Visual system

The choroid, also known as the choroidea or choroid coat, is the vascular layer of the eye, containing connective tissue, and lying between the retina and the sclera.

A redout occurs when the body experiences a negative g-force sufficient to cause a blood flow from the lower parts of the body to the head.

A greyout (US English grayout) is a transient loss of vision characterized by a perceived dimming of light and color, sometimes accompanied by a loss of peripheral vision.

The retina (UK /ˈrɛtɪnə/ RET-i-nə, US /ˈrɛtᵊnə/ RET-(ə-)nə, pl. retinae, /ˈrɛtiniː/; from Latin rēte, meaning "net") is the third and inner coat of the eye which is a light-sensitive layer of tissue.

The visual cortex of the brain is a part of the cerebral cortex that plays an important role in processing visual information.

The optic chiasm or optic chiasma (pronunciation: /ɒptɪk kaɪæzəm/; Greek χίασμα, "crossing", from the Greek χιάζω 'to mark with an X', after the Greek letter 'Χ', chi) is the part of the brain where the optic nerves (CN II) partially cross.

The corneal endothelium is a single layer of cells on the inner surface of the cornea.

Prosopagnosia /ˌprɑːsəpæɡˈnoʊʒə/ (Greek: "prosopon" = "face", "agnosia" = "not knowing"), also called face blindness, is a cognitive disorder of face perception where the ability to recognize familiar faces, including one's own face (self-recognition), is impaired, while other aspects of visual processing (e.g., object discrimination) and intellectual functioning (e.g., decision making) remain intact.

The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) (also called the lateral geniculate body or lateral geniculate complex) is a relay center in the thalamus for the visual pathway.

The optic tract (from the Latin tractus opticus) is a part of the visual system in the brain.

The foveola is located within a region called the macula, a yellowish, cone photo receptor filled portion of the human retina.

The phantom eye syndrome (PES) is a phantom pain in the eye and visual hallucinations after the removal of an eye (enucleation, evisceration).

The optic radiation (also known as the geniculocalcarine tract, the geniculostriate pathway, and posterior thalamic radiation) are axons from the neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus to the primary visual cortex.

The pretectal area, or pretectum, is a midbrain structure composed of seven nuclei and comprises part of the subcortical visual system.

Parvocellular cells, also called P-cells, are neurons located within the parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus.

Achromatopsia (ACHM), also known as total color blindness, is a medical syndrome that exhibits symptoms relating to at least five conditions.

Visual processing is the sequence of steps that information takes as it flows from visual sensors to cognitive processing.

The optic cup is the white, cup-like area in the center of the optic disc.

Magnocellular cells, also called M-cells or magnocellular retinal cells, are neurons located within the magnocellular layer of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.