Bailey N-
Dynamic equilibrium
When the forward and reverse reaction are occurring at the same rate/speed (and the concentration of R/P stops changing)
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Equilibrium constant (๐ฆ)
The ratio of the concentration of the R/P at equilibrium
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Law of mass action (equation for ๐ฆ)
๐ฆ = (Cc ยท Dd) รท (Aa ยท Bb)
- Letters are the concentrations of the substances (in M)
- Superscripts are the coefficients of the substances
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When the value of ๐ฆ is large (๐ฆ >> 1)...
Concentration of products is bigger than the concentration of reactants (right side favored)
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When the value of ๐ฆ is small (๐ฆ << 1)...
Concentration of reactants is bigger than the concentration of products (left side favored)
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For gaseous only reactions, the ___ of a gas is = ___ and can be expressed using ___ (what equation)
๐ฆp = (PcC ยท PdD) รท (PaA ยท PbB)
- The partial pressure of a gas is = its concentration
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Equation(s) for converting between ๐ฆc โ ๐ฆp (only for gases behaving ideally)
๐ฆp = ๐ฆc ยท (RTฮn) โ ๐ฆc = ๐ฆp รท (RTฮn)
- ๐ฆp = partial pressure of reaction
- ๐ฆc = concentration equilibrium of reaction
- ฮn = (coefficients of all products) - (coefficients of all reactants)
- R = 0.08206 L ยท atm / mol ยท K
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If you reverse an equation, the equilibrium constant is...
Inverted (1 รท ๐ฆforward)
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If you multiply an equation, the equilibrium constant is...
Raised to the same factor (๐ฆx)
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If you add equations to find the overall ๐ฆ, the equilibrium constants are...
Multiplied by each other (๐ฆ1 ยท ๐ฆ2)
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Solid (s) and pure liquid (l) substances don't change their ___, so in equilibrium expressions they can be ___
1) Concentrations
2) In equilibrium expressions they can be omitted entirely (they do not effect the equilibrium state)
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Reaction quotient (๐ธ)
The ratio of the concentrations of the R/P at any point in the reaction
- Same concentration and partial pressure equations as๐ฆ
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If ๐ธ > ๐ฆ, the reaction moves ___ to reach equilibrium
Right (more products are made)
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If ๐ธ < ๐ฆ, the reaction moves ___ to reach equilibrium
Left (more reactants are made)
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If ๐ธ = ๐ฆ, the reaction is ___
At equilibrium
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If you increase the concentration of reactants (L < ๐ฆ), the reaction shifts ___
To the right to form more products
(decrease in concentration shifts left to form more reactants)
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If you increase the concentration of products (L > ๐ฆ), the reaction shifts ___
To the left to form more reactants
(decrease in concentration shifts right to form more products)
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If the volume of a reaction (at equilibrium) increases, the pressure ___
If the volume decreases, the pressure ___
1) Volume increase โ pressure decreases
2) Volume decreases โ pressure increases
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If you increase the pressure of a reaction, the reaction shifts ___ in order to ___ the pressure
1) Shifts to the side with less moles of gas
2) decrease the pressure (return to equilibrium)
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If you decrease the pressure of a reaction, the reaction shifts ___ in order to ___ the pressure
1) Shifts to the side with more moles of gas
2) Increase the pressure (return to equilibrium)
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Equation for finding the concentration of a substance
C = n รท V
- n = moles of substance
- V = volume given
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If you add a noble gas to a reaction, the pressure ___ but the volume ___, the value of Q ___
1) Pressure increases
2) Volume stays the same
3) The value of Q stays the same
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If you change the temperature of a reaction what happens to ๐ฆ
The actual value of ๐ฆ changes because the equilibrium constant is temperature dependent
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Exothermic reaction vs. endothermic reaction (in relation to heat)
- Exothermic reactions RELEASE heat (heat is a product)
- Endothermic reactions ABSORB heat (heat is a reactant)
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In exothermic reactions, what direction does the reaction shift and what happens to the value of ๐ฆ when you increase or decrease the temperature
1) Increase temp (add heat product) โ shifts left to reactants โ ๐ฆ decreases
2) Decrease temp (remove heat product) โ shifts right to products โ ๐ฆ increases
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In endothermic reactions, what direction does the reaction shift and what happens to the value of ๐ฆ when you increase or decrease the temperature
1) Increase temp (add heat reactants) โ shifts right to products โ ๐ฆ increases
2) Decrease temp (remove heat reactants) โ shifts left to reactants โ ๐ฆ decreases
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Equation for finding ฮG for a reaction under any conditions
ฮG = (-RT) ยท ln(๐ฆ)
- R = 8.314 J/K
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Equation for equilibrium constant using ฮG
๐ฆ = e(-ฮG รท RT)
- ฮG is the one found from a previous reaction using 'ฮG under any conditions' equation
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Find ๐ธp of a reaction when given moles of substances and volume
1) Find partial pressure of substances using P = nRT รท V
2) Plug those values into regular reaction quotient equation
