s physical
response to all
stressors.
 Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion
Hans Selye
 General Adaptation
Syndrome (GAS):
Body’s physical
response to all
stressors.
 Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion
 Developed contingency model
of learning and added a
cognitive component to classical
conditioning based on prediction
and expectations.
 Stimuli that are more
consistently paired are more
predictable and therefore
generate stronger responses.
 Cognitive expectations guide
learning.
Robert Rescorla
 Developed contingency model
of learning and added a
cognitive component to classical
conditioning based on prediction
and expectations.
 Stimuli that are more
consistently paired are more
predictable and therefore
generate stronger responses.
 Cognitive expectations guide
learning.
Formula for JND
minimum change
needed to create
JND is in constant
proportion of original
Stimulus.
Bigger objects
have larger JND
(greater to be noticed)
Law is created by
Fechner based on
this person’s
research
Ernst Weber
Formula for JND
minimum change
needed to create
JND is in constant
proportion of original
Stimulus.
Bigger objects
have larger JND
(greater to be noticed)
Law is created by
Fechner based on
this person’s
research
 Early researcher in psychophysics
 Studies magnitude of perceived
perception
 Stimulus increases in proportion to original
stimulus
 How perceptual intensity is related to
strength
Gustav Fechner
 Early researcher in psychophysics
 Studies magnitude of perceived
perception
 Stimulus increases in proportion to original
stimulus
 How perceptual intensity is related to
strength
• American psychologist
• 1st president of APA
• Published 1st American
Journal of Psychology
• Research on
adolescence and
education
G. Stanley Hall
• American psychologist
• 1st president of APA
• Published 1st American
Journal of Psychology
• Research on
adolescence and
education
• Psychology should
•
•
•
•
be study of
conscious
experience
Father of Psychology
University of Leipzig
1st Psychology Lab
Introspection
Wilhelm Wundt
• Psychology should
•
•
•
•
be study of
conscious
experience
Father of Psychology
University of Leipzig
1st Psychology Lab
Introspection
• Little Peter
• Conditioned Little
Peter to NOT be
afraid of rabbits.
• First Behavior
Therapist
• Counterconditioning
Mary Cover Jones
• Little Peter
• Conditioned Little
Peter to NOT be
afraid of rabbits.
• First Behavior
Therapist
• Counterconditioning
 Research on cats –
discovery of feature
detectors in visual
cortex
 Nobel Prize
 Cats in boxes
(different types of
lines activated
different feature
detectors
Torsten Wiesel & David Hubel
 Research on cats –
discovery of feature
detectors in visual
cortex
 Nobel Prize
 Cats in boxes
(different types of
lines activated
different feature
detectors
• Systematic
•
•
•
Desensitization
Hierarchy
Construction
Progressive
Relaxation
Worked with those
who suffered from
Phobias
Joseph Wolpe
• Systematic
•
•
•
Desensitization
Hierarchy
Construction
Progressive
Relaxation
Worked with those
who suffered from
Phobias
• Behaviorist
• Operant Conditioning:
•
•
•
Reinforcements,
Punishments,
Reinforcement
Schedules, etc.
Token Economy
Denied existence of
the unconscious
Believed there was no
such thing as free will
B. F. Skinner
• Behaviorist
• Operant Conditioning:
•
•
•
Reinforcements,
Punishments,
Reinforcement
Schedules, etc.
Token Economy
Denied existence of
the unconscious
Believed there was no
such thing as free will
• Latent Learning
• Cognitive Maps
• Rat in a maze
experiment
E.C. Tolman
• Latent Learning
• Cognitive Maps
• Rat in a maze
experiment
• Insight Learning
• Right Temporal Lobe
• Observed Chimps
solve problems
Wolfgang Köhler
• Insight Learning
• Right Temporal Lobe
• Observed Chimps
solve problems
• Imprinting:
attachment in birds to
first moving object they say
• Attachment during a critical period
Konrad Lorenz
• Imprinting:
attachment in birds to
first moving object they say
• Attachment during a critical period
• Language
•
•
•
Acquisition
Device
Universal
Grammar
Nature (Nativist)
Theory
Cognitive
Perspective
Noam Chomsky
• Language
•
•
•
Acquisition
Device
Universal
Grammar
Nature (Nativist)
Theory
Cognitive
Perspective
•Neo-Freudian
•Personality develops
across lifespan
•Crisis at each stage
Erik Erikson
•Neo-Freudian
•Personality develops
across lifespan
•Crisis at each stage
 Worked with team of
researchers
collected over 18,000
interviews with men
& women about sex
 Increased public
awareness of human
sexuality
Alfred Kinsey
 Worked with team of
researchers
collected over 18,000
interviews with men
& women about sex
 Increased public
awareness of human
sexuality
•
•
•
Discovered area in
left frontal lobe for
production of
language
Controls mouth
movements for
speech
_____________ or
Expressive Aphasia
Paul Broca
•
•
•
Discovered area
(Broca’s Area) in left
frontal lobe for
production of
language
Controls mouth
movements for
speech
Broca’s Aphasia or
Expressive Aphasia
• Instrumental Learning
• Behaviorist
• Puzzle Boxes (Cats)
• Law of Exercise
• Law of Effect
Edward Thorndike
• Instrumental Learning
• Behaviorist
• Puzzle Boxes (Cats)
• Law of Exercise
• Law of Effect
• ___________ Adult
•
•
Intelligence Test for
Adults (WAIS)
Added performance
section in addition to
verbal test
(S-B test verbal only)
David Weschler
• ___________ Adult
•
•
Intelligence Test for
Adults (WAIS)
Added performance
section in addition to
verbal test
(S-B test verbal only)
______________ Emotion Theory
• We feel emotions & have
physiological changes (e.g.,
muscle tension, sweating,
etc.) at the same time
because of info from
thalamus
• Event = Simultaneous
arousal and emotion
Walter Cannon & Philip Bard
Cannon –Bard Emotion Theory
• We feel emotions & have
physiological changes (e.g.,
muscle tension, sweating,
etc.) at the same time
because of info from
thalamus
• Event = Simultaneous
arousal and emotion
2 factor theory of intelligence
“g factor” (general Intelligence)
&
“s factor” (specific mental abilities)
 g factor more important
Charles Spearman
2 factor theory of intelligence
“g factor” (general Intelligence)
&
“s factor” (specific mental abilities)
 g factor more important
• Theory of multiple intelligences
• 8 Intelligences (logical
mathematical, verbal linguistic,
spatial, kinesthetic, etc.)
 TIP:
This person Ate (8)
MULTIPLE types of vegetables
(intelligences)
Howard Gardner
• Theory of multiple intelligences
• 8 Intelligences (logical
mathematical, verbal linguistic,
spatial, kinesthetic, etc.)
 TIP:
This person Ate (8)
MULTIPLE types of vegetables
(intelligences)
•
•
•
Functionalism
1st psychology text book Principles of
Psychology (1890)
Early theory of emotion – emotion follows
physiological response – the brain automatically
determines the specific emotion based on a
particular pattern of autonomic arousal
• “I tremble therefore I am afraid”
 Streams of Consciousness
•
•
•
William James
Functionalism
1st psychology text book Principles of
Psychology (1890)
Early theory of emotion – emotion follows
physiological response – the brain automatically
determines the specific emotion based on a
particular pattern of autonomic arousal
• “I tremble therefore I am afraid”
 Streams of Consciousness
Triarchic theory of Love/Attraction
 Passion
 Intimacy
 Commitment
Triarchic theory of intelligence
 Practical intelligence
 Analytical intelligence
 Creative intelligence
TIP: Think PIC PAC
Robert Sternberg
Triarchic theory of Love/Attraction
 Passion
 Intimacy
 Commitment
Triarchic theory of intelligence
 Practical intelligence
 Analytical intelligence
 Creative intelligence
TIP: Think PIC PAC
• Created 1st IQ test
• Mental Age: Measure of intelligence•
identifying chronological age that most
typically corresponds to given level of
performance
Created exam for French school children
Alfred Binet
• Created 1st IQ test
• Mental Age: Measure of intelligence•
identifying chronological age that most
typically corresponds to given level of
performance
Created exam for French school children
• Rhesus monkeys
• Attachment is ≠
•
•
to food
Cloth mother v.
wire mother
Contact comfort
& love critical to
attachment
Harry Harlow
• Rhesus monkeys
• Attachment is ≠
•
•
to food
Cloth mother v.
wire mother
Contact comfort
& love critical to
attachment
• Moral reasoning
•
•
in women & girls.
Nurturing &
caring part of
moral reasoning
in girls.
Critic of
Kohlberg’s
Morality Stages –
gender bias
against females.
Carol Gilligan
• Moral reasoning
•
•
in women & girls.
Nurturing &
caring part of
moral reasoning
in girls.
Critic of
Kohlberg’s
Morality Stages –
gender bias
against females.
• Attachment Studies
• Strange Situation
•
•
Experiment
Secure Attachment
Insecure
Attachment
- Insecure AnxiousAmbivalent
- Insecure AnxiousAvoidant
Mary Ainsworth
• Attachment Studies
• Strange Situation
•
•
Experiment
Secure Attachment
Insecure
Attachment
- Insecure AnxiousAmbivalent
- Insecure AnxiousAvoidant
• Tested Depth Perception in
•
children
Visual Cliff Apparatus
Gibson and Walk
• Tested Depth Perception in
•
children
Visual Cliff Apparatus
• 19th century railroad worker –
•
•
damage severed connections
between limbic system and
frontal lobes –
Case study gave psychologists
insight into function of frontal
lobes
Damage show importance of
Frontal Lobe
Phineas Gage
• 19th century railroad worker –
•
•
damage severed connections
between limbic system and
frontal lobes –
Case study gave psychologists
insight into function of frontal
lobes
Damage show importance of
Frontal Lobe
4 Parenting Styles
Authoritative
Authoritarian “like a barbarian!”
Permissive (Neglectful or Indulgent)
Diana Baumrind
4 Parenting Styles
Authoritative
Authoritarian “like a barbarian!”
Permissive (Neglectful or Indulgant)
 Hypnosis is SEPARATE state of
divided consciousness or
dissociative
state
 Hypnotic state- vivid form of
everyday mind splits.
 1 part of mind "split offs" &
works independently from rest
 Studied hypnosis for pain relief
 Hidden Observer
Ernest Hilgard
 Hypnosis is SEPARATE state of
divided consciousness or
dissociative
state
 Hypnotic state- vivid form of
everyday mind splits.
 1 part of mind "split offs" &
works independently from rest
 Studied hypnosis for pain relief
 Hidden Observer
• Created well known __________ Projective
test (Ink blots)
Herman Rorschach
• Created well known __________ Projective
test (Ink blots)
• Research on terminally ill
•
elderly
DABDA – Stages of Death &
Dying





Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance
Much criticism of these
stages
Key researcher – gerontology
Elizabeth Kubler-Ross
• Research on terminally ill
•
elderly
DABDA – Stages of Death &
Dying





Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance
Much criticism of these
stages
Key researcher – gerontology
• Learned Helplessness
(Dog Experiment)
• Learned Optimism
• Positive Psychology
Martin Seligman
• Learned Helplessness (Dog
•
•
Experiment)
Learned Optimism
Positive Psychology
• Discovered area
•
•
(___________)
responsible for
comprehension of
language
Left Temporal Lobe
Damage leads to
Receptive
(_________)Aphasia
Carl Wernicke
• Discovered area
•
•
(___________)
responsible for
comprehension of
language
Left Temporal Lobe
Damage leads to
Receptive
(_________)Aphasia
• Universal Emotions – based on
•
•
•
facial expressions
Facial expressions of emotion
consistent across cultures
Lie Detection –MicroExpressions
Display Rules
Paul Ekman
• Universal Emotions – based on
•
•
•
facial expressions
Facial expressions of emotion
consistent across cultures
Lie Detection –MicroExpressions
Display Rules
• Study of effectiveness of
•
•
•
psychiatric diagnosis
Use of pseudo patients
Impact – showed negative
impact of labels
Faked symptoms of
schizophrenia to be admitted
into mental health care facilities
David Rosenhan
• Study of effectiveness of
•
•
•
psychiatric diagnosis
Use of pseudo patients
Impact – showed negative
impact of labels
Faked symptoms of
schizophrenia to be admitted
into mental health care facilities
• 2 Factor Emotion Theory
• Human emotions 2 factors: physical arousal &
•
•
cognitive label
Individual evaluates environment to determine
emotion they are experiencing
Experiment with adrenaline or placebo injections
(participants told it was a vitamin)
Stanley Schachter & Singer
• 2 Factor Emotion Theory
• Human emotions 2 factors: physical arousal &
•
•
cognitive label
Individual evaluates environment to determine
emotion they are experiencing
Experiment with adrenaline or placebo injections
(participants told it was a vitamin)
 5 Factor Model of
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Personality Traits
(Ocean/Canoe)
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Costa and McCrae
 5 Factor Model of





Personality Traits
(Ocean/Canoe)
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
 Magic Number 7
 Plus or Minus 2 is
amount that STM holds
Chunking – increases
amount in STM by
grouping items together
George Miller
 Magic Number 7
 Plus or Minus 2 is
amount that STM holds
Chunking – increases
amount in STM by
grouping items together
 Founder of Structuralism
 Student of Wundt
 Emphasized elements of consciousness
Edward Titchener
 Founder of Structuralism
 Student of Wundt
 Emphasized elements of consciousness
Established Trichromatic theory of light
Three types of photoreceptors
Green/Blue/Red
Young and Helmholtz
Established Trichromatic theory of light
Three types of photoreceptors
Green/Blue/Red
 Early attempts to measure intelligence
 Evolutionary Approach - Cousin of Darwin
 Believed Intelligence inherited
 Founded Psychometrics
 Devised method of classifying
 Finger prints
Sir Francis Galton
 Early attempts to measure intelligence
 Evolutionary Approach - Cousin of Darwin
 Believed Intelligence inherited
 Founded Psychometrics
 Devised method of classifying
 Finger prints
 Believed Language influenced thought
 Linguistic Relativity Theory
 Original Theory - Linguistic Determinism
 Often cited that “Eskimos” have multiple
words to describe snow and can therefore
discern small difference in types of snow.
Benjamin Whorf
 Believed Language influenced thought
 Linguistic Relativity Theory
 Original Theory - Linguistic Determinism
 Often cited that “Eskimos” have multiple
words to describe snow and can therefore
discern small difference in types of snow.
 Relationship between arousal &
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

performance _____ Law
Graphs as upside down U
Moderate level arousal best for most tasks
Easy tasks need slightly higher levels
Difficult tasks slightly lower levels
Yerkes and Dodson
 Relationship between arousal &




performance _____ Law
Graphs as upside down U
Moderate level arousal best for most tasks
Easy tasks need slightly higher levels
Difficult tasks slightly lower levels
Biological Trait Theory
3 dimensions describe
personality
Neuroticism
Extraversion
Psychoticism
Hans Eysenck
Biological Trait Theory
3 dimensions describe
personality
Neuroticism
Extraversion
Psychoticism